Combined Science Mid-Year Project.

Biology : Respiration.

- Respiration is the process of breaking down food to release energy in the presence of oxygen.
- There are two types of respiration : (a) Aerobic respiration
(b) Anaerobic respiration
- Aerobic respiration is the process of breaking down food in living cells to release a large amount of
Energy in the presence of oxygen.
- Anaerobic respiration is the process of breaking down food in living cells to release a small amount
of energy in the absence of oxygen.

Chemical equation of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Aerobic respiration.
Glucose + oxygen -------> carbon dioxide + water + large energy
C6 H12 O6 + O2 --------> CO2 + H2O + ‘E’

Anaerobic respiration.
For microorganism and plants (yeast) :
Glucose --------> small amount of energy + ethanol + carbon dioxide
C6 H12 O6 --------> ‘e’ + C2 H5 OH + CO2

For human (muscle) :

Glucose -------> small amount of energy + lactic acid
C6 H12 O6 -------> ‘e’ + C3 H6 O3

* Removal of the lactic acid from the muscles needs lots of oxygen and enough rest.

Humans respiratory system.

-Breathing is a mechanical process that involves taking in air into the lungs & takes out air from the
Lungs.

INSPIRED and EXPIRED air.

Inspired air Expired air

Oxygen 21% 16%

Nitrogen 79% 79%
Carbon dioxide 0.03% 4.5%
Noble gases 1% 1%
Water vapour variable Saturated
Temperature of :
 1) Inspired air is lower than body temperature.
2) Expired air is about the same as body temperature.

The respiratory system consists of - lungs

- nose
- mouth
- trachea
- bronchi (bronchus)
- bronchioles
- alveoli (alveolus)

Structure of the alveolus:

- Highest concentration of CO2 in point x.

- Highest concentration of O2 in point y.
- Oxygen diffuses due to moisture lining in the lungs where oxygen dissolves first, then diffuses into red
Blood cell.
- The process of gaseous exchange is called diffusion.
- Exchange of gases happens in the alveoli of lungs.