BEE1133 : Circuit Analysis I

Chapter 2: Resistive Circuits

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LOGO

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LOGO Resistive Circuits: Syllabus
 2.1 Resistive circuit: Series, parallel circuits
and combination circuits
 2.2 Principles of voltage division and current
division
 2.3 Delta-wye transformation
 2.4 Equivalent resistance
 2.5 Source transformation

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LOGO Resistive Circuits: Lesson Outcomes

 Identify series and parallel connections

 Apply voltage division and current division in circuit
problems

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LOGO Series Circuits

Series Circuits

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LOGO Series Circuits : Introduction

• A series circuit is one that has only one current path

R1 R1

R2
VS R2 VS R1 R2 R3 VS
R3 R3

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LOGO Series Circuits : Current
Series circuit rule for current:

Because there is only one path, the current

everywhere is the same.
For example, the reading on the first ammeter is 2.0
mA, What do the other meters read?

+ _ R 1 + _
2.0 mA ammeter

V S R 2

_ _
ammeter + ammeter +

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LOGO Series Circuits : Voltage
Series circuit rule for voltage:

When two or more voltage sources are in series, the total

voltage is equal to the algebraic sum (including polarities
of the sources) of the individual source voltages.
For example, the voltage across node A and B is equal to
4.5 V which is equal to total voltages from all sources.

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LOGO Series Circuits : Voltage

Voltage sources
Voltage ininseries
sources series add algebraically. For example,
the total voltage of the sources shown is
+
9V
27 V
+
9V

What is the total voltage if one battery is +

reversed? 9V

9V

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LOGO Series Circuits : Resistor
The total resistance of resistors in series is the
sum of the individual resistors.

Req =R1+R2+R3+..... +RN

Where n = the number of resistors

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LOGO Series Circuits : Resistor
Example
For example, the resistors in a series circuit are 680 Ω,
1.5 k Ω , and 2.2 k Ω. What is the total resistance?
R 1

680 
V S R2
12 V 1 .5 k 
R 3

2 .2 k 

4.38 kΩ

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LOGO Voltage Division

 Series: Two or more elements are in series if they are

cascaded or connected sequentially and consequently
carry the same current.
 The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors
connected in a series is the sum of the individual
resistances.
N
Req  R1  R2      R N   Rn
n 1
 The voltage divider can be expressed as
Rn
vn  v
R1  R2      R N

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LOGO Series Circuit

Exercise 1 (prob 2.37)

 Given voltage across resistor R, VR = 10 V, calculate
the value of R.

R 10 

+ 10 V -
+ –

20 V 30 V
_ +

Ans: R = 2.5 
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LOGO Voltage Division

Exercise 2 (prob 2.35)

 Given voltage supply VS = 50 V, calculate the voltages
across 70  resistor, V1 and 5  resistor, V0.

+
70  30 
V1
-
+
Vs = 50V - +
V0
20  5
-
Ans: V0 = 8.0 V
V1 = 42.0 V
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LOGO

Parallel Circuits

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LOGO Parallel Circuits : Current
Parallel circuit rule for current:

The total current produced by all current sources is

equal to the algebraic sum of the individual current
sources.
For example, total current, A is 5 A because each
parallel branch currents are added together.

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LOGO Parallel Circuits : Voltage
Parallel circuit rule for voltage:

The voltage across any given branch of a parallel circuit

is equal to the voltage across each of the other
branches in parallel.
For example, voltage across RN is equal to the voltages
across R1, R2 and R3 because they are parallel to each
other.

Vab = VR1 = VR2= VR3 =..... VRN 16

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LOGO Parallel Circuits : Resistor
The total resistance of resistors in parallel is
given by the equation below:

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LOGO Parallel Circuit : Resistor
Example

Series Resistance, R = 15 + 20 + 13
= 48 Ω

Total resistance, Rab = R48||16

= 16(48)/(16+48)
= 12 Ω
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LOGO Current Division

 Parallel: Two or more elements are in parallel if they

are connected to the same two nodes and
consequently have the same voltage across them.
 The equivalent resistance of a circuit with N resistors
in parallel is:
1 1 1 1
    
Req R1 R2 RN

 The total current i is shared by the resistors in inverse

proportion to their resistances. The current divider
can be expressed as:
v iReq
in  
Rn Rn 19
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LOGO Current Division

Example

2, 3 and 2A are

in parallel

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LOGO Parallel Circuit

Exercise 3 (prob 2.26)

 Given io = 2 A, calculate ix and total power dissipated
by the circuit.

ix
io

2 4 8 16 

Ans: ix = 30.0 A
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LOGO Current Division

Exercise 4 (prob 2.31)

 For the circuit below, determine i1 to i5 by using
current division technique.
3
i1

i3
i2
+
40 V _ 4
1 i4 2
i5
Ans: i1 = 11.2 A
i2 = 1.6 A
i3 = 9.6 A
i4 = 6.4 22
A
i = 3.2 A
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LOGO Combination Circuit (Series & Parallel)

Exercise 5 (prob 2.38)

 For the circuit below, determine equivalent
resistance Req and current at io.
60 

12 

io 5 6
80 

+ 15  20 
40 V _

Ans: Req = 12.5 

io = 3.2 A
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LOGO Special Case for R:
Short Circuit/Open Circuit

i = 0,
R = V/i = V/0 = 

v = 0,
R = 0/i = 0
Neglect R!

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LOGO Special Case for R:
Short Circuit/Open Circuit
Exercise 6 (prob 2.45)
 Find the equivalent resistance at terminal a-b, of the
circuit below.

b Ans: Ra-b = 32.5 

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LOGO Resistive Circuits: Lesson Outcomes

 Simplify a circuit using delta-wye transformation

 Determine the equivalent resistance of a network
 Apply source transformation to simplify a circuit
 Construct DC circuit to understand the concept of
electrical quantities and validate circuit theorems to
complete Laboratory 1

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LOGO

Wye-Delta Transformation

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LOGO Wye-Delta Transformations
 What is Wye circuit connection?

R1
R2

R3

 What is Delta circuit connection?

Rc

Rb Ra

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LOGO Wye-Delta Transformations
Why do we need wye-delta tranformations?
 In some circuit analysis, the resistors are neither in
parallel nor in series
 This has to be simplified by using three terminal
equivalent networks

 Our main objectives here:-

How to identify them?
How to apply wye-delta transformation in circuit
analysis?
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LOGO Wye-Delta Transformations

Delta -> Star Star -> Delta

Rb Rc R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
R1  Ra 
( Ra  Rb  Rc ) R1

Rc R a R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
R2  Rb 
( Ra  Rb  Rc ) R2

R a Rb R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
R3  Rc 
( Ra  Rb  Rc ) R3

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LOGO Wye-Delta Transformations

Exercise 8 (prob 2.51)

 Obtain the equivalent resistance at the terminals a-b
for each of the circuits below.
a

10  20 

10 
30 

10  20 

Ans: Ra-b = 9.23 

b
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LOGO Wye-Delta Transformations

Exercise 9 (prob 2.54)

 Consider the circuit below. Find the equivalent
resistance at terminals: (1) a-b (2) c-d

Ans: Ra-b = 130 

Rc-d = 140
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LOGO Equivalent Resistance
• When two resistors R1 (= 1/G1) and R2 (= 1/G2) are in
series, their equivalent resistance Req and equivalent
conductance Geq are:
G1G2
Req  R1  R2 Geq 
G1  G2

• When two resistors R1 (= 1/G1) and R2 (= 1/G2) are in

parallel, their equivalent resistance Req and
equivalent conductance Geq are:
R1 R2
Req  Geq  G1  G2
R1  R2
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LOGO Equivalent Resistance
Exercise 9 (prob 2.33)
 Obtain the values of Geq, v and i for the circuit below.

i 4S 6S

+
9A v 1S 2S 3S
_

Geq
Ans: Geq = 3 S
i = 6 A 34
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LOGO

Source Transformation

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LOGO Source Transformation

• Equivalent sources can be used to simplify the

analysis of some circuits.

• An equivalent circuit is one whose v-i characteristics

are identical with the original circuit.

• It is the process of replacing a voltage source vS in

series with a resistor R by a current source iS in
parallel with a resistor R, or vice versa.

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LOGO Source Transformation
•The arrow of the
+ + current source is
directed toward
the positive
terminal of the
-
(a) Independent source transform
- voltage source.

•The source
+ +
transformation is
not possible when
R = 0 for voltage
- - source and R = ∞
(b) Dependent source transform for current source.

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LOGO Source Transformation
Example
Find io in the circuit shown below using source transformation.

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook, answer io = 1.78A

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LOGO Source Transformation
Exercise 10 (prob 4.22)
 Use source transformation to find i.

5 10 

i
+
2A 5 4 20V


Ans: i = 555.5 mA
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LOGO Source Transformation
Exercise 11 (prob 4.23)
 By referring to figure below, use source
transformation to find current that flows in 8
resistor.
i 8 3

9A 10  6 45 V

Ans: i = 3 A
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LOGO Conclusion
• Series, parallel and combinations of resistors for both
connections has been covered.
• Wye-delta transformation and source transformation
help to simplify circuit analysis.
• Wye-delta transformation is applied to three
terminal network (with three resistors) and then it is
replaced with equivalent R values.
• A source transformation is the process of replacing a
voltage source (in series with R) by a current source
and a parallel R.

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LOGO

The End

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