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Gce Mathematics: Ordinary Level (Syllabus 4016)
Gce Mathematics: Ordinary Level (Syllabus 4016)
Ordinary Level
(Syllabus 4016)
CONTENTS
Page
GCE ORDINARY LEVEL MATHEMATICS 4016 1
MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE 11
MATHEMATICAL NOTATION 12
4016 MATHEMATICS O LEVEL (2011)
MATHEMATICS
GCE Ordinary Level
(Syllabus 4016)
AIMS
The syllabus is intended to provide students with the fundamental mathematical knowledge
and skills.
The general aims of the mathematics syllabuses are to enable students to:
1. acquire the necessary mathematical concepts and skills for continuous learning in
mathematics and related disciplines, and for applications to the real world;
2. develop the necessary process skills for the acquisition and application of
mathematical concepts and skills;
3. develop the mathematical thinking and problem solving skills and apply these skills to
formulate and solve problems;
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES
The assessment will test candidates’ abilities to:
AO1 understand and use mathematical concepts and skills in a variety of contexts;
AO2 organise and analyse data and information; formulate problems into mathematical
terms and select and apply appropriate techniques of solution, including manipulation
of algebraic expressions;
AO3 solve higher order thinking problems; interpret mathematical results and make
inferences; write mathematical explanation and arguments.
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4016 MATHEMATICS O LEVEL (2011)
SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT
NOTES
1. Omission of essential working will result in loss of marks.
2. Some questions may integrate ideas from more than one topic of the syllabus where
applicable.
3. Relevant mathematical formulae will be provided for candidates.
4. Scientific calculators are allowed in both Paper 1 and Paper 2.
5. Candidates should also have geometrical instruments with them for Paper 1 and Paper
2.
6. Unless stated otherwise within a question, three-figure accuracy will be required for
answers. This means that four-figure accuracy should be shown throughout the
working, including cases where answers are used in subsequent parts of the question.
Premature approximation will be penalised, where appropriate. Angles in degrees
should be given to one decimal place.
7. SI units will be used in questions involving mass and measures.
Both the 12-hour and 24-hour clock may be used for quoting times of the day. In the
24-hour clock, for example, 3.15 a.m. will be denoted by 03 15; 3.15 p.m. by
15 15, noon by 12 00 and midnight by 24 00.
8. Candidates are expected to be familiar with the solidus notation for the expression of
compound units, e.g. 5 cm/s for 5 centimetres per second, 13.6 g/cm3 for 13.6 grams
per cubic centimetre.
9. Unless the question requires the answer in terms of π, the calculator value for π or
π = 3.142 should be used.
10. Spaces will be provided on the question paper of Paper 1 for working and answers.
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4016 MATHEMATICS O LEVEL (2011)
CONTENT OUTLINE
No Topic/Sub-topics Content
1 NUMBERS AND
ALGEBRA
1.1 Numbers and the Include:
four operations • primes and prime factorisation
• finding HCF and LCM, squares, cubes, square roots and
cube roots by prime factorisation
• negative numbers, integers, rational numbers, real numbers
and their four operations
• calculations with the use of a calculator
• representation and ordering of numbers on the number line
• use of the symbols <, >, Y, [
• approximation and estimation (including rounding off
numbers to a required number of decimal places or
significant figures, estimating the results of computation, and
concepts of rounding and truncation errors)
• examples of very large and very small numbers such as
mega/million (106), giga/billion (109), tera/trillion (1012),
micro (10-6), nano (10-9), and pico (10-12),
• use of standard form A × 10n , where n is an integer, and
1 Y A < 10
• positive, negative, zero and fractional indices
• laws of indices
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4016 MATHEMATICS O LEVEL (2011)
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1.5 Algebraic Include:
representation • using letters to represent numbers
and formulae • interpreting notations:
∗ ab as a × b
∗ a as a ÷ b
b
∗ a2 as a × a, a3 as a × a × a, a2b as a × a × b, ...
∗ 3y as y + y + y or 3 × y
∗ 3 ± y as (3 ± y) ÷ 5 or 1 × (3 ± y )
5 5
• evaluation of algebraic expressions and formulae
• translation of simple real-world situations into algebraic
expressions
• recognising and representing number patterns (including
finding an algebraic expression for the nth term)
1.6 Algebraic Include:
manipulation • addition and subtraction of linear algebraic expressions
• simplification of linear algebraic expressions, e.g.
− 2(3 x − 5 ) + 4 x
2x _ 3( x _ 5)
3 2
• factorisation of linear algebraic expressions of the form
∗ ax + ay (where a is a constant)
∗ ax + bx + kay + kby (where a, b and k are constants)
• expansion of the product of algebraic expressions
• changing the subject of a formula
• finding the value of an unknown quantity in a given formula
• recognising and applying the special products
∗ (a ± b)2 = a2 ± 2ab + b2
∗ a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)
• factorisation of algebraic expressions of the form
∗ a2x2 – b2y2
∗ a2 ± 2ab + b2
∗ ax2 + bx + c
• multiplication and division of simple algebraic fractions, e.g.
3a 5ab
4b2 3
3a ÷ 9a2
4 10
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4016 MATHEMATICS O LEVEL (2011)
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• addition and subtraction of algebraic fractions with linear or
quadratic denominator, e.g.
1 + 2
x_2 x_3
1 + 2
_
x _9 x 3
2
1 + 2
x _ 3 ( x _ 3)2
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4016 MATHEMATICS O LEVEL (2011)
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4016 MATHEMATICS O LEVEL (2011)
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A is a subset of B A⊆B
A is a proper subset of B A⊂B
A is not a subset of B A ⊆/ B
A is not a proper subset of B A⊄B
• union and intersection of two sets
• Venn diagrams
Exclude :
• use of n( A ∪ B ) = n( A) + n(B ) _ n( A ∩ B )
• cases involving three or more sets
Include:
1.11 Matrices
• display of information in the form of a matrix of any order
• interpreting the data in a given matrix
• product of a scalar quantity and a matrix
• problems involving the calculation of the sum and product
(where appropriate) of two matrices
Exclude:
• matrix representation of geometrical transformations
• solving simultaneous linear equations using the inverse
matrix method
2 GEOMETRY AND
MEASUREMENT
2.1 Angles, triangles Include:
and polygons • right, acute, obtuse and reflex angles, complementary and
supplementary angles, vertically opposite angles, adjacent
angles on a straight line, adjacent angles at a point, interior
and exterior angles
• angles formed by two parallel lines and a transversal:
corresponding angles, alternate angles, interior angles
• properties of triangles and special quadrilaterals
• classifying special quadrilaterals on the basis of their
properties
• angle sum of interior and exterior angles of any convex
polygon
• properties of regular pentagon, hexagon, octagon and
decagon
• properties of perpendicular bisectors of line segments and
angle bisectors
• construction of simple geometrical figures from given data
(including perpendicular bisectors and angle bisectors) using
compasses, ruler, set squares and protractor, where
appropriate
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4016 MATHEMATICS O LEVEL (2011)
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2.2 Congruence and Include:
similarity • congruent figures and similar figures
• properties of similar polygons:
∗ corresponding angles are equal
∗ corresponding sides are proportional
• enlargement and reduction of a plane figure by a scale factor
• scale drawings
• determining whether two triangles are
∗ congruent
∗ similar
• ratio of areas of similar plane figures
• ratio of volumes of similar solids
• solving simple problems involving similarity and congruence
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4016 MATHEMATICS O LEVEL (2011)
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2.5 Mensuration Include:
• area of parallelogram and trapezium
• problems involving perimeter and area of composite plane
figures (including triangle and circle)
• volume and surface area of cube, cuboid, prism, cylinder,
pyramid, cone and sphere
• conversion between cm2 and m2 , and between cm3 and m3
• problems involving volume and surface area of composite
solids
• arc length and sector area as fractions of the circumference
and area of a circle
• area of a segment
• use of radian measure of angle (including conversion
between radians and degrees)
• problems involving the arc length, sector area of a circle and
area of a segment
Exclude:
• condition for two lines to be parallel or perpendicular
• mid-point of line segment
• finding the area of a quadrilateral given its vertices
Exclude:
• expressing a vector in terms of a unit vector
• mid-point of line segment
• solving vector equations with two unknown parameters
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4016 MATHEMATICS O LEVEL (2011)
No Topic/Sub-topics Content
3 STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY
3.1 Data handling Include:
• data collection methods such as:
∗ taking measurements
∗ conducting surveys
∗ classifying data
∗ reading results of observations/outcomes of events
• construction and interpretation of:
∗ tables
∗ bar graphs
∗ pictograms
∗ line graphs
∗ pie charts
∗ histograms
• purposes and use, advantages and disadvantages of the
different forms of statistical representations
• drawing simple inference from statistical diagrams
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4016 MATHEMATICS O LEVEL (2011)
MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE
Compound interest
n
r
Total amount = P 1+
100
Mensuration
Volume of a cone = 1 πr 2 h
3
Volume of a sphere = 4 πr 3
3
Trigonometry
a b c
= =
sinA sinB sinC
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
Statistics
fx
Mean = ∑
∑f
2
Standard deviation = ∑ fx2 _ ∑ fx
∑f ∑f
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MATHEMATICAL NOTATION
MATHEMATICAL NOTATION
The list which follows summarises the notation used in the Syndicate’s Mathematics
examinations. Although primarily directed towards A Level, the list also applies, where
relevant, to examinations at all other levels.
1. Set Notation
∈ is an element of
∉ is not an element of
{x1, x2, …} the set with elements x1, x2, …
{x: …} the set of all x such that
n(A) the number of elements in set A
∅ the empty set
universal set
A′ the complement of the set A
the set of integers, {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, …}
+
the set of positive integers, {1, 2, 3, …}
the set of rational numbers
+
the set of positive rational numbers, {x ∈ : x > 0}
+
0 the set of positive rational numbers and zero, {x ∈ : x [ 0}
the set of real numbers
+
the set of positive real numbers, {x ∈ : x > 0}
+
0 the set of positive real numbers and zero, {x ∈ : x [ 0}
n
the real n tuples
`= the set of complex numbers
⊆ is a subset of
⊂ is a proper subset of
is not a subset of
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MATHEMATICAL NOTATION
2. Miscellaneous Symbols
= is equal to
≠ is not equal to
≡ is identical to or is congruent to
≈ is approximately equal to
∝ is proportional to
< is less than
Y; — is less than or equal to; is not greater than
> is greater than
[; – is greater than or equal to; is not less than
∞ infinity
3. Operations
a+b a plus b
a–b a minus b
a × b, ab, a.b a multiplied by b
a
a ÷ b, , a/b a divided by b
b
∑a
i =1
i a1 + a2 + ... + an
n n!
the binomial coefficient , for n, r ∈ + U {0}, 0 Y r Y n
r r! (n − r )!
n(n − 1)...(n − r + 1)
, for n ∈ , r ∈ +U {0}
r!
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MATHEMATICAL NOTATION
4. Functions
f function f
f(x) the value of the function f at x
f: A →B f is a function under which each element of set A has an image in set B
f: x y the function f maps the element x to the element y
–1
f the inverse of the function f
g o f, gf the composite function of f and g which is defined by
(g o f)(x) or gf(x) = g(f(x))
∆x ; δx an increment of x
dy
the derivative of y with respect to x
dx
dn y
the nth derivative of y with respect to x
dx n
f'(x), f′′(x), …, f(n)(x) the first, second, …. nth derivatives of f(x) with respect to x
14
MATHEMATICAL NOTATION
7. Complex Numbers
i square root of –1
z a complex number, z = x + iy
+
= r(cos θ + i sin θ ), r ∈ 0
+
= reiθ, r ∈ 0
Re z the real part of z, Re (x + iy) = x
Im z the imaginary part of z, Im (x + iy) = y
z 2
the modulus of z, x + iy = √(x + y ),
2
r (cosθ + i sinθ ) = r
arg z the argument of z, arg(r(cos θ + i sin θ )) = θ , – π < θ Y π
z* the complex conjugate of z, (x + iy)* = x – iy
8. Matrices
M a matrix M
–1
M the inverse of the square matrix M
T
M the transpose of the matrix M
det M the determinant of the square matrix M
9. Vectors
a the vector a
AB the vector represented in magnitude and direction by the directed line segment AB
â a unit vector in the direction of the vector a
i, j, k unit vectors in the directions of the cartesian coordinate axes
a the magnitude of a
AB the magnitude of AB
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MATHEMATICAL NOTATION
A, B, C, etc. events
A∪B union of events A and B
A∩B intersection of the events A and B
P(A) probability of the event A
A' complement of the event A, the event ‘not A’
P(A | B) probability of the event A given the event B
X, Y, R, etc. random variables
x, y, r, etc. value of the random variables X, Y, R, etc.
x1 , x 2 , … observations
f(x), g(x)… the value of the probability density function of the continuous random variable X
F(x), G(x)… the value of the (cumulative) distribution function P(X Y x) of the random variable X
E(X) expectation of the random variable X
E[g(X)] expectation of g(X)
Var(X) variance of the random variable X
B(n, p) binominal distribution, parameters n and p
Po(µ) Poisson distribution, mean µ
2 2
N(µ, σ ) normal distribution, mean µ and variance σ
µ population mean
2
σ population variance
σ population standard deviation
x sample mean
s2 unbiased estimate of population variance from a sample,
1
∑( x − x )
2
s2 =
n −1
φ probability density function of the standardised normal variable with distribution N (0, 1)
Φ corresponding cumulative distribution function
ρ linear product-moment correlation coefficient for a population
r linear product-moment correlation coefficient for a sample
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