Professional Documents
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Thermodynamics Laboratory
By
Mr.B.Ramesh, M.E.,(Ph.D),
Associate professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering,
Jeppiaar Trust, Chennai-119
Ph.D. Research Scholar, College of
Engineering Guindy Campus, Anna
University, Chennai.
2
3
Exp. No. :
Port timing diagram for
two stroke petrol engine
Date :
Aim: To determine the period of port opening and closing and to draw the port
timing diagram for the two stroke petrol engine.
Procedure:
Formulae:
Distance from
Position w.r.t.
Crank angle,
dead centre.
dead centre,
the nearest
the nearest
Events
degree
Sl.No.
cm
After ODC
1 IPO
After IDC
2 IPC
Before ODC
3 EPO
Before ODC
4 TPO
After ODC
5 TPC
After ODC
6 EPC
Period of
Speed, rpm
Sl. No.
IPO, sec IPC, sec EPO, sec EPC, sec TPO, sec TPC, sec
1 1300
2 1400
3 1500
4 1600
5 1700
5
6
Port timing diagram
Result:
The port timing diagram showing the relative crank angle corresponding to the
opening and closing of inlet, transfer and exhaust port is drawn.
from the
Distance
w.r.t the
Position
nearest
nearest
centre,
Events
degree
Crank
centre
Sl.No.
angle,
dead
dead
cm
IVO Before TDC
1
IVC After BDC
2
3
FIS Before TDC
4
FIC After TDC
Period of
IVO, sec IVC, sec FIO, sec FIC, sec EVO, sec EVC, sec
1 830
2 840
3 850
4 860
5 870
13
Exp. No. :
Valve timing diagram
for four stroke diesel engine
Date :
Aim:
To determine the period of valve opening and closing and to draw the timing
diagram for four stroke diesel engine.
Description:
A cut model of four stroke diesel engine showing different parts of the engine
viz. piston, piston rings, inlet and exhaust valves, rocker arm , push rod, cams, gears,
connecting rod and crank is provided. A marking corresponding to TDC is provided on
the flywheel. An indicator is provided so that markings can be made against it on the
flywheel.
Procedure:
i) Identify the inlet and exhaust valve. Ascertain correct direction of rotation
of the flywheel by observing the correct sequence of opening and closing of the valves.
ii) Measure the circumference of the flywheel.
iii) Rotate the flywheel in the correct direction and mark the position of TDC
and BDC on the flywheel against a reference point.
iv) Rotate the flywheel slowly and mark the position at which the inlet valve
just begins to open. Continue the rotation and mark the position at which it closes.
v) In the same way, mark the positions of exhaust valve opening and closing.
vi) Measure the circumferential distance between the various marking with
respect to the nearest dead centre.
vii) Tabulate the readings and draw the valve timing diagram and determine
the angle of overlap.
viii) Determine the period of valve opening and closing at the rated speed of
the engine.
Formulae:
Result:
The valve timing diagram showing the relative crank angle corresponding to
the opening and closing of inlet and exhaust valve is drawn.
Type of expansion :
of refrigerant
water poured
Temperature
Temperature
Pressures
of water
reading
mass of
Energy
meter
symbols
m p1 p2 T1 T2 T3 T4 Tw1 Tw2 E1 E2
→
0 0 0 0 0 0
units→ kg psi psi C C C C C C kwhr kwhr
21
Exp. No. :
Performance test on vapour compression
refrigeration system
Date :
Aim:
Apparatus required:
Description:
In the vapour compression refrigeration test rig, the evaporator coils are
kept in a cubical vessel into which water can be poured. The compressor is of
hermetically sealed type. The condenser is of air cooled type with plate fins. A fan is used
to accelerate the rate of heat rejection from the condenser coils. Expansion can be carried
out either through capillary tube or solenoid valve. An energy meter is provided to
measure the actual work input to the compressor. A voltmeter and an ammeter are also
provided for the same purpose. Pressure gauges are provided to measure the pressures at
salient points. Thermometer pockets are provided to find the temperatures between each
components. A pressure limiting switch is available to cut off the power supply when the
evaporator pressure falls below a preset value.
Procedure:
vi) The final temperature of water and final energy meter reading are also
noted.
22
Model calculation:
23
Formulae:
where,
where,
where,
where,
T ’1 = condensing temperature , K
T ’2 = evaporating temperature , K
Result:
Load, W1
Kgf
Observation:
Load ,
kgf
W2
N
Wnet
speed
rpm
Time for
10cc of
Sec
FC
BP
kw
FC
kg/hr
SFC
kg/
kwhr
HI
kJ/s
%
ηb
26
27
Exp. No. :
Performance test on single cylinder
petrol engine
Date :
Aim :
To conduct a performance test on the given petrol engine and to draw the
following characteristic curves:
Apparatus required:
Engine Details:
Description:
The petrol engine is of single cylinder four stroke type. The engine shaft is
coupled to a brake drum for mechanical loading. A graduated tube with a three way valve
is provided to facilitate fuel flow measurement. The exhaust line is connected to a
calorimeter to find out exhaust heat loss. A digital temperature indicator is provided to
find out the temperature of exhaust gas and calorimeter water at inlet and outlet. Cooling
water lines are provided to cool the brake drum.
Procedure:
where ,
N = Speed in rpm
T = Torque in N-m
= Wnet x Reff
Wnet = (W1 - W2) 9.81
where ,
t = time taken for 10 cc of fuel consumption
sp. gr. = specific gravity of petrol = 0.78
where,
CV = Calorific value of petrol = 43250 ,kJ/kg
Result:
The performance test was conducted on the given petrol engine and the following
characteristic curves were drawn :
i) BP vs SFC and
Load, W1
Time for
20cc of
Load ,
Sl.No.
Wnet
FC
W2
BP IP HI ηmech ηb ηi
Units ↓
5
33
Exp. No. :
Performance test on twin cylinder
diesel engine
Date :
Aim:
To conduct a performance test on the given twin cylinder diesel engine and
to draw the following characteristic curves:
Engine details:
Description:
The engine is of twin cylinder four stroke type with mechanical loading
arrangement . A graduated tube with two way valve arrangement is provided for fuel
flow measurement. Temperature sensors with analog dial indicators are attached to
cooling water ( inlet and outlet ) and exhaust gas lines. Air is allowed to pass through a
cubical tank to avoid turbulence. An orifice meter with manometer arrangement is
provided to facilitate air flow measurement.
Procedure:
i) The maximum load ( full load ) is calculated from the engine ratings.
ii) The cooling water lines are opened.
iii) The fuel in the tank and the valve ( to allow fuel from the tank ) position
are checked.
iv) The engine is started at no load condition.
v) The time taken for 20 cc of fuel consumption is noted.
vi) The engine is loaded in equal steps ( say 2 kgf ).
vii) The above readings are noted and neatly tabulated.
34
Model calculation:
35
Formulae:
where ,
N = Speed in rpm
T = Torque in N-m
= Wnet x Reff
Wnet = (W1 - W2) 9.81
where,
BP = Brake power , kw
IP = Indicated power , kw
= BP + FP
FP = Frictional power , kw
( to be determined from “ BP vs FC ” plot)
Result:
The performance test was conducted on the given diesel engine and the following
characteristic curves were drawn.
Time for 20 cc
cooling water
Manometer
exhaust gas
lts.of water
Time for 2
Load , W1
Load , W2
collection
Temp. of
Temp. of
at outlet
readings
of FC
Sl.No.
h1 h2
Uints ↓
0 0
kgf kgf cm cm sec sec C C
Tabulation ( Results ) :
Units → N kJ / s % kw % kJ / s % kJ / s % kJ / s %
37
Exp. No. :
Heat balance test on twin cylinder
diesel engine
Date :
Aim:
To conduct heat balance test on the given diesel engine and to draw up a
heat balance sheet showing the proportion of useful work and various losses.
Apparatus required:
Engine details:
Description:
The engine is of twin cylinder four stroke type with mechanical loading
arrangement . A graduated tube with two way valve arrangement is provided for fuel
flow measurement. Temperature sensors with analog dial indicators are attached to
cooling water ( inlet and outlet ) and exhaust gas lines. Air is allowed to pass through a
cubical tank to avoid turbulence. An orifice meter with manometer arrangement is
provided to facilitate air flow measurement.
Procedure:
i) The maximum load ( full load ) is calculated from the engine ratings.
ii) 1/4 , 1/2 and 3/4 of full load are estimated.
iii) The cooling water lines are opened.
iv) The fuel in the tank and the valve ( to allow fuel from the tank ) position
are checked.
v) The engine is started at no load condition.
vi) The time taken for 20 cc of fuel consumption is noted by keeping the right
side knob in closed position.
vii) Supply of fuel from the main tank is ensured after taking the above
reading.
viii) The following readings are also noted:
a) Temperature of cooling water outlet.
b) Temperature of exhaust gas.
c) Manometer readings
38
Model calculation:
39
ix) The engine is loaded ( with 1/4 , 1/2 , 3/4 and full load ) and all the
above readings are noted down.
x) The readings are tabulated neatly.
Formulae:
Result:
The heat balance test was conducted on the given diesel engine and a heat balance
chart has been drawn up for different load conditions.
44
Observation:
Time for
Current
Voltage
20cc of
Sl.No.
F.C.
FC SFC B.P I.P H.I ηmech ηb ηi
Units ↓
5
45
Exp. No. :
Performance test on
diesel alternator set
Date :
Aim:
To conduct a performance test on the given diesel alternator set and to draw
the following characteristic curves:
Engine details:
Power : 5 HP ( 3.7 kW )
Description:
The engine is of single cylinder four stroke type coupled to an alternator . A water
rheostat is provided for loading the engine electrically. A voltmeter and an ammeter are
provided to note voltage and current in the loaded conditions. A graduated tube with two
way valve arrangement is provided for fuel flow measurement. An energy meter is
provided for noting down the power output of the engine. Temperature sensors with
analog dial indicators are attached to cooling water outlet line and exhaust gas line.
Procedure:
Formulae:
where,
BP = Brake power , kw
IP = Indicated power , kw
= BP + FP
FP = Frictional power , kw
( to be determined from “ BP vs FC ” plot)
Result:
The performance test was conducted on the given diesel alternator set and the
following characteristic curves were drawn.