Contents

 Ohms law
 Kirchhoff’s laws (KCL, KVL)
 Series and parallel circuits
 Source transformations
 Mesh, super mesh analysis
 Nodal, super node analysis.
 Linearity and superposition theorem with simple
examples
 Thevenin's theorem
 Norton's theorem with simple examples
 Maximum power transfer theorem with simple examples.
 Delta-wye conversion
 • Kirchoff Voltage
KVL Law
• Kirchoff Current
KCL Law
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that the
algebraic sum of the voltages across any set
of branches in a closed loop is zero. i.e.;

 Vacrossbranches = 0
 Below is a single loop circuit. The KVL computation is
expressed graphically in that voltages around a loop are
summed up by traversing (figuratively walking around) the
loop. Part of Traversal

+ Vr1 -

R1
10V + Assumed
R2 + Vr2 -
-
current
direction

R3

+ Vr3 -

Resulting KVL Equation: Vr1+Vr2+Vr3-10=0

 Summation of voltage terms may be done in either direction

Part of Traversal Part of Traversal

+ Vr1 -
+ Vr1 -

R1
R1

10V + R2 + Vr2 - +
- 10V
-
R2 + Vr2 -

R3
R3

+ Vr3 -
+ Vr3 -

Resulting KVL Equation: Vr1+Vr2+Vr3-10=0 Resulting KVL Equation: -Vr1-Vr2-Vr3+10=0

For both summations, the assumed current direction was the same
 Assuming the current direction fixes the voltage references

+ Vr1 - + Vr1 -

R1 R1
Assumed Assumed
10V + current R2 + Vr2 - 10V + current R2 + Vr2 -
- direction - direction
R3 R3

+ Vr3 - + Vr3 -

Resulting KVL Equation: Vr1+Vr2+Vr3-10=0 Resulting KVL Equation: -Vr1-Vr2-Vr3-10=0

For both cases shown, the direction of summation was the same
 Example
Resistors of R1= 10Ω, R2 = 4Ω and R3 = 8Ω are
connected up to two batteries (of negligible
resistance) as shown. Find the current through each
resistor.
 Continuing

Assume currents to flow in directions indicated by arrows.

Apply KCL on Junctions C and A.
Therefore, current in mesh ABC = i1
Current in Mesh CA = i2
Then current in Mesh CDA = i1 – i2
Now, Apply KVL on Mesh ABC, 20V are acting in
clockwise direction. Equating the sum of IR products, we
get;
10i1 + 4i2 = 20 ……………. (1)
In mesh ACD, 12 volts are acting in clockwise direction,
then:
8(i1–i2) – 4i2= 12
8i1 – 8i2 – 4i2= 12
 Continuing
Multiplying equation (1) by 3;
30i1 + 12i2 = 60
Solving for i1
30i1 + 12i2 = 60
8i1 – 12i2 = 12
______________
38i1 = 72

The above equation can be also simplified by Elimination or Cramer’s Rule

.
i1 = 72/38 = 1.895 Amperes = Current in 10 Ohms resistor
Substituting this value in (1), we get:
10(1.895) + 4i2 = 20
4i2 = 20 – 18.95
i2 = 0.263 Amperes = Current in 4 Ohms Resistors.
Now,
Classification of Circuits
Resistors in Series
Resistors in Parallel
Current in Series Circuit
Contd ……
Pause and Think
Series Circuit Example
Parallel Circuit Example
Current in Parallel Circuit
Contd …….
Voltage/P.D in Series Circuit
Voltage/P.D in Parallel Circuit
Kirchhoff’s First
Law says that:

Current loses strength as it flows about a circuit

Voltage loses strength as it flows about a circuit

Wires need insulation to stop electrons from leaking out

of the wire

Total current flowing into a point is the same as

the current flowing out of that point
KCL is used when solving circuits with…

Closed loops

Sufficient nodes/ junctions

Capacitors

None
Nodal Analysis applies the following principles…

KVL & Ohm’s Law

KCL & Ohm’s Law

KVL & Superposition

KCL & Superposition

Which of the following statements is true?

Mesh Analysis is easiest when a circuit has more than two nodes

Mesh Analysis is more difficult than Nodal Analysis

Mesh Analysis employs KVL to solve loop currents

All of t All of the above

If a circuit contains three loops, how many
independent equations can be obtained with
Kirchhoff’s Second laws?

Three
Four
Five
Six
How much is current I3 in the node shown?

2A
-2A
0A
8A
How much is current I4 in the node shown?

2A
-2A
18A
8A
How much is voltage V3 in the closed loop circuit
shown?

2A
-2A
10A
-10A
How much is voltage V4 in the closed loop circuit
shown?

4A
-4A
8A
-8A
Using KVL, find the value of Rx in the circuit
shown
8Ω
4Ω
2Ω
1Ω
 Q
Q2 1
Q3 Q4
Q5 Q6

Q7 Q8
Q9 Q10
Q1
Q2

Q3 Q4
Q5 Q6

Q7 Q8
Q9 Q10