PHP BIN I LAPLACE

_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 1

CHNG 10
PHP BIN I LAPLACE
DN NHP
PHP BIN I LAPLACE
Php bin i Laplace
Php bin i Laplace ngc
CC NH L C BN CA PHP BIN I LAPLACE
P DNG VO GII MCH
CC PHNG PHP TRIN KHAI HM P(S)/Q(S)
Trin khai tng phn
Cng thc Heaviside
NH L GI TR U V GI TR CUI
nh l gi tr u
nh l gi tr cui
MCH IN BIN I
in tr
Cun dy
T in
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10.1 DN NHP
Php bin i Laplace, mt cng c ton hc gip gii cc phng trnh vi phn, c
s dng u tin bi Oliver Heaviside (1850-1925), mt k s ngi Anh, gii cc mch
in.
So vi phng php c in, php bin i Laplace c nhng thun li sau:
* Li gii y , gm p ng t nhin v p ng p, trong mt php ton.
* Khng phi bn tm xc nh cc hng s tch phn. Do cc iu kin u c a vo
phng trnh bin i, l phng trnh i s, nn trong li gii y cha cc hng s.
V phng php, php bin i Laplace tng t vi mt php bin i rt quen
thuc: php tnh logarit
(H 10.1) cho ta so snh s ca php tnh logarit v php bin i Laplace

Cc con s

Ly logarit

Nhn chia trc tip

logarit ca cc
s
Cng cc s

Ly logarit ngc
Tng logarit
Kt qu cc
ca cc s
php tnh
Pt sau
Pt vi tch
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i
phn

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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 2
Bin i Laplace
Php gii c in

k u

Php tnh i s

k u
Bin i Laplace ngc
lnh vc thi gian

Lnh vc tn s
(H 10.1)

lm cc php tnh nhn, chia, ly tha . . . ca cc con s bng php tnh logarit ta
thc hin cc bc:
1. Ly logarit cc con s
2. Lm cc php ton cng, tr trn logarit ca cc con s
3. Ly logarit ngc c kt qu cui cng.
Thot nhn, vic lm c v nh phc tp hn nhng thc t, vi nhng bi ton c
nhiu s m, ta s tit kim c rt nhiu thi gian v c th s dng cc bng lp sn (bng
logarit) khi bin i. Hy th tnh 1,43560,123789 m khng dng logarit.
Trong bi ton gii phng trnh vi tch phn dng php bin i Laplace ta cng thc
hin cc bc tng t:
1. Tnh cc bin i Laplace ca cc s hng trong phng trnh. Cc iu kin u c a
vo
2. Thc hin cc php ton i s.
3. Ly bin i Laplace ngc c kt qu cui cng.
Ging nh php tnh logarit, cc bc 1 v 3 nh s dng cc bng lp sn chng ta
c th gii quyt cc bi ton kh phc tp mt cch d dng v nhanh chng.

10.2 PHP BIN I LAPLACE

10.2.1 Php bin i Laplace
Hm f(t) xc nh vi mi t>0. Bin i Laplace ca f(t), c nh ngha

L[f(t)] = F(s) =

f(t).e st dt

(10.1)

s c th l s thc hay s phc. Trong mch in s=+j

thay cho cm t 'bin i Laplace ca"

Ton t
iu kin f(t) c th bin i c l

f(t) .e t dt <

(10.2)

l s thc, dng.
iu kin ny hu nh c tha i vi nhng hm f(t) gp trong mch in. V e-t
l hm m gim khi t tng nn khi nhn vi |f(t)| ta cng c kt qu tng t.
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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 3
Th d, vi hm f(t)=tn, dng qui tc Hospital, ngi ta chng minh c
n t
lim t e = 0, > 0
t

Vi n=1, ta c

1
t
0 t.e dt = 2 , > 0
Vi gi tr khc ca n, tch phn trn cng xc nh vi 0
n
C nhng hm dng eat khng tha iu kin (10.2) nhng trong thc t vi nhng
kch thch c dng nh trn th thng t tr bo ha sau mt khong thi gian no .
2
eat , 0 t t 0
Th d
v(t)=
K , t > t 0
v(t) trong iu kin ny tha (10.2)

bin i hm f(t) trong lnh vc thi gian sang hm F(s) trong lnh
Ta ni ton t
vc tn s phc. Hai hm f(t) v F(s) lm thnh mt cp bin i
Th d 10.1
Tm bin i Laplace ca hm nc n v
1 , t 0
u(t) =
0 , t < 0

L[u(t)] =

Nu

1
1
est dt = est =
0
0 s
s
V
f(t)=Vu(t) [Vu(t)] =
s

Th d 10.2
Tm bin i Laplace ca f(t) = e-at, a l hng s

L[e

- at

] = eat est dt = e( a + s)t dt

1 ( a + s)t
1
e
=
0 s+ a
s+ a

Kt qu ca 2 th d trn cho mt bng nh gm 2 cp bin i

f(t)
u(t)
e-at

F(s)
1
s
1
s+ a

Bng cch tnh bin i ca mt s hm quen thuc, ta s xy dng c mt bng

dng tra sau ny.

10.2.2 Php bin i Laplace ngc

Php bin i Laplace ngc c nh ngha
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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 4

1 1 + j
(10.3)
F(s)est ds

2j 1
y l tch phn ng, ly dc theo ng thng ng s=1, t -j n +j
1

f(t) =

F(s) =

+j
1

-j

(H 10.2)

Do tnh c nht ca php bin i Laplace, ta khng s dng nh ngha (10.3)

xc nh f(t) m ta thng dng kt qu ca nhng cp bin i xc nh f(t) khi c F(s)

10.3 CC NH L C BN CA PHP BIN I

LAPLACE
10.3.1 Bin i ca mt t hp tuyn tnh
Cho 2 hm f1(t) v f2(t), vi cc hng s a, b. F1(s) v F2(s) ln lt l bin i Laplace
ca f1(t) v f2(t). Ta c:

L [af (t) + bf (t)] = a F (s) + b F (s)

Tht vy
L[af (t) + bf (t)] = [af (t) + bf (t)]e
1

(10.4)

st

dt

= a f 1 (t)e - st dt + b f 2 (t)e - st dt

[af1(t) + bf2(t)] = a F1(s) + b F2(s)

Th d 10.3
Tm bin i Laplace ca cost v sint
T cng thc Euler
e jt + e jt
e jt e jt
cost =
v sint =
2
2j
Ap dng (10.4) v dng kt qu th d 10.2

L[cost] = L[ e +2e
L[cost] = s +s
jt

jt

]=

1 1
1
s
[
+
]= 2
2 s j s + j s + 2

Tng t:
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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 5

L[sin t] = L[ e 2je
L[sin t] = s +
jt

jt

]=

1 1
1

]= 2
2j s j s + j s + 2

10.3.2 Bin i ca e-atf(t)

L[e
L[e

- at

-at

f(t)] = eat f(t)e st dt = f(t)e ( a + s)t dt = F(s + a)

f(t)] = F(s + a)

(10.5)

Khi hm f(t) nhn vi e-at, bin i Laplace tng ng e-at f(t) c c bng cch thay
F(s) bi F(s+a)
Th d 10.4
Tm bin i Laplace ca e-atcost v e-atsint
Ch cn thay s bi s+a trong cc cc kt qu bin i ca hm sint v cost trn.
s+ a
[e - at cost] =
(s + a)2 + 2

[e - at sint] =
(s + a)2 + 2

L
L

Th d 10.5
6s
s + 2s + 5
Vit li F(s) , sao cho xut hin dng F(s+a)
6(s + 1) - 6
6s
=
F(s) =
2
2
(s + 1) + 2
(s + 1)2 + 22
Dng kt qu ca th d 10.4 vi a = 1 v = 2
F(s) =

Tm f(t) ng vi

F(s) = 6

f(t) =

(s + 1)
2
-3
2
2
(s + 1) + 2
(s + 1)2 + 2 2

-1

[F(s)]=6e-tcos2t - 3e-tsin2t

10.3.3 Bin i ca f(t-)u(t-)

f(t-) l hm f(t) tr n v thi gian. (Lu l f(t)=0 khi t<0 nn f(t-)=0 khi t<)

L[f(t ).u(t )] =

f(t ).u(t )e- st dt = f(t ).e- st dt

i bin s: x= t-

L[f(t ).u(t )] =
L[f(t ).u(t )] = e

f(x).e - s( + x ) dx = e- s f(x)e - sx dx

-s

F(s)

(10.6)

Hy so snh (10.5) v (10.6)

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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 6
* (10.5), F(s+a) biu th s chuyn dch ca F(s) t s n s+a trong lnh vc tn s tng
ng vi nhn hm f(t) vi e-at trong lnh vc thi gian.
* (10.6), f(t-) biu th s chuyn dch ca hm f(t) t t n t- trong lnh vc thi gian
tng ng vi nhn F(s) vi e-s trong lnh vc tn s.
Th d 10.6
Tm bin i ca f(t)=e-3tu(t-2)
Vit li f(t):
f(t)= e-3(t-2)-6u(t-2) = e-6e-3(t-2) u(t-2)
1
V
[e-3tu(t)]=
s+ 3
e-2s
Nn
[e-3(t-2)u(t-2)]=
s+ 3
e-2s
[e-3tu(t-2)]= e-6(
)
s+ 3

L
L
L

10.3.4 nh l kt hp (Convolution theorem)

y l nh l dng tm bin i ngc y(t) ca tch 2 hm F(s)v G(s)
y(t)=

-1

[G(s).F(s)]= g( )f(t )d
0

(10.7)

Tch phn trong biu thc c gi l kt hp hai hm g(t) v f(t), k hiu:

g(t)*f(t) =

t
0

g( )f(t )d

(10.8)

Th d 10.7
Tm kt hp 2 hm e-t v e-2t
Dng (10.8)
e-t * e-2t =

t
0

e- .e 2(t ) d
t

= e 2t e d
0

e-t * e-2t = e-t - e-2t

Th d 10.8
Xc nh

-1

1
]
(s + 1)2
2

Dng nh l kt hp vi F(s)=G(s)=

1
s +1
2

Ta c f(t)=g(t)=sint
1
-1
[ 2
]= -1[F(s).G(s)]
2
(s + 1)
= g(t)*f(t) =sint*sint

L
t

= sin .sin(t )d
0

Ap dng cng thc bin i lng gic ri ly tch phn, ta c

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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 7

-1

1
1
]= [sint-tcost]
2
2
(s + 1)

10.3.5 Bin i ca o hm
o hm bc 1
d
df(t)
=
f(t)e st dt
0 dt
dt
Ly tch phn tng phn
t
u = e-st
du = -s e-st
dv=df(t) v = f(t)

df(t)

= est f(t) + s f(t)e st dt

0
0
dt
st
V
lim e f(t) =0, s hng th nht v phi = - f(0+)

L
L

L df(t)
= sF(s) - f(0 )
dt

(10.9)

f(0+) l gi tr ca f(t) khi t 0+

o hm bc 2
df 2 (t)
=
dt 2

Ldtd df(t)

dt

df(t) df(0 + )
=s
dt
dt

L
Trong

df 2 (t)
df(0 + )
= s2 F(s)- sf(0+ ) 2
dt
dt

(10.10)

df(0 + )
df(t)
l gi tr ca
khi t 0+
dt
dt

o hm bc n
T kt qu trn, ta suy ra trng hp o hm bc n
d n f(t)
df n - 1 (0 + )
n
n-1
n-2 df(0 + )
=
s
F(s)
s
f(0
)
s
-...+
dt
dt n
dt n - 1

(10.11)

10.3.6 Bin i ca tch phn

L f(t)dt =
t

[ f(t)dt ]e st dt
0

u= f(t)dt du = f(t)
0

1
dv=e-stdt v= est
s
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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 8

st

t f(t)dt = e

0
s

Khi

t e-st 0

t
0

f(t)dt

t =0

t
0

1
+
0 s

f(t)dt

f(t)e st dt

= 0 nn s hng th nht ca v phi trit tiu

L f(t)dt = 1s F(s)
t

(10.12)

Khi p dng vo mch in, thi gian thng xc nh t - n t, nh vy

t
-

f(t)dt c th

chia lm 2 phn

t
-

f(t)dt = f(t)dt + f(t)dt

0

S hng th nht ca v phi l hng s v ta t f -1(0+)= f(t)dt

-

H thc (10.12) c th vit li cho trng hp tng qut nht:

1
t f(t)dt = F(s) + f (0+ )
-

s
s

(10.13)

10.3.7 Bin i ca tf(t)

Ly o hm h thc (10.1), ng thi hon chuyn cc ton t ly o hm v tch
phn, ta c:
d

dF(s)
=
f(t)e st dt = - tf(t)e st dt
0 ds
0
ds

V phi ca h thc chnh l

Vy

L [-tf(t)]

L [tf(t)]= dF(s)
ds

(10.14)

Th d 10.9
Tm bin i ca hm tu(t) v tcost
f(t)=u(t) F(s)=

1
s

L [tu(t)=] = dsd ( 1s ) = s1

f(t) = cost F(s)=

L [tcost] = dsd s

s
s + 2
2

s
s2 2
=
+ 2 (s2 + 2 ) 2

Da vo cc nh l c bn ta c c mt s cp bin i. Kt hp cc nh l ny
vi nh ngha ca php bin i ta c thm mt s cp bin i thng dng.
Bng 1 di y cho bin i ca mt s hm

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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 9

10.4 P DNG VO GII MCH

p dng bin i Laplace vo bi ton gii mch, ta c th thc hin theo mt
trong hai cch:
- Vit phng trnh vi tch phn ca mch in, dng bin i Laplace ta c cc
phng trnh i s.
- Bin i mch sang lnh vc tn s nh bin i Laplace, vit cc phng trnh i
s cho mch.

10.4.1 Gii phng trnh vi tch phn

Di y l mt s th d cho thy cch p dng bin i Laplace vo gii mch.
Th d 10.10
Mch RC ni tip (H 10.3), kha K ng t=0. Xc nh i(t), cho t tch in ban u
vi in tch q0
Bng 1
STT
1
2

f(t)
(t)
u(t)

F(s)
1

1
s2

t n 1
, n nguyn
(n 1)!

1
sn

eat

teat

t n 1 at
e , n nguyn
(n 1)!

1
s- a
1
(s - a)2
1
(s - a)n

1- eat

1
(eat ebt )
a b

10

Sint

11

Cost

12

Sin(t+)

13

Cos(t+)

14

e-at Sint

15

e-at Cost

1
s

-a
s(s- a)
1
(s a)(s b)

2
s + 2
s
2
s + 2
ssin + cos
s2 + 2
scos sin
s2 + 2

(s + a)2 + 2
s+ a
(s + a)2 + 2

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