URDU: AN ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR: Unde: An Essel Grammar isa reference guide tothe grammatical saute of moder Ur. The complies of Ura are set out in short readable secon, which a convenient grouped unde major fpial Readings. Explanations conan ‘tinal prgon aed emphasis bas been laced on the aspects of Urdo that pose {puta hallenge for Englnh speaking sce. Fees ecu: Ianguge examples throughoa in bath Ur spt and omaiztion ‘er aly ajo etork of rose eferences ewe sections (ele conten st ‘oper ines due An Ese Grammar pst fresh and accessible ection ofthe langue wil prove ivaliable to sudens tal levels in schools, colleges, aiventies and tut classes. Its clear explanations make i ides for independent eer 00 ‘Ruth Laila Schmidt ler in the Deparment of Eas Buopean and Orin Sti tthe University of Oso, Norn.TABLE OF CONTENTS List of bier Preface by Gopi Chand Narang Insadacton| Symbols snd abbreviations wed inthe text 1 NOUNS (Gender and macting ‘Gender marking; marked nouns; unmarked sous; awa gender: some ober lus o gender of ans Nas pale ous (nominative case) noo cout (mas) sous Ineton fens Nominative cae obliga ce oie nou esa foot ropping oft; expressing wiality: vocaive cs of mous Repel of sous ‘Simpl repetition: repetition wth an echo word [Nouns nit of measure Othe puts of speech wed a nous 2. PRONOUNS Demestatve prooouns ye tis ano, that Pench Farms non levels in second perce pronouns ham id 2 fest person singulr pronoun: omission of personal powcr lags a plural specie, ominaive pronouns obigue (fetes) pronouns he six ~ Oth eplcing IB ronons befor the Prsipsiton nf porserive forms of personal ronuns Tj what? yf marking questions sn eeazasions: kau, nk; bie forms of Ky and kau Inte pronouns iL some(one ay(oney ach, “someting, "ny Ching Relative pronoun > Repeated ross B 4 5 ™ 26 2% 0 » yt ey: aun aun AA, ch a, kk a ach, 3. ADIECTIVES Mating Marked adjectives: unmarked adjectives ‘Agreement “Aveemeat in gender an rumber: agreement in cae: agreement ‘wth oun sequence of diferent gender, tibuve ad predate ejecives Pronouns usd as adjives Teerogative pronouns indefinite pronouns Symmeicaly-vk word et Adjptive prses formed with and val "The adjectival patos (- 8a he sti Repent aves ‘Simple repeiion: repetition with an echo word Compasin of adjectives Comparison of adjectives withst compainon of actives with ‘arin, yn "are', os nd," 10 speitives wih adjectives ajetive ‘Ajetvs wit other wammatica functions Aijecvs used as aber adjectives ed 3 nouns Ajptve dacs inter cape Parties used as adjectives posessve adjectives: he eflerve powsssve adjective apek umber 4 ADVERBS ‘Symmeticl yr aver seta Advert of ine bb Lab uh vagus vag is ag calenr ad lock ime ‘Adve of lace yaw ei; iar hare jaga-jagah jaa etre is tra oligos av aves place; adverbial prase or compound positon? yi yh ial kas ju tru tab Estar trh; advertise of manner with he esiosiion spares sed verily ‘Adve of epee Modal adverb “Te nerative words mai, maa, al tos bah an, ‘Tobia of contons 8 “6 0 En s 5s ®ii_Tablo of contonts ‘bl ocontons_ix “nite 1c pi," ‘he! ‘canhnctiveparpes: repeated os in conjunctive parties Arabic adver ening inn 6 ‘Sotinuous ese; cannons present conus past oer Reposted adverbe 6 ‘Sotinuous ener ro0 saa (bility, possibilty oot ‘Sil epetion: idioma repetition {Goal rot + eka (ompletion): compound verbs Tnterogave aod adie wed wits oy « ‘Veto foms based on the imperative parle Tierogative avers se with ony ident verbs used Inpefetive partis son: habit pretent abisl pts swith toy: interrogate pronouns used With soy tier baba ene perfective pariape + rid (aie); ner of alg adverte o imperTotive parte ta grogresionimpetetive prtciplewsed asa agjecive $ PostmosmoNs o ee forms tase cn th perfective paige (rammatiel potpstions “ ‘Areement in perfective ese simple past maine pat remote Take ~Heapesing possesion A marking obj nlected ast ter pon tenses; derived pasive incapacity: perectve ‘in compotod pxipontions; Kad is enters; acing utile hard (habit or practice) pcectve participle + aba ‘objects BS marking subject RB showing movement ina dreton {continutin): perfective pariple wed ar an adetve ‘rtoa desivation KO afer day and dates: fllowieg nies: Intnives si mating sbjecs Taine syrbel nous: nities a request ors ‘Spat eporapotpostions Consmstons with nominative cae ninsiver swith ablative frtion; sf marking he nant sin comparison impersonal constuction: nftive-+ bl (Recent + af adjectives: sn adverbial pre: s8 marking objet forming i (advialiyinfitive + pa (oigation lack of ec) pstpstionl sequence lk sowing ene omit ik ar an CConstrostons with dle cae iaftives utc parle; mh wih cctv functoeintves alowed ‘Oblique nine + ik oblige anv + obigueinintve Loy pr with orate faressn pr showing movement 04 + lagad (commenced event oblique infite + ak (et stan; prfllowingobiqueinfinives; oblige ifinsive = caligueinintive + ye of motion purpose) cbgueinitive ‘arBht partaking bjs collocation of verbs with Hb toegave usseion) ospostions (Compound postpesions a ‘COMPOUND VERBS oblique oun» pospeiion; M+ obiue noun B+ oblique ‘Compound vee und simple vebe etve K+ adver: 2) + Psion yepoition + oligos oun, “The scare of compound vt pres: the difeencebewees eu +t compounded simple verbs Poxpoonal sequences 8s Innate vector vet Shuiaktcnpoal popoiions +o "Te ecto vet vetr verb pag he vo er lal; "pressng postion (to have’) 85 the vector verb ating he vere verb ban Thane possession: (-hé~ Ky aeeble possesion: bs, ‘Teast vector web inarpbepessesson: ib “Te vector ver the ver verb a th veo er il he sector erat 6 veRos a ‘Mixed wast in compound verbs Fos ofthe vib s Transive mai verbs wh nase vests inansive main Root infinitive: imperative paricpe; perfective prin verte wi wancive vcr, ‘The vad bind, be 2 Reavis on occurrence of compound verte “The conugnion of Bnd hasan aulary Yor ‘Consors based on he ver rotor five paisa Denominaive verte 9s ‘onsvatons: passive constrains negative seeenees ‘er forms tac onthe ve rt 9% ‘Subjunctive eoedonal seateces: equs fms; uae ese Parective participles as main vee Nominate perfec parties; oblique efoctive parties us 1 im 18 13 Me Ist Iss