34.

117: a) The distance between image and object can be calculated by taking the
derivative of the separation distance and minimizing it.
sf sf s2
D = s + s ′ but s ′ = ⇒D =s+ =
s− f s− f s− f
dD d  s2  2s s2 s 2 − 2sf
⇒ =   = − = =0
ds ds  s − f  s − f (s − f )
2
(s − f ) 2

⇒ s 2 − 2 sf = 0 ⇒ s ( s − 2 f ) = 0 ⇒ s = 0, 2 f = s ′, so for a real image, the

minimum separation between object and image is 4f.
b)

Note that the minimum does occur for D=4f.