Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Spoken English
Spoken English
1. Effective Communication
2-3
2. Parts of speech
4 10
14
5. TENSES
15 -18
19 -23
Effective Communication
1. Grammatically Correct Sentences
Eg: Imagine that you receive this telegram message
SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE
This sentence is not complete. It is not a "grammatically correct" sentence. But you
probably understand it. These 4 words communicate very well. Somebody wants you to
sell their car for them because they have gone to France. We can add a few words:
Will you SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE
The new words do not really add any more information. But they make the message more
correct grammatically. We can add even more words to make one complete,
grammatically correct sentence. But the information is basically the same:
Will you SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE.
3. Grammar
Eg: The study of how words and their component parts combine to form sentences
4. Vocabulary
Eg: All the words of a language. The sum of words used by, understood by, or at the
command of a particular person or group.
5. Body Language
Eg: communication via the movements or attitudes of the body
6. Variety of Sentences
Eg: it means using a variety of sentences...not just the same tone and flow of words
repeatedly.
7. Voice Modulation
Eg: A change in stress, pitch, loudness, or tone of the voice
8. Expressing Feelings
Eg: .
11. Spontaneity
Eg: Spontaneous is an adjective that means seeming to occur through self-generation, by
one's own means, or in a way requiring no outside influence or help.
12. Accent
Eg: an accent is a manner of pronunciation of a language
Parts of Speech
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adverb
4. Adjective
5. Proposition
6. Conjunction
7. Interjection
E.g.: Ravi and his best friend went quickly to Market
Ravi - Noun (5),
and - Conjunction (2) ,
his - Pronoun (10),
best - Adjective (3)
friend - Noun
went - Verb (10)
quickly - Adverb (13)
to - Preposition (3)
Market - Noun
Noun
It is name of a Person, Place, thing, animal, bird and Idea.
NOUN
CONCRETE NOUN
COMMON NOUN
PROPER NOUN
ABSTRACT NOUN
MATERIAL NOUN
COLLETIVE NOUN
Concrete Nouns are the names of persons, places and things which have a shape and which can
be held. These are further divided into four.
Common Noun: A name used in common or general
E.g.: Market, Institute
Proper Noun: A name used for a particular person or place.
ance
aire
hood
ness
ist
Pronoun
Its a word used Instead of a Noun
Personal Pronouns
We
You
He
She
It
Th
Objective Pronouns
Me
Us
You
Him
Her
It
Th
Possessive Adjective
Possessive Pronoun
My
Mine
Our
Ours
His
His
Her
Her
Its
Its
Th
Th
Reflexive Pronoun
Myself
ourselves
Himself
herself
itself
them
Emphatic Pronoun
Myself
Our sleves
Yours
Yours
Yourself
yourselves
Yourself
yourselves
Himself
herself
itself
them
Somewhere
one
every one of them
Those
VERBS
Definition: It Shows Action
Verbs
Auxiliary Verbs
Primary Auxiliary
Verbs
Be
am
is
are
were
be
been
being
do
do
does
did
ModelAuxiliary
Verbs
Regular Verbs
(9800)
Eg:
Irregular Verbs
(200)
Eg:
ask,Asked,Asked
Write,Wrote,Written
have
have
has
had
Will - would, Shall - should, Can - could
May - Might, Used to, Ought to
Need, Dare, must
Adverbs
It add meaning to Verb
It adds meaning to Adjective
It adds meaning to Adverb
E.g.: Sit Straight
listen
Run
Carefully
Silently
attentively
Actively
Fast
Briskly(fast)
Slow
Slowly
Steadily
Quickly
Carefully
Cautiously
Swiftly
Adjective
It adds Meaning Noun or Pronoun in adjective.
There are three types
E.g. -1
E.g. - 2
E.g. -3
Positive
Degree
Little
Much
Good
Well
Bad
Evil
Ill
Rich
Beautiful
Comparative
Degree
Less
More
Better
Better
Worse
Worse
Worse
Richer
More Beautiful
Superlative
Degree
Least
Most
Best
Best
Worst
Worst
Worst
Richest
Most Beautiful
Conjunction
Do
Does
Did
Have
Has
Had
Have to
Has to
Had to
Have + PP
Has + PP
Had + PP
Used to
- Write
- Writes
- Wrote
- Written
- Writing
Dont do
Doesnt do
Didnt do
Dont have
Doesnt have
Didnt have
Dont have to
Doesnt have to
Didnt have to
Havent + PP
Hasnt + PP
Handt + PP
Didnt use to
8 Communicative forms
1. Positive Sentences
2. Negative Sentences
Does
We do home work
We dont do home work
Do we do home work
Dont we do home work
What do we do?
What dont we do?
We do Home work? Dont we?
We dont home work? do we?
Did
Has
Had
Used to
We used to feel shy
We didnt use to feel shy
Did we use to feel shy
Didnt we use to fell shy
How did we use to feel?
How didnt we use to fell?
We use to feel shy? Didnt we?
We didnt use to feel shy? Did
we?
Has
She has three siblings
She does nt have three siblings
Does she have three siblings
Does nt she have three siblings
How many siblings does she have?
How many siblings doesnt she have?
She has three siblings? Has nt she?
She doesnt have three siblings? Does
she?
Had
S form
She stays on the third floor
She does nt stay on the third floor
Does she stay on the third floor
Does nt she stay on the third floor
On which floor does she stay?
On which floor doesnt she stay
She stays on the third floor? Doesnt she?
She doesnt stay on the third floor? Does
she?
Simple Past
Has to
Had to
Has + PP
Had + PP
CONJUGATION
Using one verb in 12 Tenses. That is called Conjugation
Conjugation of the Verb Write
Simple Present Tense
Present Continuous Tense:
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Past Tense
Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Future Tense
Future Continuous Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Future Continuous Tense
We wrote Letters
We are writing Letters
We have written Letters
We have been writing Letters Since last year
We wrote Letters
We were writing letters at 7o clock
We had written Letters before we came here
We had been writing Letters for one hour before we came here
We will write Letters
We will be writing Letters at 7o Clock
We will have written Letters by 9o Clock
We have been writing Letters for one hour by 8o clock
TENSES
It shows time of the Action
Present Continuous
am/is/are + verb + ing
Note: now, at present, presently, these days, now - a - days, at (adverbs),
Uses:
1. Action which is happening now
2. Action which stops for sometime and continuous later
3. Immediate future action (going)
E.g.: Sir is going to teach other tenses
Sir is going to test our knowledge after some time
I am going to have a cup of tea after the class
4. Arrangement of future fixed action
E.g.: CM is visiting our institute day after tomorrow
5. Appointment (seeing)
E.g.: She is seeing the Dentist to night
Present Perfect
Have/has+ Past Participle
Note: Since, for, recently, already, just, just now, yet, ever, never
Usage: Action is completed, but its effect is seen in the presence
Examples:
1. She has waited for the bus since 8o clock
2. She has waited for the bus for 30 minutes
3. Swamiji has already left
4. We have joined junior course recently
5. Sir has just completed present continuous Tense
6. I have nt started the work book yet
7. Have you ever visited a Birla Temple
8. No, I have never visited
Difference between Present Perfect and Simple Past?
I have taken Breakfast - Present Perfect
I took Break fast - Simple past
Note: It is used with or without: Yesterday, day before yesterday, some time ago, in the
beginning, Last month, Last week, Last night, Once upon a time, once it so happened,
when I was coming, while I was coming, In the past on the first day, Before joining this
level, Before leaving, in the Morning, In the afternoon
Examples:
Tomorrow, Day after tomorrow, on Monday, Next week, next month, next year, after
sometime, as and you need.
E.g.: I will come tomorrow
He will deposit the money day after tomorrow
E.g.:
1. Can - Uses
1. Present Ability (Physical Strength is called)
E.g.:
5. Conditional Sentence
E.g.:
2. Could - Uses
1. Past ability
2. Polite English
Past ability: I went to bank I couldnt withdraw the money
E.g.: I attended an interview last week, but I couldnt clear first round itself.
Polite English: How to give respect others
3. Will - Uses
1. Future Action
E.g.: I will come tomorrow 7799209353
He will deposit the money after sometime
2. Willingness
E.g.: Sir will clear doubts
I will drop you at liberty
3. Determination (Firm Decision)
E.g.: I will speak Good English by the End of Junior course
4. Sure
E.g.: She will get a rank this time
My Friend will get admission in Bits Pilani
The Baby will fall down
4. Would - Uses
1. Polite English
E.g.: Sir would Guide us
My Father would visit this institute.
Amitab Bachan would get Ascar Award
5. May - Uses
1. Chances are Possibility of Something happening
E.g.: The doctors may save the patient
Swamiji may visit our class
Sir may give us a chance for GD
It may rain
2. To give and take Permission in formal Situation
E.g.: May I come in?
Yes, You may come
Sir, May I know the Pronunciation of this word Please
May I know, whether my sentence is correct
6. Might - Uses
1. Remote are very less Possibility of Something happening
E.g.: Swamiji might visit our class
He might Go abroad
They might allow me for fourth late coming
2. Polite English (might + like)
7. Shall - Uses
1. Future Action (I, we)
E.g.: I shall come tomorrow
We Shall talk to sir after the class
2. Voluntary Help (I, we)
E.g.: Shall I help you
Shall we assist them
Shall we arrange the chairs Properly
3. Promise (You, he, she, it, they)
E.g.: You shall get consolation Prize for 100 percent attendance
She shall get Promotion this time
4. Warning (You, he, she, it, they)
E.g.: Those who take four leaves shall not be allowed attend he remaining classes
Those who wear tea shirts with some writing on it shall not be allowed to attend the class
5. Threatening (scaring by criminals) (You, he, she, it, they)
E.g.: The passengers shall be killed one by one, if our conditions are not fulfilled in 24
hours
(*Screem Shouting Loudly)
8. Should or Ought to
1. Duty
E.g.: The soldiers should Protect our country
2. Obligation
E.g.: We should respect others
We should maintain silence in the Prayer hall
3. Reference or Recommendation
E.g.: You should advanced learners dictionary by oxford
She should see a dermatologist
4. Suggestion (Related to work)
E.g.: You should arrange the class
The builder should increase the size of the rooms
5. Advice (related to a person or Person health
E.g.: You should take care of your health
He should mind his language
aaaa
vani
aaaa