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The BJT is biased in the forward active region by dc voltage sources VBE
and VCC = 10 V. The DC Q-point is set at, (VCE, IC) = (5 V, 1.5 mA) with IB
= 15 A.
Total base-emitter voltage is: vBE =VBE + vbe
The MOSFET is biased in the saturation region by dc voltage sources VGS and
VDS = 10 V. The DC Q-point is set at (VDS, IDS) = (4.8 V, 1.56 mA) with VGS =
3.5 V.
Total gate-source voltage is: vGS =VGS + vgs
A 1 V p-p change in vGS gives a 1.25 mA p-p change in iDS and a 4 V p-p change
in vDS. Notice the characteristic non-linear I/O relationship compared to the BJT.
A Practical BJT Amplifier using
Coupling and Bypass Capacitors
In a practical amplifier design, C1 and
C3 are large coupling capacitors or dc
blocking capacitors, their reactance (XC
= |ZC| = 1/C) at signal frequency is
negligible. They are effective open
circuits for the circuit when DC bias is
considered.
• AC coupling through capacitors is
used to inject an ac input signal and
C2 is a bypass capacitor. It provides a
extract the ac output signal without low impedance path for ac current from
disturbing the DC Q-point emitter to ground. It effectively
• Capacitors provide negligible removes RE (required for good Q-point
impedance at frequencies of interest stability) from the circuit when ac
and provide open circuits at dc. signals are considered.
DC and AC Analysis -- Application of
Superposition
• DC analysis:
– Find the DC equivalent circuit by replacing all capacitors by open
circuits and inductors (if any) by short circuits.
– Find the DC Q-point from the equivalent circuit by using the
appropriate large-signal transistor model.
• AC analysis:
– Find the AC equivalent circuit by replacing all capacitors by short
circuits, inductors (if any) by open circuits, dc voltage sources by
ground connections and dc current sources by open circuits.
– Replace the transistor by its small-signal model (to be developed).
– Use this equivalent circuit to analyze the AC characteristics of the
amplifier.
– Combine the results of dc and ac analysis (superposition) to yield the
total voltages and currents in the circuit.
DC Equivalent for the BJT Amplifier
DC Equivalent Circuit
• The coupling and bypass capacitors are replaced by short circuits. The DC
voltage supplies are replaced with short circuits, which in this case connect
to ground.
AC Equivalent for the BJT Amplifier
(continued)
R = R R =10kΩ 30kΩ
B 1 2
R= R R = 4.3kΩ100kΩ
C 3
€
• By combining parallel resistors into equivalent RB and R, the equivalent AC
circuit above is constructed. Here, the transistor will be replaced by its
equivalent small-signal AC model (to be developed).
Hybrid-Pi Small-signal AC Model for
the BJT
Transconductance:
I
gm = C ≅ 40I
V C
T
Input resistance:
€ β oV βo
• The hybrid-pi small-signal rπ = T =
model is the intrinsic low- I gm
C
frequency representation of the
Output resistance:
BJT. €
V +V
• The small-signal parameters are ro = A CE
controlled by the Q-point and are I
C
independent of the geometry of
the BJT.
€
Small-signal Current Gain and
Amplification Factor of the BJT
The amplification factor is given by:
v ce
μF ≡ ,v ce = −ro gm v be
v be
I V +V V +V
β μ = gmro = C A CE = A CE
F F V I V
β o = gmrπ = T C T
⎡ ⎛ ⎞ ⎤
⎢ ⎜
1 ∂€
β ⎟ ⎥
⎢
⎢1−I ⎜
⎜ F ⎟⎟ ⎥
V
⎢ C ⎜ β ∂i ⎟ € ⎥⎥ For VCE << VA, μ F ≅ A ≅ 40VA
⎢
⎣
⎜
⎝ F C ⎟
⎠Q − po int ⎥⎦ V
T
o > F for iC < IM, and o < F for
iC > IM, however, o and F are F represents
€ the maximum voltage
usually assumed to be about gain an individual BJT can provide,
equal. independent of the operating point.
Example o Calculation for 2N2222A
Choose the Q-point at about (5 V, 5 mA) for this analysis. Notice the slope of
the DC current gain characteristic in this region. Ideally, the slope would be
zero.
From Figure 3 for the 2N2222A BJT at the chosen Q-point…
β β
βo = gmrπ = ⎡ F βo ≅ ⎡ F
⎛ ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ⎞ ⎤
⎢ ⎜
1 ∂β ⎟ ⎥ ⎢ ⎜
1 Δβ ⎟ ⎥
⎢
⎢1− I ⎜
⎜ F⎟ ⎥
⎥
⎢
⎢1− I ⎜
⎜ F⎟ ⎥
⎥
⎢ C ⎜β ∂i ⎟⎟ ⎥ ⎢ C ⎜β ΔI ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢
⎣ ⎝ F C ⎠Q − po int ⎥⎦ ⎢
⎣ ⎝ F C ⎠Q − po int ⎥⎦
Δβ
€ F ≅ 200−100 = 5.6x103 €
at about IC = 5 mA and 25 °C
ΔI 10 −2 −10−3
C
180 180
€ βo ≅ ⎡ =
⎞⎤ ⎡
= 212 for F = 180
⎜ 5.6x10 3 ⎟⎥ ⎣⎢1−0.15⎦⎥
⎛ ⎤
⎢
⎢1−5x10
−3 ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎢ ⎟⎥
⎜ 180
⎜
⎢⎣ ⎟⎥
⎝ ⎠⎦
initial designs.
Equivalent Forms of the Small-signal
Model for the BJT
€
Small-Signal Analysis of the Complete
C-E Amplifier: AC Equivalent