PEE492C Electrical Machines and Measurement Lab

2021-2022
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SECTION
UNIVERSITY POLYTECHNIC, A.M.U., ALIGARH.
MEASUREMENT & MACHINE LAB
IV Semester Diploma In Engineering (Electrical/Electrical & Instrumentation/Electronics)
Electrical Engineering Lab-IV (BEE-492/PEE492C)

List of Experiments

1. Determination of magnetic characteristic of a DC generator.

2. Study of AC RLC parallel circuit and measurement of power and power factor of the circuit.
3. Study of RLC series circuit. Measure the power, power factor and impedance of the circuit. Draw
the phasor diagram.
4. Extension of range of a given voltmeter.
5. To measure the resistance, inductance and impedance of a given coil.
6. To verify the following network theorems:
(i) Superposition theorem.
(ii) Thevenin’s theorem
(iii) Norton’s theorem
General Instructions to students for Electronics and Electrical Engineering Lab courses
1. Be punctual to the lab class.
2. Attend the laboratory classes wearing the rubber sole shoes.
3. Avoid wearing any metallic rings, etc. as they are likely to prove dangerous at times.
4. Boys students should tuck in their uniform to avoid the loose cloth getting into contact with rotating machines.
5. Acquire a good knowledge of the surrounding of your worktable. Know where the various live points are situated
in your table.
6. In case of any unwanted things happening, immediately switch off the mains in the worktable.
7. This must be done when there is a power break during the experiment being carried out.
8. Before entering into the lab class, you must be well prepared for the experiment that you are going to do on
that day.
9. You must bring the related text book which may deal with the relevant experiment.
10. Get the circuit diagram approved.
11. Make connections as per the approved circuit diagram and get the same verified. After getting the
approval only supply must be switched on.
12. Get the reading verified.
13. You must get the observation note corrected on completion of experiment. Write the answer for all the discussion
questions in the observation note
14. Submit the record note book for the experiment completed in the next class.
15. If you miss any practical class due to unavoidable reasons, the missed experiment can be performed (if time
permits) after completion of the rotor. No experiment shall be performed after last day of semester
16. Such of those students who fail to put in a minimum of 75% attendance in the laboratory class will run the risk of
not being allowed for the University Practical Examination. They will have to repeat the lab course in subsequent
semester after paying prescribed fee.
17. Use isolated supply for the measuring instruments like CRO in Power Electronics Laboratory
experiments.

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PEE492C Electrical Machines and Measurement Lab
Experiment No: 1

Object: Determination of magnetic characteristic of a DC generator.

Apparatus Used:
S.No. Lab No. Equipment Range/Rating Qty Make

Theory:
The magnetization curve of a generator shows the relation between e. m. f. of the field winding and the
resultant flux per pole when the generator is supplying no current. The curve is usually drawn with induced
armature voltages as ordinates and field ordinates as abscissas, since these values are proportional to the
flux per pole and to the e. m. f. of the field winding respectively.

Circuit Diagram:

+
A
A 0-2A
A1
L1 RH

3-PH.
400V
A.C DIRECT
SUPPLY
L2
ONLINE
STARTER
B1
A2 B2

C2 C1
G 0-300V
+
V
3 PHASE
INDUCTION Z
MOTOR
L3 ZZ
AA

Procedure:
Run the machine at normal speed. Adjust the field rheostat to give a low current in the field. Take the
voltmeter reading. Increase field current gradually in steps until rated voltage is reached. At each step read
the armature voltage and field current, always maintaining the speed constant. Then gradually reduce the
field current to zero and repeat the observations. It is to be noted that the field current will always be
changed in the same direction.

Observations:

S. No Field Current (Amp) Armature Voltage Volts

Report:
.
1. What is meant by residual magnetism? Why is it necessary?
2. Plot the magnet characteristics for both ascending and descending values of field current.
3. Why the curves for ascending and descending values do not coincide? Why the curve is higher for
decreasing than for increasing values?
4. What is meant by the term saturation?

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PEE492C Electrical Machines and Measurement Lab
Experiment No: 2

Object: Study of AC RLC parallel circuit and measurement of power and p. f. of the circuit.

Apparatus Used:
S. No Lab No. Equipment Range/Rating Quantity Make

Theory:
When R, L, C are connected in parallel, the voltage across each element will be same. Now the
current IR in resistance (R) is in phase with the applied voltage V, current IL in inductance (L) lags behind
the applied voltage by 90° and current IC in capacitance(C) will lead the applied voltage by 90°. As a result,
the phasor sum of three currents will be equal to the circuit current I.

1
X L = 2fL , XC = .
2fC
V R W
Z = ohms , cos f = =
I Z VI
W
Also, cos f = , from phasor diagram.
VI

Circuit Diagram:

125w 0-1A
M L 0-500mA 250mA
+
A + + +

C 250V +
A A A 0-500mA
AUTO
TRANSF ORMER 0-300V V

Procedure:
Make the connections as shown in the diagram. Measure the current in each branch. Also note down
the total current and power for different supply voltages.

Observation:
S.No. Wattmeter Supply Total IR IL IC p.f. Impedance
Reading Voltage Current (Amps) (Amps) (Amps) = Z
(Watts) (Volts) (Amps) W/VI

Report:
1. Line current is not equal to the algebraic sum of branch currents in parallel AC circuit, why?
2. What is the effect of resonance in a parallel circuit?
3. Draw the phasor diagram for one set of readings.

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PEE492C Electrical Machines and Measurement Lab
Experiment No: 3

Object: Study a RLC series circuit. Measure the power, p. f. and impedance of circuit. Draw the phasor
diagram.

Apparatus Used:

S. No Lab No. Equipment Range/Rating Quantity Make

Theory:
In AC circuits, we have three elements.
(i) Resistance.
(ii) Inductance.
(iii) Capacitance.
In case of a pure resistance the current and voltage are in the same phase. In pure inductance, the current
lags behind voltage by an angle of 90°. While in pure capacitance, current leads voltage by 90°. When R, L
and C parameters are connected in series, current remains same in all the elements. The voltage drop VR
across resistance R is in phase with current. The voltage drop VL across the inductor L leads current by 90°.
While the voltage drop VC across the capacitance C lags behind the current by 90°. The resultant of VR, VL,
and VC is equal to the total applied voltage.
Inductive Reactance = X L = 2fL
1
Capacitive Reactance = X C =
2fC

Impedance = Z = R 2 + ( X L - X C )2

R
cos  = p.f. = .
Z
Circuit Diagram:

+ + +
250mA V V V
M L
+
A
R L
250V C
AUTO C +
TRANSF ORMER 0-300V V

Procedure :
Make the connections as shown in diagram..

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PEE492C Electrical Machines and Measurement Lab
Observations :

Wattmeter Supply Circuit

S. VR VL VC Z
Reading Voltage Current p.f.
No (Volts) (Volts) (Volts) (Ohms)
(Watts) (Volts) (Amps)

Result:
Report :
1. Verify that the calculated voltage across the circuit is phasor sum of voltages across R, L
and C in series circuit.
2. Calculate the power factor of circuit in each case from measured values.
3. What is the effect of frequency on inductive reactance and capacitive reactance?
4. What is the effect of capacitor on p. f. of lagging current circuit?
5. What are the disadvantages of poor power factor?
6. Draw the phasor diagram for one set of readings.

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PEE492C Electrical Machines and Measurement Lab
Experiment No: 4

Object: Extension of range of given voltmeter.

Apparatus Used:

S. No Lab No. Equipment Range/Rating Quantity Make

Procedure: Adding a resistance in series with low range voltmeter can increase the range of a DC
voltmeter. The series resistance will be of known value, a resistance box of high range is employed for this
purpose.
A resistance of high range is also connected with which we can compare the range of low range voltmeter.
Circuit Diagram :

+ Resistance Box
V
V 1(Low Range)

+
V
V 2(High Range)

Rheos tat

Observation :

S. No. V1 (Low range) V2 (High range) Ratio Resistance

Report :
1. What are the various types of voltmeters?
2. What types of voltmeters are used for DC measurements?
3. What types of damping devices are used for voltmeter?
4. Which type of voltmeter is used for high range voltage measurement?

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PEE492C Electrical Machines and Measurement Lab
Experiment No: 5
Object: To measure the resistance, inductance and impedance of a given coil.

Apparatus Used:
S. No Lab No. Equipment Range/Rating Quantity Make

Theory:
In D.C. circuits, the ratio of voltage impressed on a circuit to the current produced by that voltage is
called the resistance of the circuit.
Resistance (R) = V/I Ohm (Ω)
In A.C. circuit, the ratio of the effective value of the voltage impressed on a circuit to the effective
value of current produced by that voltage is called the impedance of that circuit. It is also expressed in Ohm
(Ω)
Impedance (Z) = V/I Ohm (Ω)
Z = R + jX L
Also,
Z = R 2 + X L2
Where,
XL = Inductive reactance of the coil
= 2πfL Ohms
f = supply frequency in Hertz(Hz)
L = Inductance of the coil in Henry (H)

Circuit Diagram:

250mA 0-500mA,DC
+ +
A A
AUTO + +
0-300V V L 12V V L
TRANSFORMER
0-10V,DC

Fig:1 Fig:2

Procedure: Measurement of Resistance

(i) Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1.

(ii) Set the rheostat for the maximum value of resistance.
(iii) Close the switch and adjust the rheostat to give the suitable value of current.
(iv) Take three sets of reading and determine the resistance of the coil.

Measurement of Impedance

(i) Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2.

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PEE492C Electrical Machines and Measurement Lab
(ii) Set the slider of the rheostat to give the maximum value of voltage.
(iii) Close the switch and adjust the rheostat to give the suitable value of voltage
(iv) Take three sets of reading and determine the impedance of the coil.

Observations:
(i) Measurement of Resistance

S. No. Voltage across the coil Current in the coil Resistance

(V) (A) (Ω)

(ii) Measurement of Impedance

S. No. Voltage across the coil Current in the coil Impedance

(V) (A) (Ω)

Result:

Resistance of the coil= ---------Ohms (Ω)

Impedance of the coil= ---------Ohms (Ω)
Inductance of the coil= ---------Henry (H)

Report:

1. Define self and mutual inductance.

2. What do you understand by the r.m.s. Value of voltage and current?
3. Define the following:
(i) Amplitude
(ii) Frequency
(iii) Average value
(iv) Peak value
(v) Form factor
(vi) Peak factor

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PEE492C Electrical Machines and Measurement Lab
Experiment No: 6

Object : To verify the following network theorems;

(1) Super position theorem.
(2) Thevenin’s theorem
(3) Norton’s theorem.

Apparatus Used:

S. No Lab No. Equipment Range/Rating Quantity Make

Theory :
Superposition Theorem
This theorem states that in a linear network containing more than one sources of e.m.f. the
resultant current in any branch is the algebraic sum of the current that would be produced by
each e.m.f. acting alone, all the other sources of e.m.f. being replaced by their respective
internal resistances or deactivated.
In order to verify this theorem, we are required to know the internal resistance of each e.m.f.
source. Another method is to connect large series resistance with each e.m.f. source in order
to be able to neglect the small internal resistance of that e.m.f. source.

Circuit Diagram:

R1,1K R2,1K R3,0.1K mA

+
A
5V 10V I
9V 4K7

FIG:A

R1,1K R2,1K R3,0.1K mA

+
A
I1
9V 4K7 10K

FIG:B

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PEE492C Electrical Machines and Measurement Lab

+
A
R1,1K R2,1K R3,0.1K mA I2
4K7 10K
5V

FIG:C

R1,1K R2,1K R3,0.1K mA

+
A
5V 10V I3
10V 4K7 10K
(0-30V)

FIG:D

Procedure:

1. Assemble the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Set V3 at 10 V and measure the value
of current I.
2. Now assemble the circuit of fig. B. Measure the value of current I1.
3. Similarly assemble the circuit of fig. C and D and measure the value currents I2 and I3
respectively.
Observation:

S. No. I(mA) I1(mA) I2(mA) I3(mA) Verification: I1+ I2 + I3 = I

2. Thevenin’s Theorem:
Thevenin’s theorem states that current through a resistor RL connected across any two
points A & B of an active network (i.e. a network containing one or more source of e.m.f.)
is obtained by dividing the open circuit voltage VOC (with RL disconnected) by RL + REQ,
where REQ is the equivalent resistance of network measured between point A & B with RL
disconnected and the source of e.m.f. replaced by their internal resistance or deactivated.
We have an active network as shown by ---------(9 dotted time box) in fig. We wish to
establish voltage across the circuit and determine the current through RL as in fig. B

Circuit Diagram:

R1,2K2 R1,2K2

9V R2,2K2 9V R2,2K2 RL,1K

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PEE492C Electrical Machines and Measurement Lab

R1,1K1

R1,2K2 R2,2K2 Req V oc

+
A
OC

Procedure:
1. Assemble the circuit diagram of fig. A and measure the VOC. It should be nearly equal to 4.5
volts.
æ R ö÷
V OC = ççç 2 ÷
÷´ 9 V
çèR 1 + R 2 ÷ø
æ 2K2 ö÷
= çç ÷´ 9 V
çè2K2 + 2K2 ÷ ÷
ø
æ2K2 ö÷
= ççç ÷
÷´ 9 V
è 4K2 ø÷
= 4.5 V
2. Calculate REQ from fig. C
æ2K2 ´ 2K2 ö
÷
R EQ = ççç ÷
÷ = 1K1
è2K2 + 2K2 ÷
ø
Therefore the equivalent voltage source circuit becomes as shown in fig. D, here the current I
through RL should be:
V OC
I =
R EQ + R L
Compare it with the practical value of I by assembling the circuit of fig. D. As the two values are almost
equal, the Thevenin’s theorem is proved, and the circuit shown in dotted box in fig. D is the equivalent
voltage source circuit of the active network of fig.
Observations:

REQ RL VOC I
S.No. R1 R2
K- - K- - Volt mA

V OC
æ2K2 ´ 2K2 ö I =
R EQ = çç ÷
÷ = 1K1 R EQ + R L
÷
÷
çè2K2 + 2K2 ø

3.Norton’s Theorem:
Norton’s Theorem is the dual of Thevenin’s Theorem and can be applied to the same active network
as in the Thevenin’s Theorem experiment. However now we take the short circuit current ISC
between A & B .The network will have an equivalent current circuit with a conductance GEQ.

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PEE492C Electrical Machines and Measurement Lab
1
G EQ =
R EQ

Circuit Diagram:

R1,2K2 R1,2K2

9V R2,2K2 I =Voc R2,2K2 GEQ=1/REQ

ISC

Procedure:
1. Assemble the circuit fig. A. Measure current ISC , it should be almost equal to VOC / REQ.
2. Norton’s Theorem is proved and equivalent current source current is shown in dotted box of fig. B. ISC =
VOC /REQ

Observation:

S.No. REQ VOC GEQ ISC

Result: The Norton’s Theorem is verified as

ISC = VOC / REQ (from observation table)

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