Electronegativity

+ – 0 0

H Cl H H
 The basic units: ionic vs. covalent
• Ionic compounds form repeating units.
• Covalent compounds form distinct molecules.
• Consider adding to NaCl(s) vs. H2O(s):

Na Cl Na Cl O
H H
Cl Na Cl Na H O O
H H
H
• NaCl: atoms of Cl and Na can add individually
forming a compound with million of atoms.
• H2O: O and H cannot add individually, instead
molecules of H2O form the basic unit.
 Holding it together
Q: Consider a glass of water. Why do
molecules of water stay together?
A: there must be attractive forces.
Intramolecular
forces are
much stronger
Intramolecular forces Intermolecular forces
occur between atoms occur between molecules
• We do not consider intermolecular forces in
ionic bonding because there are no molecules.
• We will see that the type of intramolecular bond
determines the type of intermolecular force.
I’m not stealing, I’m sharing unequally
• We described ionic bonds as stealing electrons
• In fact, all bonds share – equally or unequally.
• Note how bonding electrons spend their time:
H2 H H HCl H Cl LiCl [Li]+ [ Cl ]–

 0
 0
 +
 – + –

covalent
(non-polar) polar covalent ionic
• Point: the bonding electrons are shared in each
compound, but are not always shared equally.
• The greek symbol  indicates “partial charge”.
 Electronegativity
• Recall that electronegativity is “a number that
describes the relative ability of an atom, when
bonded, to attract electrons”.
• The periodic table has electronegativity values.
• We can determine the nature of a bond based on
EN (electronegativity difference).
EN = higher EN – lower EN
NBr3: EN = 3.0 – 2.8 = 0.2 (for all 3 bonds).
• Basically: a EN below 0.5 = covalent, 0.5 -
1.7 = polar covalent, above 1.7 = ionic
• Determine the EN and bond type for these: HCl,
CrO, Br2, H2O, CH4, KCl
 Electronegativity Answers
HCl: 3.0 – 2.1 = 0.9 polar covalent
CrO: 3.5 – 1.6 = 1.9 ionic
Br2: 2.8 – 2.8 = 0 covalent
H2O: 3.5 – 2.1 = 1.4 polar covalent
CH4: 2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4 covalent
KCl: 3.0 – 0.8 = 2.2 ionic
 Electronegativity & physical properties
•CaCl 2 would havecan
Electronegativity a lower
help toNote:
explainother factors
properties
ofmelting/boiling
compounds like point:
those in such as atomic size
the lab.
CaCl2 = 3.0 – 1.0 = 2.0 within+molecules
–
• Lets look at HCl: partial
CaF2 = 4.0 – 1.0 = 3.0 charges
also affects melting +
 –

keep molecules
LiBr would have together.
a lower and
+
boiling
–  +points.
 –
melting/boiling point: EN is an important
• The
KClsituation
= 3.0 – is0.8similar
= 2.2 in NaCl,factor but
– not+ the
but the=attraction
LiBr 2.8 – 1.0 is even greater
= 1.8 only factor. It is
(EN = 2.1 vs. 0.9 for HCl). most + –when
useful
H2S would have a lower
• Which would have
melting/boiling comparing atoms
a higher melting/boiling
point: point?
H2NaCl
O= 3.5because
– 2.1 =of1.4 andEN.
its greater molecules of
• For each,
H2S = 2.5pick 0.4 with thesimilar
the=one
– 2.1 size.
lower boiling
point a) CaCl2, CaF2 b) KCl, LiBr c) H2O, H2S
CaCl2 would have a lower Note: other factors
melting/boiling point: such as atomic size
CaCl2 = 3.0 – 1.0 = 2.0 within molecules
CaF2 = 4.0 – 1.0 = 3.0 also affects melting
LiBr would have a lower and boiling points.
melting/boiling point: EN is an important
KCl = 3.0 – 0.8 = 2.2 factor but not the
LiBr = 2.8 – 1.0 = 1.8 only factor. It is
H2S would have a lower most useful when
melting/boiling point: comparing atoms
H2O= 3.5 – 2.1 = 1.4 and molecules of
H2S = 2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4 similar size.
 Why oil and water don’t mix
• Lets take a look at why oil and water don’t
mix (oil is non-polar, water is polar)

+ +
+  +
–  –
 +
 + +  +

–  –

+  +
+  +
– –

The partial charges on

water attract, pushing

 
+ 

+
+
the oil (with no partial –

–

+
charge) out of the way. + – +

Chemical Symbols of
Common Elements
Prepare a chart in your notes …
Z Name Symbol *Latin *Mnemonic
1 Hydrogen H
2 Helium He

Complete for Element Latin name

elements:1-20, 26, 28- Copper Cuprum
30, 35, 47, 50, 53, 79, Gold Aurum
80, 82, 92 Iron Ferrum
Use the chart on left to Lead Plumbum
complete the two last Mercury Hydrargyrum
columns (only listed Potassium Kalium
elements will have Silver Argentum
anything for these Sodium Natrium
columns). Tin Stannum
 Mnemonics
• Mnemonics are ways to help you remember
• Used by A students and experts
• They are often rhymes or visual connections
• E.g. “Thirty days has September, April, June
and November, all the rest have 31”
• Or using your knuckles to remember months
• Iron (Fe) …
• Iron  strong  opposite is feeble  Fe
• A bad mnemonic for Cu is a copper cup (any
metal can be made into a cup)
• A good mnemonic is a cup full of pennies
• It may seem like more to know, but it works
Best Mnemonics

Sodium (Na)
Salt?  Bad for BP  (Na, don’t want it)
North Atlantic salt water
Potassium (K)
Potatoes covered in ketchup
Koala (or kangaroo) eating bananas
Putting Special K into rolling paper
Best Mnemonics

Iron (Fe)
Ironing with Feet
French for iron is Fer
Iron = strong = giant = Fe-Fi-Fo-Fum
Copper (Cu)
Cu (see you) at copperfields
Cop drinking out of a cup
A cup filled with pennies
Best Mnemonics
Silver (Ag)
Almost gold
Aging = grey hair = silver
Tin (Sn)
“Tin is Sin”
Gold (Au)
Always united (wedding ring)
Gold = shiny = aura
leaves changing gold colour = Autumn
Best Mnemonics

Mercury (Hg)
thermometer = hug to stay warm
Huge globe (Hg), Hot gas, High gravity
Lead (Pb)
Peanut butter coming out of a pencil
Pellets and buckshot
Plumber uses lead pipes
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