ANURAG UNIVERSITY

(Formerly CVSR College of Engineering)

Venkatapur (V), Ghatkesar (M), Medchal Dist.

Department of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL

R-20

I B.TECH – I SEMESTER

i
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Any 5 experiments from Part-A and Part-B should be conducted
(Total 10 Experiments)
Part-A
1. Verification of Ohm’s law
2. Verification of KVL and KCL
3. Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem
4. Verification of Superposition Theorem
5. Transient Response of Series R- L and R - C circuits using
DC excitation
6. Determination and Verification of Impedance and Current of
RL and RC series circuits
Part-B
1. Measurement of Voltage, Current and Real Power in Primary
and Secondary circuits of a Single Phase Transformer.
2. Load Test on Single Phase Transformer (Calculate Efficiency
and Regulation)
3. OC & SC Test on Single Phase Transformer
4. Brake Test on DC Shunt Motor
5. Brake Test on Three Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor.
6. O.C.C of Synchronous Generator.

ii
 PART -A

1. VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW

Aim: To verify Ohm’s Law for given circuit.

Apparatus:

S.No Equipment Rating Type Quantity

1. Regulated power supply 0 – 30V / 2A Digital 1

2. Resistors R1 1
3. Ammeter 0 – 200 mA Digital 3
4. Connecting wires As required
5. Bread board 1

Circuit Diagrams:-
0-200mA
+ –
A

+
V
R1
–

Procedure:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram

2) Switch on the power supply
3) Adjust the voltage from RPS
4) Note down the ammeter readings by varying voltage.
5) Bring RPS to zero and switch it off.
6) Plot the Graph between Voltage and Current.

1
Model Graph:

Voltage (V)

Current (I)

Tabular Column:

S. No Voltage (V) Current (mA)

Result:

2
 2. VERIFICATION OF KCL & KVL

Aim: To verify KCL and KVL circuits.

Apparatus:

S.No Equipment Rating Type Quantity

1. Regulated power supply 0 – 30V / 2A Digital 1

2. Resistors R1 R2 R3 3
3. Voltmeter 0 – 30 V Digital 3
4. Ammeter 0 – 200 mA Digital 3
5. Connecting wires As required
6. Bread board 1

Circuit Diagrams:-

KCL:-
R1
+ –
A

+ +
0-200mA
0-200mA

0-200mA
A A

– –
V +

– R2 R3

3
KVL:-
R1 R2

+ – +V –
V1 2

0-30V 0-30V
+

0-30V
V V3 R3
+
–
–

Procedure:

7) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram for kcl

8) Switch on the power supply
9) Adjust the voltage from RPS
10) Note down the ammeter readings.
11) Bring RPS to zero and switch it off.
12) Switch on the power supply and Adjust the voltage from RPS for kvl
13) Note down the voltmeter readings.
14) Bring RPS to zero and switch it off the power supply.

Theoretical Calculations:-

For KCL: R2 * R3
Req  R1 
I1 R1 R2  R3
V
I1 
Req

I2 I3
R3
V + I 2  I1 *
R2  R3
– R2 R3
R2
I 3  I1 *
R2  R3

I1=I2+I3

4
For KVL:-

V=V1+V2+V3

Req =R1+R2+R3

V
I
Req
V1= I* R1

V2= I* R2

V3= I* R3
R1 R2

V1 V2

V + R3
V3

Tabular Column for KCL:

I1 (mA) I2 (mA) I3 (mA)

Theoretical
Practical

Tabular Column for KVL:

V1 (v) V 2 (v) V3 (v)

Theoretical

Practical

Result:

5
 3. VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM

Aim: To verify Thevenin’s Theorem for given circuit.

Apparatus:

S. No Equipment Range Quantity

1 DC.RPS. Voltage source. 0-30V/2A 1
2 Resistors R1 R2 R3 3
3 Variable Resister 1KΩ 1
4 Ammeter-DC 0-200 mA 1
5 Voltmeter-DC 0-30V 1
6 Connecting wires 1.0.Sq mm As required
7 Bread board 1
8 DRB 1-10KΩ 1

Circuit Diagrams:

Case (i): To find load current

0-200mA
A
R2
+ –
R1

V +
RL
– R3

Case (ii): To find Thevenin’s voltage (Vth)

R1 R2

+
V +
0-30V V

– R3 –

6
Case (iii): To find Thevenin’s resistance (Rth)

A
– +
R1 R2
0-200mA

V +

R3 –

Case (iv): To find Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

A
+ –
Rth
0-200mA

Vth RL
–

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit diagram for case (i).

2. Apply the DC voltage from RPS.
3. Note down the Load current (IL) from Ammeter.
4. Now remove Load Resistor (RL) & connect a Voltmeter. As per the circuit diagram shown
in case (ii) and measure the Voltage (i.e. Vth)
5. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in case (iii) and note down the ammeter and
voltmeter readings. Calculate Rth
6. After getting the Vth & Rth ,Now make a circuit as in case (iv) and applying by Vth voltage
and connecting Rth & keeping Load resistance (RL) as it is in the original circuit and
measure load current ((ILth) through (RL) by connecting a ammeter in series with (RL).
8. Compare IL & ILth and observe that the both readings are equal

7
Tabular Column:

Case-3
Thevenin’s Case-1 Case-2 Case-4
Rth (Ω)
Theorem IL (mA) Vth (volts) ILth (mA)
Rth=V/I
Theoretical
Values
Practical Values

Conclusion:- Case-1 and Case-4 must be equal

Theoretical Calculations:-

Case-1
REq = [R3 ║( R2+RL)]+ R1
IT =V / REq
I L → IT x R3 ……mA
R3+R2+RL

R1 R2 IL

V +
RL
_ R3

Case-2:
Measuring the Thevenin’s Voltage → ( Vth )
( Vth ) = V * R3 …………..Volts
(R1 + R3)

R1 R2

V + Vth
_ R3

Case-3:

Measuring Thevenin’s Equivalent. Resistance → ( Rth )

For given circuit, by removing supply and shorting AB
( Rth ) = (R1 ║R3) + R2

8
 R1 R2

Rth

R3

Case 4:
I LTH = Vth / (Rth+ RL)……mA

Rth

Ith
+
Vth RL
–

Precautions:

1 Reading must be taken without parallax error.

2. Measuring instruments must be handled properly.
3. All connections should be free from loose contacts

Result:

9
 4. VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM.

Aim: To verify the superposition theorem for a given circuit.

Apparatus:

S.No Equipment Range Quantity

1 DC.RPS-Voltage Source 0-30 Volts/2A 1
2 Resistors R1R2R3 3
3 Ammeter-DC 0-200 milliamps 1
4 Bread board 1
5 Connecting wires 1.00 sq.mm As required

Circuit Diagrams:

Case (i): when both voltage sources are acting

Case (ii): when one voltage source is acting and V2 is short circuited (V2=0)

Case (iii): when one voltage source is acting and V1 is short circuited (V1=0)

10
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in case (i)
2. Adjust the voltage V1 & V2 from RPS
3. Measure the current through R3 resistor using Ammeter ie, I.
4. Now keep the V1 voltage same & remove V2 voltage and short circuited, then
measure the current through R3 resistor , ie, II
5. Now keep the V2 voltage & remove V1 voltage and short circuited, then measure the
current through R3 resistor , ie, III
6. Verify that the I = II + III
7. Tabulate the readings in the tabular column
8. Repeat the procedure for deferent voltage values of V1 , & V2
9. Compare the values Practical to Theoretical.

Theoretical Calculations:

Case 1: (For measuring I) When the V1 & V2 source

are applied (Original circuit)
V  V1 V V  V2
  0
R1 R3 R2

I = V/R3

Case 2: (For measuring II) When the V1

source is applied (V2 is zero)

Req = (R2 ║ R3) +R1

Ieq = V1 / Req
R2
I I  I eq *
R2  R3

11
 Case 3: (For measuring III) When the
V2 source is applied (V1 is zero)
Req = (R1║ R3) + R2
Ieq = V2 / Req

R1
I II  I eq *
R1  R3

Tabular Column:

Case-1 Case-2 Case-3

Super Position Theorem I (mA) II (mA) III (mA)
Theoretical Values
Practical Values

Safety Precautions:
1. Reading must be taken without parallax error
2. Measuring instruments must be connected properly & should be free from errors
3. All connections should be free from loose contacts

Result:

12
 5. DETERMINATION AND VERIFICATION OF IMPEDANCE AND
CURRENT OF RL AND RC SERIES CIRCUITS

Aim: Verification of Impedance and Current of RL & RC Circuits

Apparatus:

S.No Equipment Rating Type Quantity

1. Isolation Transformer 0 – 220V Digital 1

2. DRB, DIB & DCB 3
3. AC-Ammeter 0 – 200 mA Digital 1
4. Connecting wires As required
5. Bread board 1

Circuit Diagrams:-

Series RL Circuit:

0-200mA R L
+ –
A

13
Series RC Circuit:
0-200mA R C
+ –
A

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown.
2. Adjust the voltage from Isolation Transformer.
3. Measure the current through R resistance.
4. Now keep the V voltage same & vary the R resistance and take down the current
readings.
5. Tabulate the readings in the tabular column
6. Repeat the procedure for deferent Resistance values for RL & RC Circuits
7. Compare the values Practical to Theoretical.

Theoretical Calculations:

Series RL Circuit:

ZL = V/I
I = V/ZL
Z RL  R 2  X L 2

Z RL  R 2   2 fL 
2

Series RC Circuit:
ZC = V/I

I = V/ZC
Z RC  R 2  X C 2
2
 1 
Z RC  R 2

 2 fC 

14
Tabular Column for RL:

ZL () I (mAmps)
Volts(V) R()
T P T P

Tabular Column for RC:

ZC () I (mAmps)
Volts(V) R()
T P T P

Safety Precautions:
1. Reading must be taken without parallax error
2. Measuring instruments must be connected properly & should be free from errors
3. All connections should be free from loose contacts

Result:

15
 PART –B

2. LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Aim: To find the efficiency and regulation of single phase transformer by using load test.

Apparatus Required:

S.No Apparatus Range Quantity

(0-10)A 1
1 Ammeter
(0-5)A 1
(0-150)V 1
2 Voltmeter
(0-300)V 1
300V/10A 1
3 Wattmeter
150V/5A 1
4 Auto Transformer 0-270V 1
5 Resistive Load 5KW,230V 1

Circuit Diagram:

16
 Tabular Column:

Input Output
Efficiency
Primary Secondary Power Power %

S.No Load W1 x W2 = V2 x Reg
%
MF I2
V1 W1 V2 I2
(Volts) (Watts) (Volts) (Amps)

Formulae:
Output Power = V2 x I2
Input Power = W1 x Multiplication factor
Output Power
Efficiency % = -------------------- x 100%
Input Power
VNL - VFL (Secondary)
Regulation R % = ------------------------------ x100%
VNL
Model Graphs:

17
Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the no load condition, minimum position of auto transformer
and DPST switch is closed.
3. Apply the rated voltage of the primary of a transformer and note down no load
readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattmeter.
4. Increase the load in steps to rated load current in secondary and note down the
readings of Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter on both primary and secondary
sides.
5. Calculate the efficiency and regulation with suitable formulae. Draw the graph
between efficiency verses output and regulation verses power factor.

Precautions:

1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum position.

2. The AC supply is given and removed from the transformer under no load condition.

Result:

18
 3. OC & SC TESTS ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Aim: To Conduct the open & Short Circuit test on a Single Phase transformer, to determine
Core, Copper losses & to determine efficiency of Single phase transformer.
Apparatus:

S.No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Single Phase Auto Transformer 0-270V 1
2. Single phase Transformer 1kva 1
3. Ammeter 0-2A, 0-5A 2
4. Voltmeter 75V , 150v 2
5 Wattmeter LPF, UPF 2

Circuit Diagram:

OC Test:

19
SC Test:

Procedure:

OC Test:

1. Do the connection as per the circuit diagram.

2. Apply rated Voltage with the help of autotransformer across LV winding, with the
HV winding as Open Circuit.
3. Note down the voltmeter, Ammeter & Wattmeter readings.

SC Test:

1. Do the connection as per the circuit diagram.

2. Apply rated Current with the help of autotransformer across HV winding, with the LV
winding as Short circuit.
3. Note down the voltmeter, Ammeter & Wattmeter readings.

20
Observation Table :

OC Test:

S.No Voltmeter(V0) Ammeter (I0) Wattmeter (W0)

SC Test:

S.No Voltmeter (Vsc) Ammeter (Isc) Wattmeter (Wsc)

Calculation of Efficiency:
Cos =
Total Losses Input =
Efficiency =
Load Output = Output +
S.No Iron Copper Output/input
Factor kva*cos total
Losses Losses * 100
losses

Cos =
Total Losses Input =
Efficiency =
Load Output = Output +
S.No Iron Copper Output/input
Factor kva*cos total
Losses Losses * 100
losses

21
Calculations to find efficiency and regulation
For example at ½ full load
Cupper losses = Wsc x (1/2)2 watts, where WSC = full – load cupper losses
Constant losses = W0 watts
Output = ½ KVA x cos  [cos  may be assumed]
Input = output + Cu. Loss + constant loss

Output
% efficiency  x 100
Input
Efficiency at different loads and P.fs
cos  = ___________ cos  = ___________

Model Graphs:
Efficiency

Output

Precautions:

1. Connections must be made tight

2. Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off

Result:

22
 4. BRAKE TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

Aim

To perform load test on DC Shunt Motor and draw its performance characteristics.

Name Plate Details

Details Motor
Rating
Voltage
Current
Speed

Apparatus

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

0 - 2A M.C. 01
1 Ammeter
0 - 20A M.C. 01
2 Voltmeter 0 - 300V M.C. 01
3 Rheostat 0 - 200/300Ω, 2A W.W. 01
4 Tachometer 0 - 10000 rpm Digital 01

Circuit Diagram :

23
Procedure

1. Make the connections are per circuit diagram.

2. Initially keep the field rheostat in minimum position.
3. Check whether belt on pulley is free so that there is no load on Motor shaft.
4. Close the DPST switch and start the motor slowly with the help of starter.
5. Adjust the motor field rheostat position so that the motor rotates at its rated speed.
6. Note down the readings of meters and speed at no load.
7. Apply the load on pulley gradually in steps of armature current till the rated current of
Motor by tightening the belt around Motor shaft.
8. Note down the voltmeter, ammeter and spring balance readings and measure the speed for
each step.
9. Remove the load, bring back the rheostat to its initial position and open the DPST switch.

Precautions

1. Cool the Motor pulley while the experiment is being performed.

2. While measuring the radius of pulley, effective radius must be considered.
3. Before opening the DPST switch, ensure that the rheostat is in its original position.
4. Loose connections are to be avoided.
5. Wear shock proof shoes to avoid electric shock if any.
6. Avoid parallax errors.

Table of Readings

Input Current SPRING Output

Input Input Speed
(A1+A2) BALANCE Power
S. Voltage Power (N) Torque
Armature Field in %
No (V) in S1 S2 in in in
Current(A1) Current(A2) Watts Efficiency
in volts Watts in Kgs Kgs rpm N-m
in Amps in Amps

24
Calculations

Radius (R) = pulley radius in meters

Torque (T) = 9.81 (S1 - S2) * R in N – m

Output = 2 π NT / 60 in Watts

Input = V * (A1+A2) in watts where A1 gives armature current & A2 gives field current.

% Efficiency (η) = Output / Input x 100

Model Graph:
Efficiency
Torque
Speed

Output

Result

25
 5. BRAKE TEST ON 3-ф INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim:
To conduct brake test on 3-ф induction motor and draw its performance
characteristics.

Name Plate Details:

Details 3-ф induction motor

Rating
voltage
current
speed

Apparatus:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-600)V M.I 01
2 Ammeter 10A M.I 01
3 Wattmeter(U.P.F) 415v,10A D.M 02

Circuit Diagram:

26
Procedure:

1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

2. Make sure that the loading belt is free from brake pulley, star-delta starter is in OFF
position and all 3 phases are available.
3. Switch on the M.C.B and start the motor with the help of star-delta starter.
4. Make sure that both the wattmeters are indicating positive value; otherwise reverse the
respective current coil connections.
5. Note down the wattage, voltage, current and speed at no-load.
6. Slowly apply the load on the motor in steps of 2, 4, 6 and 7.5 amperes by tightening the
belt over the brake drum.
7. While conducting this test, make sure that the temperature of the brake drum is
maintained within the limits by water cooling.
8. Note down the wattage, voltage, current, speed and spring balance readings at each load.
9. Release the load on the motor and switch OFF the MCB and make sure that starter
comes to the original position.

Precautions:
1. Short circuits must be avoided.
2. Avoid Parallax error while taking readings of the meters.
3. Wear electric shock proof shoes while conducting experiment.

Observation Table
Input Spring
Input Input Speed Torque Output Power
power balance Efficiency
S.No voltage current (RPM) (N-m) power factor
(Watts) (kg) (%)
(Volts) (Amps) (Watts)
W1 W2 S1 S2 N T

1.

2.

3.

Calculations
Torque (τ) =9.81 (S1-S2) r N-m
Where S1 and S2 represent force in Kg/Cm and r (taken as 0.1m) is the radius
of pulley.
Output power (Pout) =2πNτ/60
Where N is speed of motor in rpm and τ is torque in N-m.
Input power (Pin) =W1+W2
Where W1 and W2 are wattmeter readings.

27
 %Efficiency (%η) =Pout/Pin 100.
Power factor (P.f) =Pin/ 3 VLIL

Model Graph:

Result

28
 6. OCC OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Aim: To draw the OCC characteristics of Synchronous Generator.

Name Plate Details:

Details Motor Generator

Rating
voltage
current
speed

Apparatus:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-600)V M.I 01
0-5A M.I 01
2 Ammeter
0-2A M.C 01
3 Rheostat 0-350/2A 01
4 Rheostat 0-1000/1A 01

Circuit Diagram:

29
Procedure:

1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.

2. Start the alternator with the help of prime mover (DC Shunt Motor) and adjust speed to
the synchronous speed. The speed of the alternator is to be kept constant throughout the
experiment.
3. Excite the field winding alternator keeping armature open.
4. Note down the terminal voltage at different values of field currents.
5. Draw the graph of armature voltage versus field current to get the open circuit
characteristics (OCC) of the alternator.

Observation Table
S.No If E0

Model Graph:
No Load Voltage E0

Field Current (If)

Result:
30