workshop Practice

Electric Fitting
 Resistance

• Electrical resistance is the ratio of

v
voltage drop across a resistor to
current flow through the resistor.
R
i
• Polarities are governed by the R
i
passive sign convention.
+ v -
 I, V & R
Current = voltage / resistance
• I=V/R V=IxR
Definitions
• Voltage = potential energy / unit charge, units
= Volts
• Current = charge flow rate, units = Amps
• Resistance = friction, units = Ohms
Example
• Voltage drop when current flows through V1

resistor
R I
• V1 - V2 = I R

V2
 Power Consumed by Resistors

R
i
• Resistors consume
power. + v -

p  v i
• v and i are both
positive or both
negative.
v  R i
v
i
R
 Creating a Circuit Model
• A circuit model is usually two or more circuit elements
that are connected.
• A circuit model may have active elements (sources) as
well as passive elements (such as resistors).
• By the assumption that electric signal propagation is
instantaneous in a circuit, our circuit model has lumped
parameters (A lumped system is one in which the
dependent variables of interest are a function of time
alone. In general, this will mean solving a set of ordinary
differential equations (ODEs)).
 Schematics

• Symbols represent circuit elements

• Lines are wires
Resistor
+
Battery

Sample circuit
Ground
V + I R

Ground voltage
defined = 0
 Example of a Circuit Model

1000 ft AWG 14
Co p p e r Wire
100 W
La m p

120 V B a tte ry
0.25  2.57 

120 V 144 

2.57 
 Parallel And Series Resistors

Series Series circuit

V = R1 I + R2 I = Reff I
• Same current flows through all
Reff = R1 + R2
Parallel
• Same voltage across all
R1
Parallel circuit V
+
I = V/R1 + V/R2 = V/Reff I
1/Reff = 1/R1 + 1/R2
I R2
V
+
R1 R2
I1 I2
Note: these points are
connected together
 Resistive voltage divider

• Series resistor circuit

• Reduce input voltage to desired level
• Advantages:
– simple and accurate
– complex circuit can use single
voltage source
• Disadvantage: Resistive divider
– dissipates power I = Vin/Reff = Vout/R2
– easy to overload Vout =IVin (R2 / (R1 + R2) )
Vin Vout
– need Rload << R2
R1
+
R2
I
New schematic symbol
external connection
 Two-way switches
The lamp can be switched on at the bottom of the staircase &
then switched off at the top, & vice versa.
Two-way switches
The lamp can be switched on at the bottom of the staircase &
then switched off at the top, & vice versa.

on
off