ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

TECHNOLOGY
(BEX17003)

By:
DR SITI NOORAYA MOHD TAWIL
Department of Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
1
 Chapter 3(a):
Direct Current Circuits
Analysis

2
Lecture Contents
Basic Law

3.1 Nodes, Branches, and Loops

3.2 Kirchoff’s Laws

3.3 Series Resistors and Voltage Division

3.4 Parallel Resistors and Current Division

3.5 Series and Parallel Resistors

3.6 Wye-Delta Transformations

3
3.1 Nodes, Branches,
And Loops

4
Nodes, Branches and Loops

 A branch:
 a single element such as a voltage
source or a resistor
 represents any two-terminal element

5
How many branches exist in this circuit?

A: 5 branches
6
Cont…
 A node:
 the point of connection between two or
more branches.
 usually indicated by a dot in a circuit.

7
How many nodes exist in this circuit?

A: 3 nodes

8
Cont…
 A loop:
 any closed path in circuit

9
3.2 Kirchoff’s
Laws

10
Kirchoff’s Laws
 Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) states that the algebraic
sum of currents entering a node (or a closed loop
boundary) is zero.
 The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the
sum of the currents leaving the node.
 Mathematically, KCL implies that
NN
……..( Eq. 3.1)
 iinn  00
n 1
n 1
where,
in= nth current entering (or leaving) the node
N= number of branches connected to the node
*Hukum Arus Kirchoff

11
 Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)

II 
entering 
entering 
II leaving
leaving ……..( Eq. 3.2 )

I6
I1

I5 I2

I4
I3

I1 - I2 - I3 + I4 - I5 + 16=0 @ I1 + I4 + 16 = I2 + I3 +I5

current entering current leaving

12
Cont…
 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that the
algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed
path (or loop) is zero.

NN

 VV  00
nn11
nn
……..( Eq. 3.3 )

Where,
Vn= the nth voltage
N= number or voltages in the loop

Sum of voltage across active element

= Sum of voltage across passive element
13
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
R1

+
+ V1 -
R2 V2
E1 -
E2
- V3 +

R3

E1 – V1 – V2 – E2 – V3 = 0 @ E1 – E2 = V1 + V2 + V3

14
Example 3.1a
Write the KVL equation for the following circuit.

15
Solution 3.1a

-v1 + v2 + v3 - v4 + v5 = 0

v2 + v3 + v5 = v1 + v4
16
Example 3.1b
Write the KVL equation for the following circuit.

17
Solution 3.1b

-V5 + V4 – V3 – V2 + V1 = 0

v1 + v4 = v2 + v3 + v5

18
Example 3.2
For the following circuit, find voltages v1 and v2.

2
 v1 

v2 3 
20 V i


19
 Solution 3.2
From Ohm’s Law, v1 = iR = i x 2 = 2i
v2 = iR = i x 3 = 3i
2 
From KVL , 20 = v1 +v2  v1 

20 = 2i +3i 20 V
v2 3 

20 = 5i i

i=4A
So, v1 = iR = 4 x 2 = 8 V
v2 = iR = 4 x 3 =12 V

Check! KVL: 20 = 8+12 =20 

20
Example 3.3
 Find the power consumed by resistor Rx.

21
Solution 3.3

22
Example 3.4
 Given that the power dissipated by
Resistor R1 is 4W. Find the value of Rx.

23
Solution 3.4

24
3.3 Series Resistors
and
Voltage Division

25
Series circuit
 A series circuit is a circuit which provides only
one path for current to flow between two points
in a circuit so that the current is the same
through each series component.
 Total Resistance
 The total resistance of a series circuit

= the sum of the resistances of each

individual resistor.

26
Series Resistors and Voltage Division

27
 R1 R2 R3 RN Rseries

+ V 1 - + V2 - + V 3 - + VN - +V-
Vs Vs

(a) (b)
Figure (a) Series circuit (b) Equivalent circuit

RRTT RRequivalent  R  R  R  ...  R (  )

equivalent  R11  R22  R33  ...  RNN (  ) …..( Eq. 3.4)
V
VSS (A)
Current, (I) 
Current, (I)  (A)
R
RTT ……..( Eq. 3.5)

Voltage,
Voltage, vv11 == iR
iR1,1, vv22 == iR
iR22 ……..( Eq. 3.6)
28
 Voltage Divider Rules
 Voltage drop across any of the
resistors can be written as follows:
+
……..( Eq. 3.7) R1 V1
Vxx 
V  IRIRxx -
xx 
11,,22,,33,,44 + V2
 Substituting VS/RT for I results in + R2
-
Vs I
VVSS ) R - +
V  (
Vxx  ( ) Rxx ……..( Eq. 3.8) R3 V3
RRTT -
+
 Rearranging terms yields R4 V
- 4
R
Rxx )V
V  (
Vxx  ( )VSS
R
RTT ……..( Eq. 3.9)
Voltage –divider formula
29
Example 3.5
Find v1 and v2 in the circuit below.
3 kΩ

+ V1 -
+
V=24V 9kΩ
V2

30
 Solution 3.5
3 kΩ
Based on KVL,
v = v1 +v2 + V1 -

= i(R1 +R2) V=24V

+
V2 9kΩ
24 = i ((3 + 9)k) i
-

= (12k) i
So, i = 24/(12k) = 2 (mA)
By using i value,
v1 = iR1 =2m x 3k = 6 V
v2 = iR2 =2m x 9k = 18 V
Check! KVL: 24V =( 6+18 )V =24 V 

31
Example 3.6
Calculate the voltage drop across each resistor in the
voltage divider in figure below .

V1 +
R1=100Ω
-
+
Vs + V2 R2=220Ω
I -
100V -
+
V3 - R3=680Ω

32
 Solution 3.6
R1 100 +
V1 R1=100Ω
V1  VS  ( )100  10V -
RT 1000 +
+ V2 R2=220Ω
R2 220 Vs I -
V2  VS  ( )100  22V 100V- +
RT 1000 V3 R =680Ω
- 3
R3 680
V3  VS  ( )100  68V
RT 1000
Check! KVL: 100V =( 10+22+68 )V =100V 

33
 3.4 Parallel
Resistors
and Current Division

34
Parallel Resistors and Current Division

I I Rparallel

I1 I2 IN +V-
+ + +
Vs V1 R1 V R2 VN RN Vs
2

- - -

(a) (b)

Figure (a) Parallel Circuit (b) Equivalent Circuit

35
Current,(I) 
Current,(I)  II11 
II22 
II33  ...
... IINN (A)
(A) …..( Eq. 3.10)
11 11 11 11 11 11
    ... ... (Ω) (Ω) …..( Eq. 3.11)
RRTT RRequivalent
equivalent
RR11 RR22 RR33 RRNN
11
 11 11 11 11 
RRTT     ... ...  (Ω)(Ω) …..( Eq. 3.12)
RR11 RR22 RR33 RRNN

V
V V11 
V VV22 
V ,...,
V33,..., V
VNN
(V)
(V) …..( Eq. 3.13)

36
 Example 3.7
For the following circuit, find;
IT

(a) Equivalent resistance I1 I2

+ +
(b) Total current V1 V2
30 V 5Ω 10 Ω
(c) Currents through - -

each resistor
(d) Power for each element
and total circuit power
(e) Power supplied by the source

37
Solution 3.7
a)Equivalent resistance
1 1 1 2 1 3
    IT
RT 5 10 10 10
I1 I2
10
RT   3.33 + +
3 30 V V1 5Ω V2
10 Ω
b)Total current - -

V  I T RT
10
30  I T ( )
3
3
I T  30  ( )  9 A
10

38
 Solution 3.7(cont.)
c)Currentsthrougheachresistor
V IT
V  IR  I 
R
I1 I2
V 30
I1    6A + +
R1 5 V1 V2
30 V 5Ω 10 Ω
V 30 - -

I2    3A
R2 10
CHECK :
I T  I1  I 2
9 A  (6  3) A  9 A
39
 Solution 3.7(cont.)
d)Power for each element and total circuit power
P  IV IT

P  I V  6  30  180W
1 1 I1 I2
P  I V  3  30  90W + +
2 2
V1 V2
e)Power supplied by the source 30 V 5Ω 10 Ω
- -

P  I V  9  30  270W
T T
CHECK :
P P P
T 1 2
270W  (180  90)W  270W

40
Current Divider Rules
Current Divider formula for 2 branches
 The formula for total resistance
I
of 2 parallel branches,
I1 I2
RR1 RR2 …..( Eq. 3.14)
RRT  1 2 + +
T RR1 RR2 V1 R1 V2 R2
1 2 VS
- -
 From Ohm’s Law,

VV IITTRRTT II11RR11 II22RR22

VV IITTRRTT RRTT 
II11     IITT,, …..( Eq. 3.15)
RR1 RR1 R 
1 1  R11
VV IITTRRTT RRTT 
II22     IITT
RR22 RR22 RR22
 
41
Current Divider Rules
Current Divider formula for 2 branches
 Substituting R1R2/(R1+R2) for RT and canceling result in
VV
S
IIx  S VV  II RR
x R SS TT TT
RX
X
Substituti
Substituting
ngIIT RRT for
forVVS in
inthe
theexpression
expressionfor
forIIX results
resultsin
in
T T S X
II RR
IIx  TT TT
x RR …..( Eq. 3.16)
XX
Rearrangin
Rearranginggterms
termsyields
yields
RRT 
IIx  T II
x  R  TT …..( Eq. 3.17)
 RXX 
Current–divider formula for 2 branches

42
Current Divider Rules
General Current Divider formula for any number of branches
 Substituting R1R2/(R1+R2) for
RT and canceling result in I
I1 I2
 RR11RR22   RR11RR22  + +
VS V1 R1 V2 R2
R  R  R  R 
II1  R11  R22 IIT ,, II2  R11  R22 IIT - -
1
 RR11  T 2
 RR22  T
   
   
 Therefore, current divider formula for 2 branches are :
 RR2   RR1 
II11 2 IITT,, II22  1 IITT …..( Eq. 3.18)
RR11RR22 RR11RR22
Current–divider formula

43
Example 3.8
For the following circuit, find current for
each element using current divider rules.
I

I1 I2
+ +
12 V V1 V2
15 Ω 30 Ω
- -

44
Solution 3.8 I
1/Rall = 1/R1 +1/R2 I2
I1
= (R1 + R2)/(R1R2) 12 V
+ +
V1 15 Ω V2 30 Ω
- -

Rall = (R1R2)/(R1+R2)
= (15 x 30)/ (15 +30) Check!
= 450/45 = 10 Ω Vall=IRall I=Vall/Rall
I=12/10=1.2 A
Vall = V1 =V2 = 12V I entering   I leaving

KCL:
I1 = V1/R1 = 12/15 = 0.8 A I = I1 + I 2
I2 = V2/R2 = 12/30 = 0.4 A 1.2 A= (0.8 +0.4)A =1.2 A
45
 3.5 Series and
Parallel Resistors

46
Combinational Series and Parallel Circuits

 Define as a circuit that consist of a combination

series and parallel circuit.
 We can get the equivalent resistance by
looking the total resistance from the voltage or
current source.
 Lets consider the following example for better
understanding.

47
Example 3.9

For the following circuit, find the equation

for the equivalent resistance.
R1 R2 R3 R6

Vs R4 R5 R7

48
Solution 3.9 (i)Rx
(i) Series resistors, Rx =R1+R2 +R3 R R2 R3 R6
(ii)R
y
1

(ii) Series resistors Ry = R6 + R7 Vs R4 R5 R7 (iii)Rz

(i) Parallel resistors Rz = R4 +R5 +Ry

1/Rz = 1/R4 +1/R5 + 1/RV

= ( R5RV +R4RV + R4R5 ) / ( R4R5RV )

So, Rz = ( R4R5RV ) / ( R5RV +R4RV + R4R5 )

Equivalent resistance = (i) + (iii) = RX +RZ

=(R1+R2 +R3) + ( R4R5RV ) / ( R5RV +R4RV + R4R5 )
=( R1+R2 +R3) + ( R4R5 (R6 + R7) ) / 49
Exercise 3.1
Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab at terminals a-b.

10 
a

80 
60  20  30 
b
A: Rab = 16 Ω

50
 3.6 Wye-Delta
Transformations

51
  DELTA – WYE transformation

a
RR11R
R22
R 
Raa 
Ra R11R
R R22 RR33
R1 R2
R
R 22R
R
R 
Rbb 
33

Rc Rb R11R
R R22 RR33
RR11R
R33
b
R3 R 
Rcc 
R11R
R R22 R
R33
c
( Eq. 3.19)

52
  WYE - DELTA transformation
a

RRaaRRcc
Ra RR11RRaa RRcc 
R1 R2 RRbb
RRaaRRbb
Rc Rb RR22 RRaa RRbb 
RRcc
b
RRbbRRcc
R3 RR33 RRbb RRcc 
RRaa
c
( Eq. 3.20)

53
  WYE - DELTA transformation
a
RRa RRb RRb RRc RRc RRa
RR1  a b b c c a

Ra
1 RRb
b
R1 R2
RRa RRb RRb RRc RRc RRa
RR22  a b b c c a
RRc
c
Rc Rb
RRaaRRbb RRbbRRcc RRccRRaa
RR33 
b RRaa
R3

c
( Eq. 3.21)

54
Example 3.11
Find the equivalent resistance.
20kΩ a

6kΩ 18kΩ

12kΩ
b c

12kΩ 12kΩ

d
55
Solution 3.11
a
20kΩ 20kΩ
a

Ra
6kΩ 18kΩ

12kΩ Rb Rc
b c
b c
12kΩ 12kΩ
12kΩ 12kΩ

d
d

56
Solution 3.11 (cont.)
(6k)(18k)
: Ra   3k
6k  18k  12k
(6k)(12k)
Rb   2k
6k  18k  12k
(12k)(18k)
Rc   6k
6k  18k  12k
R parallel  ( Rb  12k ) //( Rc  12k )  7.875k
Rall  (20k  Ra  R parallel )  30.875k
57
Exercise 3.2
Obtain the equivalent resistance at the terminals a-b for
the circuit below.

a
10  20 
30 
10 
10  20 
b

Answer: Rab = 9.23 Ω

58