Indian Institute of Space Science &Technology – Thiruvananthapuram

B.Tech.-VI Sem- AE 321 – Air Breathing Propulsion

Tutorial VII– AERO-TURBOMACHINERY

Section I– working with aerofoils & cascades

Let us first understand the facts and then we may seek the causes (Aristotle)

1. A 4.5 m diameter propeller having the NACA 4412 aerofoil section is designed to operate at 400
kmph and 188.5 rad/s. Obtain the pitch angle  at r=1 m and 2 m if   4o . The maximum CL/CD
is 100, CL=0.8, CD=0.008.at all sections. Also compute the axial thrust and the torque per unit length
at these positions. Assume blade chord is 15 cm at either location.
2. The average velocity of air at the exit of a turbine blade ( 1  40o ,  2  65o ) cascade is 100 m/s
(   1.25kg / m3 ). The pitch-chord ratio of the cascade is 0.91. The average loss in the stagnation
pressure across the cascade is equivalent to 17.5 mm W.G. Determine for this cascade:
(i) The pressure loss coefficient
(ii) The drag coefficient
(iii) The lift coefficient
(iv) Tangential and axial force coefficient
3. An Axial flow compressor takes in 1000 m3/min of free air at 0.9 bar and 15oC. The blades are of
aerofoil type having projected area and blade length as 19.25 cm2 and 6.75 cm respectively. The
blade ring mean diameter is 60 cm and speed is 6000 rpm. On each blade ring there are 50 blades
and the blades occupy 10 % of the axial flow area. Values of CL and CD are 0.6 and 0.05
respectively at zero angle of incidence. Assuming isentropic compression, calculate the stage
pressure ratio and the power input per stage. Assume axial inlet.

4. Determine for a compressor blade with a circular arc camber line and the following data. Pitch –
chord ratio is 0.8, relative air angle at inlet is 450, and relative air angle at outlet is 15o. Assume zero
incidences. Calculate (a) nominal deflection angle (b) The blade camber angle (c) deviation angle
(d) the blade stagger angle.
Section II – Axial flow turbines and compressors
It cost much labour and many days before all these things were brought to
perfection. (Defoe, “Robinson Crusoe”.)
5. A turbine stage is designed with a constant axial velocity of 250 m/s and zero exit swirl. For a rotor
rotational
speed Um at the pitchline of 600 m/s.
Calculate
(a) the nozzle exit flow angle, 𝛼2 in degrees for ◦Rm = 0.50
(b) the nozzle exit flow angle, 𝛼2 in degrees for ◦Rm = 0.0
(c) the rotor specific work at the pitchline radius, for ◦Rm = 0.50 and ◦Rm = 0.0

6. An axial-flow turbine nozzle turns the flow from an axial direction in the inlet to an exit flow angle
of 𝛼2 = 70◦. The rotor wheel speed is U = 400 m/s at the pitchline. The rotor is of impulse design
and the exit flow from the rotor has zero swirl, i.e., 𝛼3 = 0. Calculate
(a) the rotor-specific work
(b) the stage loading at the pitchline

7. An axial-flow turbine stage at the pitchline is shown. The flow

entering and exiting the turbine stage is axial, i.e., 𝛼1 = 𝛼3 = 0. The
nozzle exit flow is 𝛼2 = 65◦. The shaft speed is N=5500 rpm and the
pitchline radius is rm = 50 cm. Assuming Vf = 250m∕s = constant.
Calculate (a) turbine-specific work wt(kJ∕kg), (b) 𝛽3 (degrees)
 (c) ◦Rm

8. An Axial flow compressor takes in 1000 m3/min of free air at 0.9 bar and 15oC. The blades are of
aerofoil type having projected area and blade length as 19.25 cm2 and 6.75 cm respectively. The
blade ring mean diameter is 60 cm and speed is 6000 rpm. On each blade ring there are 50 blades
and the blades occupy 10 % of the axial flow area. Values of CL and CD are 0.6 and 0.05
respectively at zero angle of incidence. Assuming isentropic compression, calculate the stage
pressure ratio and the power input per stage. Assume axial inlet.

9. An axial flow compressor is required to deliver 50kg/s of air at a stagnation pressure of 5bar. At the
inlet to the first stage the stagnation pressure is 1 bar and the stagnation temperature is 300K. The
hub and tip diameters at this location are 0.436 m and 0.728 m. At the mean radius, which is
constant through all stages of the compressor, the reaction is 0.5 and the absolute air angle at the
stator exit is 28.8o for all stages. The speed of the rotor is 8000rpm. Determine the number of similar
stages needed assuming that the polytropic efficiency is 0.89 and that the axial velocity at the mean
radius is constant through the stages and is equal to 1.05 times the average axial velocity.

10. An axial flow compressor is required to deliver air at the rate of 50kg/s and provide a total pressure
ratio of 5:1, the inlet stagnation conditions being 288K and 1 bar. The isentropic efficiency is 86%.
The compressor shall have 10 stages with equal rise in total temperature in each stage. The axial
velocity of flow is 150m/s and the blade speed is kept at 200m/s to minimise noise generation. The
stage degree of reaction at mean blade height is 50%. Assuming workdone factor as 0.86, calculate
all the fluid angles of the first stage. Also calculate the tip and hub diameter if hub to tip diameter
ratio is 0.8. Determine the speed in rpm. Take R=287 J/kgK and Cp=1.005 kJ/kgK.

11. An axial flow compressor stage is to be designed for a stagnation temperature rise of 20K. The work
done factor is 0.92 and the blade velocities at the root, mean radius and tip are 157.5, 210 and 262.5
m/s respectively. The axial velocity is constant from root to tip and is 157.5 m/s. If the reaction ratio
is 0.5 along the whole blade, what, then, will the air and blade angles be?

12. The design of the first stage of an axial flow compressor calls for the following design data:
____________________________________________
Stage stagnation temperature rise 22K
Mass flow of air 25 kg/s
Rotational speed 150 rev/s
Axial velocity through the stage 157 m/s
Work done factor 0.95
Mean blade speed 200 m/s
Reaction at the mean radius 50%
Rotor blade aspect ratio 3
Solidity( or pitch/ chord ratio) 0.8
Inlet stagnation temperature 288 K
Inlet stagnation pressure 101.3kPa

Determine (i) The blade and air angles at the mean radius, (ii) the mean radius (iii) the
blade height (iv) the pitch and chord and (v) the number of blades.
13. An axial flow compressor has 10 stages and the following data apply to each stage at the mean
diameter:
____________________________________________
Blade speed 200 m/s
Reaction 0.5
Polytropic efficiency 0.88
Stage efficiency 0.84
Angle of absolute air velocity @rotor inlet 13o
Angle of absolute air velocity @rotor outlet 45o
Work done factor 0.86
Inlet stagnation temperature 15oC
Inlet stagnation pressure 99.3kPa

Determine the total pressure ratio of the first stage and the first stage and the overall
Static pressure ratio.

14. An axial flow compressor has a constant axial velocity throughout the compressor of 160 m/s, a
mean blade speed of 244 m/s and delivers a pressure ratio of 5:1. Each stage is of 50% reaction and
the relative outlet air angles are the same (30o) for each stage. If a polytropic efficiency of 88% is
assumed, determine the number of stages in the compressor.