PRELBMIlNARY R E P O R T

-----"_
--P N E - 3 0 0
* '

h , 7 i n d u s t r i a l and s c i e n t i f i uses f o r nuclear explosives

, -

U N I T E D STATES A R M Y C O R P S OF ENG

E. Graves / W. R. Wray / R. B. Pierce

N U C L E A R C R A T E R I N G G R O U P 9 I S S U E D : A U G . , 1963
 DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an

agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States
Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees,
makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal
liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or
usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process
disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately
owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product,
process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or
otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any
agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein
do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States
Government or any agency thereof.
 DISCLAIMER

Portions of this document may be illegible in

electronic image products. Images are produced
from the best available original document.
 LEGAL NOTICE
This document is a r e p o r t of nuclear explosives studies f o r civil
construction, conducted under the Civil Works G e n e r a l Investigation of
t h e U. S. A r m y C o r p s of Engineers. The work is p a r t of a nuclear ex-
cavation r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m being c a r r i e d out jointly with the Atomic
Energy Commission. The r e s u l t s and findings of this r e p o r t a r e those
of the a u t h o r ( s ) and not n e c e s s a r i l y those of the AEC o r C o r p s of
E n g i n e e r s . Accordingly, r e f e r e n c e t o this m a t e r i a l must c r e d i t t h e
a u t h o r ( s ) . This r e p o r t is the property of the Department of the Army
and, as such, m a y b e r e c l a s s i f i e d o r withdrawn f r o m circulation as
a p p r o p r i a t e by the C o r p s of Engineers.

Printed in USA. Price $ 0 . 5 0 Available from the Office of

Technical Services, Department of Commerce, Washington 2 5 ,
D. C.
P R O J E C T PRE-BUGGY

P N E 300 p
SCOPE O F CHEMICAL EXPLOSIVE CRATERING EXPERIM’ENT

E. G r a v e s
W. R. Wray
R . B. P i e r c e

USA Engineer Nuclear C r a t e r i n g G r o u p

L a w r e n c e Radiation L a b o r a t o r y
L i v e r m o r e , California

May 15, 1963

This document is
 ABSTRACT

/ I I /
c h i s r e p o r t provides gene/ral d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e P$d-BMGG/Y
I
c + $ @ j p +EX 7,/~ ‘ddSyVE
/ (//. 1 EX $//
/ < t / (. ( /
Ek’IM%NTS< T h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s ’&ox-
s i s t e d of a s e r i e s of s i n g l e - and m u l t i p l e - c h a r g e detonations designed
t o r e f i n e our knowledge of channel s i z e a s a function of c h a r g e spacing,
and to obtain d a t a on venting of explosion products f r o m a r o w of
s p h e r i c a l c h a r g e s detonated i n alluvium. I \

A b a s i c s e r i e s of s i x s i n g l e - c h a r g e s and four multi’ph-

- c h a r g e detonations of five c h a r g e s i n a row was executed in A’
the Nevada T e s t Site f r o m November 1962
E a c h c h a r g e contained 1,000 pounds o romethane
tracer
) ? h e y examination of t h e
( 1 ) When c h a r g e s w e r e s p a c e d a t 1.0 s i n g l e - c h a r g e c r a t e r
r a d i u s , t h e channel depth and width w e r e l a r g e r than the d i a m e t e r and
depth of a s i n g l e - c h a r g e c r a t e r .
( 2 ) Small i n c r e a s e s i n spacing r e s u l t e d i n c o n s i d e r a b l e r e d u c -
tion of channel depth and a s m a l l e r r e d u c t i o n in width.
( 3 ) The channel s h a p e at spacings of 1.5 s i n g l e - c h a r g e c r a t e r
r a d i i was v e r y uneven.
(4) When the r a t i o of t h e depth-of-burst t o d e p t h - o f - c r a t e r was
about two, t h e venting of explosion products f r o m a r o w - c h a r g e detona-
tion w a s l e s s than f r o m s i n g l e - c h a r g e detonations.
 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT . 2

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION . 5
1.1 Background 5
1.2 Objectives of Pre-Buggy . 5
1.3 P u r p o s e and Scope of Report . 6
CHAPTER 2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION O F EXPERIMENT . 7
2.1 Organization 7
2.2 D e s c r i p t i o n of Site . 7
2.3 Description of Detonations 7
2.4 Technical P r o g r a m s 14
2.4.1 C r a t e r M e a s u r e m e n t s 14
2.4.2 Venting M e a s u r e m e n t s 14
2.4.3 Scientific Photography 15
2.4.4 Miscellaneous Studies 15

CHAPTER 3 RESULTS 16
3.1 C r a t e r M e a s u r e m e n t s 16
3.2 Venting M e a s u r e m e n t s . 19
3 . 3 Scientific Photography 21
3.3.1 B a s e S u r g e and Cloud Development 21
3.3.2 Surface Motion 21
3.4 Miscellaneous Studies 23
3.4.1 Instant Rocks . 23
3.4.2 E j e c t a Studies Using Magnets 23

APPENDIX A REPORTS T O B E PUBLISHED 24

APPENDIX B METEOROLOGICAL DATA 25

APPENDIX C TOPOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS . 27

APPENDIX D SCIENTIFIC PHOTOGRAPHY COVERAGE 48

TABLES
2.1 Single-Charge Detonations, B a s i c S e r i e s . 10
2.2 Multiple-Charge Detonations, B a s i c S e r i e s . 10
2.3 Additional Single-Charge Detonations . 14
3.1 Single- C h a r g e C r a t e r Dimensions 16
3.2 Multiple-Charge Channel Dimensions . 19
3.3 Radioactivity E s c a p e 21
A.l Responsibility f o r R e p o r t s t o b e Published . 24
B. 1 Shot- T i m e Reconstructed T e m p e r a t u r e Soundings 25
B.2 Shot-T i m e Meteorological Conditions . 26
D . l Photographic Data f o r Single-Charge Events Nos. 1-7. 49
D.2 Photographic Data for Rows A-D . 50

3
 CONTENTS (Continued)

FIGURES
2.1 Technical organization of P r e - B u g g y e x p e r i m e n t 8
2.2 Site location 9
2.3 H . E . s p h e r e and e m p l a c e m e n t hole . 12
2.4 T r a c e r capsule i n s e r t i o n 12
2.5 Single-charge detonation 13
2.6 Row A channel 13
3.1 C o m p a r i s o n of c r a t e r i n g r e s u l t s from 256-pound
TNT and P r e - B u g g y s e r i e s . 17
3.2 P r e - B u g g y c r a t e r s and channels . 18
3.3 C o m p a r i s o n of radioactivity e s c a p e f r o m n u c l e a r
and Pr e- Buggy detonations 20
3.4 B a s e s u r g e f o r m a t i o n , Event No. 2 22
C.l P r e s h o t topography, Event No. 1 . 28
C.2 P o s t s h o t topography, Event No. 1 . 29
C.3 P r e s h o t topography, Event No. 2 . 30
C.4 P o s t s h o t topography, Event No. 2 e 31
C.5 P r e s h o t topography, Event No. 3 . ‘32
(3.6 P o s t s h o t topography, Event No. 3 . 33
C.7 P r e s h o t topography, Event No. 4 . 34
C.8 P o s t s h o t topography, Event No. 4 . 35
C.9 P r e s h o t topography, Event No. 5 36
C.10 P o s t s h o t topography, Event No. 5 . 37
C.11 P r e s h o t topography, Event No. 6 . 38
C.12 P o s t s h o t topography, Event No. 6 - 39
C.13 P r e s h o t topography, Row A . 40
C.14 P o s t s h o t topography, Row A . 41
C.15 P r e s h o t topography, Row B . 42
C.16 P o s t s h o t topography, Row B 43
C.17 P r e s h o t topography, Row C e 44
C.18 P o s t s h o t topography, Row C 45
C.19 P r e s h o t topography, Row D 46
C.20 P o s t s h o t topography, Row D . 47

4
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND
In the development of nuclear excavation technology, one of the
m o s t important questions t o be a n s w e r e d c o n c e r n s the effects of deto-
nating a row of buried n u c l e a r explosives t o produce a l i n e a r excava-
tion. S e v e r a l n u c l e a r c r a t e r i n g e x p e r i m e n t s have b e e n proposed as
p a r t of the Atomic Energy C o m m i s s i o n ' s P l o w s h a r e P r o g r a m to in-
vestigate t h e s e effects. The f i r s t of t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s , called Buggy,
is planned t o study c r a t e r dimensions and safety p r o b l e m s resulting
f r o m the detonation of r o w c h a r g e s in d e s e r t alluvium.
The d e s i g n of t h e Buggy experiment is t o b e b a s e d on i n f o r m a -
tion d e r i v e d f r o m n u c l e a r and chemical explosive c r a t e r i n g work done
in d e s e r t alluvium. P r e v i o u s nuclear c r a t e r i n g e x p e r i m e n t s have b e e n
confined to s i n g l e - c h a r g e s h o t s . A number of e x p e r i m e n t s have b e e n
executed using c h e m i c a l explosives to produce l i n e a r excavations, i n -
cluding one by the Sandia c o r p o r a t i o n called Toboggan a n d one by the
L a w r e n c e Radiation L a b o r a t o r y called Rowboat. Of t h e s e two, Rowboat,
which involved 256-pound c h a r g e s , is m o r e n e a r l y applicable t o Buggy.
This e x p e r i m e n t showed t h a t a row of c h a r g e s placed at slightly
g r e a t e r than optimum depth and spaced a t 1.0 s i n g l e - c h a r g e c r a t e r
r a d i u s will produce a channel with approximately the s a m e a p p a r e n t
width and depth as a s i n g l e - c h a r g e c r a t e r . A s the spacing is i n c r e a s e d
t o 1.5 s i n g l e - c h a r g e c r a t e r r a d i i , the channel width d e c r e a s e s only 10
p e r c e n t , but the depth is reduced by a s m u c h as a factor of 2. No
p r i o r e x p e r i m e n t s have provided d a t a on the r e l e a s e of radioactivity
f r o m r o w - c h a r g e detonations.
Although the previous r o w - c h a r g e work furnished m u c h valuable
data, additional information is needed t o o p t i m i z e the d e s i g n of the
Buggy e x p e r i m e n t and to i m p r o v e o u r knowledge of the i n t e r a c t i o n of
row c h a r g e s . In p a r t i c u l a r , m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n is needed on the effect
of varying c h a r g e spacing and on the venting of radioactivity f r o m row-
c h a r g e detonations.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF PRE-BUGGY

The objective of the Pre-Buggy chemical explosives e x p e r i m e n t s
was t o extend c u r r e n t knowledge by obtaining d a t a on c r a t e r d i m e n -
sions and the venting of explosion products f r o m a row of s p h e r i c a l
c h a r g e s detonated in alluvium.
In the c a s e of t h e c r a t e r dimensions, e m p h a s i s was placed on
l e a r n i n g the effect of varying the spacing of c h a r g e s f o r a depth of
b u r s t slightly g r e a t e r than optimum.
In the c a s e of t h e venting s t u d i e s , e m p h a s i s was placed on c o m -
paring the amount of radioactive t r a c e r which e s c a p e d as l o c a l fallout
for s i n g l e - c h a r g e and m u l t i p l e - c h a r g e detonations.
1.3 PURPOSE AND SCOPE O F R E P O R T
The purpose of this r e p o r t is t o d e s c r i b e the Pre-Buggy e x p e r i -
m e n t , p r e s e n t the g e n e r a l r e s u l t s available at this t i m e , and d i r e c t
the r e a d e r t o s o u r c e s of additional detailed information.
Chapter 2 includes information on t h e s i t e , a d e s c r i p t i o n of the
detonation p r o g r a m , and a brief d i s c u s s i o n of the technical p r o g r a m s
which w e r e executed. Chapter 3 p r e s e n t s a s u m m a r y of r e s u l t s
available a t this t i m e and the s t a t u s of d a t a a n a l y s i s . A l i s t of r e p o r t s
t h a t will b e published on the Pre-Buggy e x p e r i m e n t is p r e s e n t e d in
Appendix A.

6
 CHAPTER 2

GENERAL DESCRIPTION O F EXPERIMENT

2 . 1 ORGANIZATION
The P r e - B u g g y c h e m i c a l explosives c r a t e r i n g e x p e r i m e n t w a s
conducted i n Area 5 of t h e Nevada T e s t Site (NTS) f r o m November
1962 t o F e b r u a r y 1963. The project w a s a d m i n i s t e r e d by the NTS
organization as p r e s c r i b e d by the SOP f o r NTS.
E. G r a v e s of t h e U. S. A r m y Engineer Nuclear C r a t e r i n g G r o u p
(NCG) w a s Technical D i r e c t o r f o r t h e p r o j e c t . F i g u r e 2 . 1 gives the
Technical D i r e c t o r ' s organization f o r the conduct of t h e experiment.

2.2 DESCRIPTION O F SITE

The s i t e location w a s in the T r i p l e Point, Kay ( R a n g e r ) Bunker,
Sugar Bunker area of A r e a 5. The c r a t e r i n g detonations w e r e located
on a n e a s t - w e s t l i n e between the following coordinates on the Holmes
& N a r v e r NTS G r i d System:
N 759,330 N 759,330
E 703,170 E 704,680.
F i g u r e 2.2 shows the s i t e and the layout of t h e e x p e r i m e n t .
Most of the p r i o r c h e m i c a l explosives c r a t e r i n g e x p e r i m e n t s i n
alluvium had b e e n conducted i n A r e a 10. The P r e - B u g g y s e r i e s was
executed i n A r e a 5 b e c a u s e other a c t i v i t i e s i n A r e a 10 at the t i m e did
not leave a suitable a r e a f o r the P r e - B u g g y s h o t s .
The s i t e s e l e c t e d in A r e a 5 m e t the following technical c r i t e r i a
for the e x p e r i m e n t :
1. The alluvium was similar to that in Area 10. The m a t e r i a l
w a s predominantly a gravelly sand, containing s o m e b o u l d e r s and a
small amount of s i l t . The p r i m a r y d i f f e r e n c e f r o m t h e material in
A r e a 10 was the l e s s e r amount of cementing agent i n A r e a 5.
2. The alluvium w a s a r e l a t i v e l y uniform m e d i u m with a thick-
n e s s of at l e a s t 45 feet.
3. The r e l a t i v e l y flat a r e a over a m i l e s q u a r e provided sufficient
s p a c e for the e x p e r i m e n t a l layout.
4. The background r a d i a t i o n l e v e l was low enough that i t would
not i n t e r f e r e with the venting m e a s u r e m e n t s .

2.3 DESCRIPTION O F DETONATIONS

The b a s i c detonation s e r i e s c o n s i s t e d of s i x s i n g l e - c h a r g e events
and four m u l t i p l e - c h a r g e events of five c h a r g e s in e a c h row. A t e s t
s h o t was detonated p r i o r t o t h i s s e r i e s as a check on the g e n e r a l
c r a t e r i n g p r o p e r t i e s of the alluvium in t h i s a r e a . The s e r i e s of s i x
s i n g l e - c h a r g e events was used t o n o r m a l i z e the r e s u l t s of t h i s e x p e r i -
m e n t t o t h e r e s u l t s of past e x p e r i m e n t s . u s i n g TNT and t o d e t e r m i n e
the depth of b u r s t and spacing to be used f o r the row c h a r g e s . Tables
2.1 and 2.2 p r e s e n t t h e e m p l a c e m e n t d a t a for the b a s i c s e r i e s of

7
 TECHNICAL
_. DIRECT OR
I
I 1
E. G r a v e s (NCG)
I
t
i
SCIENTIFIC U. S. WEATHER
ADVISORS DEPUTY I
BUREAU
M. D. Nordyke ( L R L ) TECHNICAL Las V e g a s ,
J . Strange ( W E S ) DIRECTOR N,evada
I I b
W. R. Wray (NCG)

DEPUTY FOR
OPERATIONS
J. T o m a n (NCG)
--- - 1

CRATER I VENTING SCIENTIFIC

MEASUREMENTS I MEASUREMENTS PHOTOGRAPHY
A:D. Rooke (WES) I W. R. Wray (NCG) LeGuyman ( L R L - N )
-1

H.E. EMPLACEMENT ENGINEERING

AND FIRING AND CONSTRUCTION
A. D. Rooke (WES) J . T o m a n (NCG)

Figure 2.1 T e c h n i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n of P r e - B u g g y e x p e r i m e n t .
 N 762.000
1 0
0
FALLOUT
ARRAY d
, 9
(D
2 0
b
w

r
&
F ,,
\
/I
(D II

N 7 8
,
11

-ROW 8

N 758,000

-MERCURY

HIGHWAY I
TRIPLE
POINT

1 -
SCALE
400'
T A B L E 2 . 1 SINGLE-CHARGE DETONATIONS, BASIC SERIES
Event No. Hole No. DOB" C h a r g e Weight

feet pounds
Test - 15.0 1,017
1 5 15.0 1,006
2 3 16.6 1,005
3 1 18.2 1,009
4 4 19.8 1,009
5 2 2 1.4 1,014
6 6 19.6 1,016
a
Depth of b u r s t m e a s u r e d f r o m ground s u r f a c e t o c e n t e r of c h a r g e

TABLE 2.2 MULTIPLE-CHARGE DETONATIONS, BASIC SERIES

Depth of burst of all c h a r g e s w a s 19.8 f e e t .

Spacing C h a r g e Weights
Single- C h a r g e
Row Feet Crater -radii Individual Average

pounds pounds
A 20.6 R 1 - 1,018 1,016
2 - 1,022
3 - 1,010
4 - 1,017
5 - 1,013
B 30.9 1-1/2R 1 - 1,012 1,023
2 - 1,017
3 - 1,019
4 - 1,019
5 - 1,047 ,/
C 25.8 1- 1/4R 1- 1,008 1,007
2 - 1,000
3 - 1,005
4 - 1,012
5 - 1,009
D 23.2 1-1/8R 1 - 994 1,004
2 - 1,005
3 - 995
4 2 1,013
5 - 1,013

10
 detonations. Appendix B gives t h e d a t e and t i m e of e a c h event and t h e
m e t e o r o l o g i c a l data for each event.
E a c h c h a r g e c o n s i s t e d of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1,000 pounds of the
liquid explosive n i t r o m e t h a n e (CH3N02) contained i n a spun-aluminum
s p h e r e 36 i n c h e s in d i a m e t e r . The n i t r o m e t h a n e was c e n t e r detonated
by a p a i r of S E - 1 d e t o n a t o r s s y m m e t r i c a l l y embedded in a b o o s t e r
a s s e m b l y containing 4 pounds of Composition C-4. The c h a r g e s w e r e
placed at t h e bottom of 4 2 - i n c h - d i a m e t e r h o l e s and t h e h o l e s w e r e
s t e m m e d with sand. A c a p s u l e containing the r a d i o a c t i v e t r a c e r ,
w a s placed i n t h e c e n t e r of e a c h b o o s t e r c h a r g e . S e e F i g u r e s
2 . 3 - 2.6.
N i t r o m e t h a n e was u s e d in t h e e x p e r i m e n t s f o r t h e following
reasons:
1. One-thousand-pound TNT s p h e r e s could not be produced in
t i m e t o m e e t t h e e x p e r i m e n t schedule. T h e aluminum s p h e r e s , b o o s t e r s ,
and n i t r o m e t h a n e could b e produced and shipped in the r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t
time required.
2 . N i t r o m e t h a n e w a s m o r e economical t h a n TNT. T h e aluminum
s p h e r e s , b o o s t e r s , and n i t r o m e t h a n e could b e produced and shipped t o
NTS f o r l e s s c o s t than t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of the TNT s p h e r e s . T h e r e w a s
a l s o a c o n s i d e r a b l e s a v i n g s in handling and s t o r a g e of t h e n i t r o m e t h a n e .
3 . F u t u r e e x p e r i m e n t s of the NCG with c h a r g e s i z e s up t o
40,000 pounds w e r e a l s o c o n s i d e r e d . Initial e s t i m a t e s indicated that
for t h e s e l a r g e r detonations n i t r o m e t h a n e would entail about o n e - t h i r d
t h e expense of TNT.
4. Initial c o m p a r i s o n of t h e p r o p e r t i e s of n i t r o m e t h a n e and TNT,
t h e explosive u s e d in p r i o r c r a t e r i n g e x p e r i m e n t s , showed that t h e
detonation velocities , p r e s s u r e s , t e m p e r a t u r e s , energy content, and
o t h e r p r o p e r t i e s which affect c r a t e r i n g efficiency w e r e quite similar.
T h u s , t h e n i t r o m e t h a n e was expected t o produce r e s u l t s which could b e
c o m p a r e d with previous TNT e x p e r i m e n t s .
P r i o r t o the b a s i c s e r i e s of detonations, two 1,000-pound n i t r o -
m e t h a n e c h a r g e s w e r e detonated i n A r e a s 9 - 1 0 i n the vicinity of t h e
following coordinates on t h e Holmes & N a r v e r NTS G r i d System:
N 875,000
E 685,850.
The o r i g i n a l plan f o r Pre-Buggy was t o conduct all detonations a t t h i s
site.
The a l l u v i u m i n t h i s a r e a contained a thick l a y e r of s t r o n g l y
c e m e n t e d c a l i c h e s e v e r a l f e e t thick. The c r a t e r i n g r e s u l t s in t h i s a r e a
w e r e poor a n d could not b e c o r r e l a t e d with p r e v i o u s c h e m i c a l explosive
w o r k i n alluvium. T h e only o t h e r s e c t o r s of A r e a 9- I O a v a i l a b l e t o the
NCG f o r t h e e x p e r i m e n t w e r e u n s a t i s f a c t o r y for t e c h n i c a l r e a s o n s .
T h e r e f o r e , the e x p e r i m e n t w a s moved t o the s i t e in A r e a 5 , w h e r e t h e
c r a t e r i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a p p e a r e d t o b e suitable.
A f t e r t h e b a s i c s e r i e s of detonations, two 1,000-pound TNT s p h e r e s
w e r e detonated in A r e a s 9-10 and two in A r e a 5 t o c o m p a r e t h e c r a t e r i n g
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e two e x p l o s i v e s . A s e p a r a t e r e p o r t is being p r e -
p a r e d on t h e r e s u l t s of t h i s c o m p a r i s o n . Table 2 . 3 p r e s e n t s t h e b a s i c
d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e s e detonations.

11
F i g u r e 2 . 3 H. E. s p h e r e and emplacement hole.

F i g u r e 2 . 4 T r a c e r capsule insertion.

12
F i g u r e 2.5 Single-charge detonation.

F i g u r e 2.6 Row A channel.

13
 T A B L E 2 . 3 ADDITIONAL SINGLE-CHARGE DETONATIONS

Event Types of Charge

Lo c a t ion No. DoB Explosives Weight

feet pounds
Area 5 7 19.8 TNT 968
8 19.8 TNT 950
A r e a 9-10 1 16.6 NMa 983
2 15.0 NM 1,008
3 15.0 TNT 96 3
4 16.6 TNT 95 8

aNM - nitromethane
2.4 TECHNICAL PROGRAMS
i c a l p r o g r a m s w e r e established to fulfill the objectives
of the P r e - B u g g y experiment.' T h e s e w e r e : C r a t e r M e a s u r e m e n t s ,
Venting M e a s u r e m e n t s , and Scientific Photography. Two additional
s t u d i e s , Instant Rock, and Ejecta Studies Using Magnets, w e r e con-
ducted during t h e experiment.
2.4.1 C r a t e r M e a s u r e m e n t s . This w a s a p r o g r a m to d e t e r m i n e
the a p p a r e n t c r a t e r dimensions and the extent of the t r u e c r a t e r , r u p t u r e
zone, and other underground effects. The U. S. A r m y Engineer Water-
ways E x p e r i m e n t Station, Vicksburg, M i s s i s sippi, was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r
the execution of t h i s p r o g r a m .
Apparent c r a t e r dimensions w e r e d e t e r m i n e d by p r e - and postshot
a e r i a l photography, f r o m which topographic d r a w i n g s , s c a l e 1 inch
equals 10 f e e t and 1-foot contour i n t e r v a l , w e r e p r e p a r e d by s t e r e o -
p h o t o g r a m m e t r i c methods. F i e l d s u r v e y s w e r e used for p r e l i m i n a r y
d e t e r m i n a t i o n of a p p a r e n t c r a t e r width and depth as soon a f t e r e a c h shot
as the H. E. and radiological safety situation permitted.
The extent of t h e t r u e c r a t e r , r u p t u r e zone', and other underground
effects w a s d e t e r m i n e d by using colored sand columns on the single-
c h a r g e events 1, 3, and 4, and on t h e t w o + m u l t i p l e - c h a r g e events Row A
and C. The sand columns w e r e f r o m 5 to 45 feet d e e p a n d ' w e r e placed
r a d i a l l y f r o m ground z e r o to a d i s t a n c e of 50 feet. T h r e e l i n e s of sand
columns w e r e used t o study e a c h row event. Detonation effects w e r e
d e t e r m i n e d by postshot excavation of t h e s a n d columns.
2.4.2 Venting M e a s u r e m e n t s . This was a p r o g r a m t o study the
venting of explosion products f r o m single- c h a r g e and m u l t i p l e - c h a r g e
detonations using a radioactive t r a c e r . The Nuclear C r a t e r i n g G r o u p
was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the execution of this p r o g r a m .
The f r a c t i o n of the explosion products vented to the s u r f a c e and
deposited as local fallout was investigated by placing a La140 t r a c e r in
the c e n t e r of e a c h c h a r g e of t h e b a s i c s e r i e s of detonations and sampling
the resulting fallout field. F o r each detonation a n a r r a y of approximately

14
200 fallout t r a y s was placed t o collect fallout s a m p l e s to a d i s t a n c e of
3,000 feet downwind. The fallout s a m p l e c o l l e c t o r s w e r e 2-foot-squar
aluminum t r a y s equipped with l o u v e r s . The t r a y s w e r e collected and
counted with a scintillation counter. Information f r o m field s u r v e y s and
cloud s a m p l e s was used to supplement the d a t a obtained by fallout
collection m e a n s .
Supplementary e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d t o c o m p a r e efficien-
c i e s of s e v e r a l types of fallout c o l l e c t o r s .
2.4.3 Scientific Photography. This was a p r o g r a m designed t o
study b a s e s u r g e and cloud development. Lawrence Radiation L a b o r a t o r y ,
M e r c u r y , Nevada ( L R L - N ) , w a s r e s p o n s i b l e for shooting and p r e p a r i n g
the films and P l o w s h a r e Division of Lawrence Radiation L a b o r a t o r y ,
L i v e r m o r e , California ( L R L ) , is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a n a l y s i s of t h e films.
During t h e c o u r s e of the e x p e r i m e n t , s u r f a c e motion s t u d i e s w e r e added
to t h i s p r o g r a m and executed by LRL.
Cloud development w a s r e c o r d e d by motion p i c t u r e photography
f r o m two photo stations 90 d e g r e e s a p a r t and from a helicopter flying i n
a c i r c u l a r o r b i t o v e r the detonations. S e v e r a l different film t y p e s , film
s p e e d s , and focal lengths w e r e used to provide a m o r e complete c o v e r -
a g e . A l l the events of t h e b a s i c s e r i e s of detonations w e r e documented.
The s u r f a c e motion s t u d i e s of the scientific photography p r o g r a m
w e r e added a f t e r the s i x single c h a r g e s had been detonated. The purpose
of t h e s e s t u d i e s w a s to obtain useful s u r f a c e motion data and to t e s t , r e -
fine, and d e m o n s t r a t e the utility of a s y s t e m whereby a u t o m a t i c d a t a
p r o c e s s i n g techniques could b e used to r e a d the film and r e c o r d and
analyze t h e data. S u r f a c e motion w a s r e c o r d e d by high-speed motion
p i c t u r e photography of each of the f i r s t t h r e e row events and the two
TNT s h o t s i n A r e a 5. F l a r e s o r long-burning f l a s h bulbs w e r e used as
the c a m e r a t a r g e t s .
2.4.4 Miscellaneous Studies. Two additional s t u d i e s , both executed
by LRL, w e r e s t a r t e d during the Pre-Buggy e x p e r i m e n t s t o investigate
m i s c e l l a n e o u s phenomena. The f i r s t , called Instant Rocks , w a s initiated
t o study the effect of shock on unconsolidated m a t e r i a l . The second,
called E j e c t a Studies Using Magnets, was initiated to t e s t t h e feasibility
of a new method f o r studying the distribution of c r a t e r e j e c t a .
In the Instant Rocks study, v a r i o u s d i s a g g r e g a t e d m a t e r i a l s s u c h
as Ottawa q u a r t z sand and ground-up f r a g m e n t s of f e l d s p a r , gypsum,magnetite,
and rock s a l t w e r e placed adjacent to s e v e r a l of the explosive s p h e r e s .
After t h e s e s p h e r e s w e r e detonated, s a m p l e s of the m a t e r i a l s w e r e t o b e
r e c o v e r e d and analyzed to d e t e r m i n e the effect of the shock waves i n
compacting and consolidating the loose g r a i n s .
The e j e c t a s t u d i e s w e r e conducted on Row D and t h e TNT s h o t s
N o s . 7 and 8. Small Alnico V m a g n e t s w e r e m a r k e d and placed i n groups
of t h r e e o r f o u r a t various depths i n the e m p l a c e m e n t holes as they w e r e
s t e m m e d . A m a g n e t o m e t e r was t o b e used to l o c a t e the m a g n e t s a f t e r
the detonations.

15
 n

CHAPTER 3

RESULTS

The r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d in t h i s c h a p t e r a r e intended t o provide only

a g e n e r a l s u r v e y of t h e m o r e i m p o r t a n t d a t a available a t t h i s t i m e .
Detailed r e s u l t s f r o m t h e individual p r o g r a m s will be given in t h e r e -
p o r t s l i s t e d in Appendix A. A brief s t a t e m e n t is given on t h e s t a t u s of
data a n a l y s i s f o r e a c h p r o g r a m a t t h e t i m e of t h i s r e p o r t
3 1 CRATER MEASUREMENTS
The p r e l i m i n a r y c r a t e r dimensions of t h e b a s i c s e r i e s of deton-
ations have b e e n d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e r e s u l t s of the field s u r v e y s and
a r e p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e s 3.1 and 3.2. F i g u r e 3.1 shows how t h e s e r e s u l t s
c o m p a r e with c r a t e r dimensions obtained i n previous e x p e r i m e n t s using
256-pound TNT c h a r g e s . The Pre-Buggy c r a t e r d i m e n s i o n s and depth
of b u r s t w e r e n o r m a l i z e d t o t h e 256-pound r e s u l t s using 1/3.4 power
s c a l i n g . F i g u r e 3.2 shows s e v e r a l of the c r a t e r s and channels r e s u l t i n g
f r o m this experiment.

TABLE 3.1 SINGLE-CHARGE CRATER DIMENSIONS

Event
No e DoB I Radius Depth
feet feet feet
Test 15.0 22.7’ 10.9
1 15.0 21.0 9.7
2 16.6 2 1.8 9.1
3 18.2 20.9 7 .a
4 19.8 20:5 9.5
5 21.4 19.7a 4. l a
6 19.6 20.7 8.3
a
Photography of Event No. 5 i n d i c a t e s that a p a r t i a l s t e m m i n g f a i l u r e
probably . o c c u r r e d .

All field work h a s b e e n completed, including excavation of the

sand c o l u m n s , and t h e a n a l y s i s of t h e r e m a i n i n g d a t a h a s b e e n s t a r t e d .
The topographic d r a w i n g s , Appendix C , a r e being analyzed t o refine
c r a t e r d i m e n s i o n s , p r e p a r e p r o f i l e s , d e t e r m i n e v o l u m e s , and study .
other c r a t e r p a r a m e t e r s .
P r e l i m i n a r y examination of t h e d a t a indicates t h e following:
1. Small changes in c h a r g e spacing c a u s e d significant c h a n g e s , i n
channel s i z e .
2. A spacing of one s i n g l e - c h a r g e c r a t e r r a d i u s gave channel
d i m e n s i o n s significantly l a r g e r t h a n the d i m e n s i o n s of a s i n g l e - c h a r g e
c r a t e r of the s a m e depth of b u r s t .
3 . A spacing of 1.5 s i n g l e - c h a r g e c r a t e r r a d i i gave a v e r y uneven
channel with the minimurn depth a p p a r e n t l y unpredictable.

16
 20
I PRE-BUGGY I

RADIVS)
DEPTH 256 POUND DATA
0
0 DEPTH
f SINGLE CHARGE

A
4-
Y-
LEAST-SQUARES F I T TO 256-Ib DATA
WITH STANDARD DEVl ATION
0
+ WIDTH'2
DEPTH
} ROW CHARGE
Y
ROWBOAT . .
15
z RA DI US
DEPTH
1 R O W CHARGE

ADlUS

=
W
Io
I-
a
a
u
I-
z
+
V
"T\
V
'\ i,
.\\
w \
E e \
a U V \
a 5 e e
a
a A

I-
- I I m
1 I'
0' I

0 5 IO 15 20 25 30
DEPTH OF B U R S T ( f t )
z-
c
d
:
a
b
d
m
-e,
c1
d
m
e,
4-
u
t
d
r- 4
e, e,
d -4
$ x"
18
TABLE 3.2 MULTIPLE-CHARGE CHANNEL DIMENSIONS

W - width D - depth
: '6

Charge Row A Row B Row C Row D

Spacing 20.6 f e e t 30.9 f e e t 25.8 feet 23.2 feet
W D W D w D w D
Station

feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet

1.0 44.6 12.3 35.1 5.1 39.5 4.6 42.5 5.9
1.5 44.8 13.3 33.1 5.5 34.5 4.5 41.0 5 -9
2.0 45.3 13.8 37.1 7.7 37.6 4.5 43.5 6.1
2.5 47.1 13.3 33.6 6.2 39.5 5.0 45.0 6.3
3.0 45.5 12.9 35.4 6.9 42.0 4.3 46.3 6.8
3.5 47 .O 12.3 33.8 3.7 40.0 4.2 45.5 6.7
4.0 43.2 11.2 32.6 2.5 36.0 4.2 43,O 6.7
4.5 43.1 10.1 28.2 1.8 37.0 4.0 38.5 6.6
5 .O 39.9 9.5 29.0 4.3 39.0 4.1 40.2 6.6
Average 44.5 12.1 33.1 4.9 38.6 4.4 42.8 6.4

Notes:
1. All r o w - c h a r g e s h o t s r e s u l t e d i n channels with m a s s i v e lips on
either s i d e , but with v e r y l i t t l e throwout on the ends.
2. All excavations except Row A w e r e roughly parabolic in section.
The Row A channel was V-shaped, with a flat bottom only a few feet wide.
3. The Row B channel was quite i r r e g u l a r , p a r t i c u l a r l y in depth.
The o t h e r channels w e r e .fairly uniform, with Row D, a t 1.125 r a d i u s
spacing, the m o s t uniform of all r o w - c h a r g e excavations.

3.2 VENTING MEASUREMENTS

A p r e l i m i n a r y a n a l y s i s of the data h a s been completed. Fallout
p a t t e r n s have h e e n p r e p a r e d and integrated and the p e r c e n t of r a d i o -
activity t h a t escaped as fallout has been d e t e r m i n e d . Each fallout p a t t e r n
w a s i n t e g r a t e d l t o d e t e r m i n e the t o t a l f r a c t i o n of t r a c e r that f e l l t o t h e
ground (including the s u r f a c e of the c r a t e r w a l l s and b o t t o m ) , the f r a c -
tion which f e l l outside t h e c r a t e r , and the f r a c t i o n which f e l l outside the
a r e a c o v e r e d by d i r e c t thrpwout. -The r e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e
3.3.
The vented activity given i n T a b l e 3.3 includes only t h e activity
which was deposited as loca1,fallout out t o 3,000 f e e t downwind. P r e -
l i m i n a r y evaluation of cloud s a m p l e s taken at t h e l i m i t of t h e fallout
collection a r r a y indicated that, even i n t h e w o r s t c a s e , the activity r e -
maining i n t h e cloud probably did not exceed about 2 p e r c e n t of the
t r a c e r activity.
F i g u r e 3.3 shows the radioactivity e s c a p e , excluding c r a t e r and
throwout a r e a , as a function of t h e r a t i o of depth of b u r s t t o depth of
c r a t e r and c o m p a r e s it with r e s u l t s f r o m previous n u c l e a r detonations.

19

.
I-
>

\
I- 0
o
a
0 \
n LONG RANGE AIRBORNE
a

a
I- PROMPT FALLOUT
O
I-
LL \
0 \
\
\
4
\ RAPPED I N G L A S S
\ AND R U B B L E

0.00 I ’ I 1 I I I I

DEPTH OF BURST
DEPTH OF APPARENT CRATER

F i g u r e 3 . 3 C o m p a r i s o n of radioactivity e s c a p e f r o m n u c l e a r and P r e -
Buggy detonations.

20
 TABLE 3.3 RADIOACTIVITY ESCAPE

( 1 ) Excluding c r a t e r and throwout a r e a s .

( 2 ) Excluding c r a t e r a r e a .
(3) Including all a r e a s .

Event P e r c e n t Vented
No. DoB Spacing DOB/D (1) (2) (3)
~~

feet feet
1 15.0 - 1.5 51 54 56
2 16.6 1.8 42 54 59
3 18.2 2.3 19 21 23
4 19.8 2.1 36 43 47
5 2 1.4 5.2 4.9 6.5 7.5
6 19.6 2.4 42 50 54
Row A 19.8 20.6 1.6 19 23 28
Row B 19.8 30.9 4.0 14 18 22
Row c 19.8 25.8 4.5 7.4 10 14
Row D 19.8 23.2 3.1 24 28 30

A p r e l i m i n a r y examination of the data indicates that w h e r e the r a t i o of

the depth of b u r s t to the depth of the a p p a r e n t c r a t e r was approximately
two, t h e venting of explosion products f r o m the multiple-charge detona-
tion w a s no g r e a t e r than f r o m single c h a r g e s .
3.3 SCIENTIFIC PHOTOGRAPHY
A d e s c r i p t i o n of photographic coverage of the e x p e r i m e n t is p r e -
s e n t e d in Appendix D.
3 . 3 . 1 Base Surge and Cloud Development. Analyses of the photo-
graphy and a t m o s p h e r i c conditions a r e being conducted t o obtain the t i m e
h i s t o r y of cloud and b a s e s u r g e development and growth, the ultimate
dimensions of the cloud and s u r g e , and the effect of the a t m o s p h e r i c
conditions on t h e s e phenomena. At the t i m e of this r e p o r t only the b a s e
s u r g e r a d i a l growth for the s i n g l e - c h a r g e and r o w shots has been studied.
The m a x i m u m b a s e s u r g e r a d i i v a r i e d f r o m about 200 to 750 feet
on four of the s i n g l e - c h a r g e s h o t s , and f r o m 350 t o 500 feet on the r o w
events. The r a d i i w e r e m e a s u r e d in the crosswind d i r e c t i o n . Wind
speed and a t m o s p h e r i c stability a p p e a r to have had a m a j o r effect on the
v a r i a t i o n in r a d i i .
F i g u r e 3.4 shows the development of the b a s e s u r g e a f t e r the deto-
nation of Event No. 2. The photographic t a r g e t s , s m a l l white d o t s , w e r e
placed 250 feet a p a r t , t h r e e i n e a c h d i r e c t i o n n o r t h , south, e a s t , and
west.
3.3.2 Surface Motion. Due to p r o b l e m s in igniting the f l a r e s , only
the Row C photography was s a t i s f a c t o r y on the row events. On t h e TNT
s h o t s , only the Event 7 photography was s a t i s f a c t o r y .
21
 The photography is being analyzed a t this t i m e . The p r e l i m i n a r y
work done with the film shows considerable p r o m i s e for the u s e of
automatic d a t a p r o c e s s i n g to r e a d the film and provide data for studying
s u r f a c e motion. , I

3.4 MISCELLANEOUS STUDIES

3.4.1 Instant Rocks. O n a l l shots s o m e changes w e r e noted in the
physical p r o p e r t i e s of the fine s i l i c a sand used for s t e m m i n g around the
explosive s p h e r e . Samples r e c o v e r e d f r o m the c r a t e r d e b r i s showed
that the sand immediately adjacent to the explosive was cemented to-
g e t h e r in chunks due t o a welding action of t h e shock wave. M a t e r i a l
slightly f a r t h e r away f r o m the explosive was t r a n s f o r m e d to a f i n e r
g r a i n e d , a l m o s t powdery, m a t e r i a l . The observation of this phenomenon
prompted e x p e r i m e n t s using other types of m a t e r i a l s . Some s a m p l e s of
consolidated q u a r t z and magnetite and highly compacted alluvium have
b e e n r e c o v e r e d and a r e being analyzed. N o other m a t e r i a l s w e r e found
i n the c u r s o r y postshot s e a r c h . F u r t h e r efforts will b e m a d e t o r e c o v e r
additional s a m p l e s .
3.4.2 E j e c t a Studies Using Magnets. Of the 80 m a g n e t s emplaced
on Events 7 and 8 and Row D, 15 have been located and t h e i r positions
surveyed and plotted. The a r e a around Shot No. 7 h a s not been s u r -
veyed. Recovery was m a d e by surveying the a r e a with a V a r i a n
A s s o c i a t e s Model M-49A portable m a g n e t o m e t e r . Studies of the ejecta
distribution will not b e s t a r t e d until r e c o v e r y e f f o r t s a r e m a d e for the
r e m a i n d e r of the m a g n e t s .

23
 TABLE A. 1 RESPONSIBILITY FOR REPORTS T O B E PUBLISHED
~ ~ ~~ ~

T i t l e of R e p o r t
Scope of C h e m i c a l
Explosive C r a t e r i n g
Experiment
Report
Responsible Agency Responsible P e r s on Numb e r
U. S . A r m y Engineer Nuclear Ernest Graves, J r ~ P N E 300
C r a t e r i n g G r o u p (NCG)
L a w r e n c e Radiation L a b o r a t o r y
P. 0. Box 808
L i v e r m o r e 9 California

Venting M e a s u r e m e n t s NCG W i l l i a m R. W r a y P N E 301

C r a t e r Mea s u r e m e n t s U. S . A r m y E n g i n e e r Water- Allen D. Rooke, J r . PNE 302

ways E x p e r i m e n t Station
(WES) 4
P. 0. Box 63 1 0
Vicks b u r g , Mis s is s ippi w M
N 2
I@ M U
C o m p a r i s o n of TNT NCG John Toman, J r . P N E 303 Tj H
X
and Nitromethane as
c
w
C r a t e r ing Explo s i v es r
G
B a s e Surge and Cloud P l o w s h a r e ( K ) Division J o s e p h B. Knox z
P N E 304 M
Formation Law r enc e Radiation Lab o r a t o r y U
P. 0. Box 808
L i v e r m o r e , California

S u r f a c e Motion P l o w s h a r e Division, L R L J o s eph B. Knox P N E 305

Instant Rocks P l o w s h a r e Division, L R L Nicholas M. Short P N E 306

E j e c t a Studies Using P l o w s h a r e Division, L R L Raymond S . Guido P N E 307

Magnets
 APPENDIX B

METEOR.OLOG IC A L DATA

T h e information i n T a b l e s B . l and B.2 w a s f u r n i s h e d by t h e U . S.

Weather B u r e a u , Las Vegas, Nevada.

TABLE B. 1 SHOT-TIME RECONSTRUCTED TEMPERATURE SOUNDINGS

Sur f a c e 850 - m i l l i b a r
Event Shot T i m e Temperature Temp."

"C "C
1 1602 18.0 09.3
2 1525 22.0 10.6
3 1338 20.5 10.5
4 135 1 15.2 08.8
5 1250 10.2 06.4
6 1342 15.2 03.6
Row A 1432 12.0 01.2
Row B 1422 22.3 07.5
Row c 1317 15.2 08.2
Row D 1459 24.8 15.5

a
T h e 850-millibar l e v e l is approximately 1800 f e e t above t h e s u r f a c e i n
F r e n c h m a n Flat.
Notes on t h e above r e c o n s t r u c t e d soundings:
Only t h e 0400 P S T t e m p e r a t u r e sounding (RAOB) f r o m Yucca Flat
a n d t h e F r e n c h m a n Flat s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e s w e r e available f o r t h e
r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e soundings. However, it is thought that a l i n e a r
interpolation between t h e s h o t - t i m e s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e and t h e 850-mb
l e v e l t e m p e r a t u r e would b e f a i r l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e a c t u a l s h o t - t i m e
t e m p e r a t u r e s ounding .
All c a s e s w e r e u n s t a b l e ( l a p s e r a t e s g r e a t e r t h a n d r y a d i a b a t i c )
except f o r t h e c a s e of Event No. 5 , which w a s only slightly s t a b l e .

.25

t
I!

TABLE B.2 SHOT-TIME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

Winds
Shot Dir ection(Degr e e s ) /Speed( Knots )
Event Date Time Sf c 250 feet 500 feet G e n e r a l A t m o s p h e r i c Condition

1 5 Dec 62 1602 0 10/08 012/07 0 15 /07 Clear

2 10 Dec 62 1525 160/02 Unk Unk C l e a r , winds v a r i a b l e
3 11 Dec 62 1338 175/04 179/03 182/03 Clear
4 13 Dec 62 135 1 150/03 150/06 150/05 Clear
5 18 Dec 62 1250 102 /05 102 /05 098/05 O v e r c a s t , light p r e c i p i t a t i o n b e f o r e
and a f t e r shot
6 19 Dec 62 1342 040 /07 033/10 028 /14 Clear
Row A 16 J a n 6 3 1432 140/03 148/03 156/03 Clear
N Row B 23 J a n ~ 6 3 1422 150/04 170/05 183/05 Clear
o\
Row C 31 J a n 6 3 13 17 235/13 230/15 220/19 O v e r c a s t , light p r e c i p i t a t i o n before
shot time
Row D 7 Feb 63 1459 140/04a 15 1/04a 162 /04a C l e a r , winds v a r i a b l e

a
Winds changed i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r the shot and the weather observations do not r e f l e c t t h i s change.
The wind shifted to a d i r e c t i o n of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 110 and d e c r e a s e d i n s p e e d t o l e s s than 4 knots.
O

i
I
 APPENDIX C

TOPOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS

The topographic drawings w e r e p r e p a r e d by the A m e r i c a n A e r i a l

Surveys, Inc., Covina, California. The contour i n t e r v a l is 1 foot with
d a t u m b a s e d on s e a l e v e l 1929.

27
 .Y*I,

Figure C . 1 Preshot topography, Event No. 1 .

28
1/05 J

.S,.'

Figure C.2 Postshot topography, Event No. 1 .

29
F i g u r e C . 3 P r e s h o t topography, Event No. 2 .

30
Figure C.4 Postshot topography, Event No. 2.

31
Figure C.5 Preshot topography, Event No. 3.

32
 .,,,E .

Figure C.6 Postshot topography, Event No. 3.

33
Figure C.7 Preshot topography, Event No. 4 .

34
 Figure C . 8 Postshot topography, Event No. 4.

35

L
Figure C.9 Preshot topography, Event No. 5 .
F i g u r e C.10 P o s t s h o t topography, Event No. 5.

37
 r

.
,I.*.

x J161 J

Figure C . l l Preshot topography, Event No. 6.

38
 i
.,I', ,

r Ji6, J

Figure C.12 Postshot topography, Event No. 6 .

39
 -

Figure C . 13 Preshot topography, RQWA.

40
41
,
Fd
3
2
2
a
d
k
M
0
a
0
+J
c
42
 f.4
f:
d
.,
2a
Id
k
M
0
a
0
c,
+J
0
c
rn
+J
rn
Lt
9
d
6
0)
k
&
iTI
43
 h

Figure C.17 Preshot topography, Row C.

44
1

Figure C.18 Postshot topography, Row C.

45
 I -

"a,

-
Figure C. 19 Preshot topography, Row D.

46
Figure C.20 Postshot topography, Row D.

47
 APPENDIX D

SCIENT I F IC PHOTOGRAPHY COVERAG E

T a b l e D . l p r e s e n t s the coverage of t h e s i n g l e - c h a r g e events. The

C P c a m e r a station w a s located on a n e a s t - w e s t line through the c e n t e r
of the six emplacement holes. The other ground stations w e r e located on
a n o r t h - s o u t h line through the p a r t i c u l a r emplacement hole. The a e r i a l
s h o t s w e r e taken f r o m a helicopter c i r c l i n g slowly o v e r the a r e a approx-
i m a t e l y 2,000 feet above the s u r f a c e .
T a b l e D.2 p r e s e n t s the coverage of t h e row events. The C P c a m e r a
s t a t i o n w a s located on a line running through the five emplacement holes.
The o t h e r s t a t i o n s w e r e located on a l i n e perpendicular to that line and
running through t h e c e n t e r hole. A e r i a l c o v e r a g e was t h e s a m e as above.
A l l t h e films w e r e 16 mm.

48

- . .. . -
-. .-.. ... . . -.
TABLE D. 1 PHOTOGRAPHIC DATA FOR SINGLE-CHARGE EVENTS
NOS. 1-7

( 1 ) Tri-x Neg. ( 3 ) Plus-x Neg.

( 2 ) P l u s - x Rev. (4) Tri-x Rev.
~ ~~ ~ ~~

Event Camera Type of Camera Di s t a n c e

No. Station Camera Speed Lens Film t o G. Z.

ft/sec mm feet
1 CP B&H 64 50 3 100
CP ARRI 24 ZOOM 3 100
N p/s 100 25 3200
N ARRI 16 ZOOM 3200

2 CP p/s 1000 50 2450

CP B&H 24 10 2450
S ARRI 48 ZOOM 2000
S p/s 80 13 2000
Aerial ARRI 48 ZOOM 2000

3 CP B&H 10 25 1900
CP B&H 24 10 1900
S ARRI 24 ZOOM 3200
S B&H 16 17 3200
S Hulcher 5 162 3200
Aerial ARRI 48 Z OOM 2000

4 CP B&H 48 10 2700
CP B&H 48 25 2700
CP p/s 850 25 2700
S ARRI 48 25 3200
S ARRI 48 25 3200
S B&H 16 25 3200
S Hulcher 5 162 3200
Aerial ARRI 48 ZOOM 2000

5 CP B&H 48 10 2250
CP p/s 100 25 2250
N p/s 50 25 2 100
N B&H 48 25 2 100
Aerial ARRI 48 ZOOM 2000
6 CP B&H 48 10 3400
N B&H 24 25 2 136
N p/s 100 25 2 136
Aerial ARRI 48 ZOOM 2000

7a p/s 480 25 1800

a
S u r f a c e motion study.
49
TABLE D.2 PHOTOGRAPHIC DATA FOR ROWS A-D

(1) T r i - x Neg. SM - S u r f a c e motion s t u d i e s .

(2) T r i - x Rev. NR - Not r e c o r d e d .
BS - B a s e s u r g e and cloud s t u d i e s . NTM - No t i m e m a r k s c a m e r a
s p e e d unknown.

Pur- Camera
TY Pe
of Camera Distance
.
Event pose Station C a m e r a Speed Lens Film t0G.Z.

ft/sec mm feet
RowA BS CP p /s 50 25 3200
BS CP p/s 200 25 3200
BS S p /s 100 13 2000
BS S ARRI 48 ZOOM 2000
SM S p/s 1000 NR 2000
SM S FASTAX 2200 NR 2000
SM S p/s 1000 50 2000
SM S p/s 1000 50 2000
SM S p /s 1000 50 2000
BS Aerial ARRI 48 ZOOM 2000

Row B BS CP p /s 50 25 2000
BS CP B&H 48 10 2000
BS S p/s 100 13 2000
SM S p/s 1000 50 2000
SM S FASTAX 2200 100 2000
BS Aerial ARRI ‘48 ZOOM 2000

Row C BS CP B&H 48 25 2000

BS CP B&H 48 10 2000
BS S ARRI 48 13 2000
BS S B&H 48 10 2000
SM S p/s NTM 50 1300
SM S p /s 750 50 1300
SM S p/s NTM 100 2000
SM S p/s NTM 50 2000
SM S FASTAX 6000 252 2000
SM S p/s 900 100 1300
BS Aerial ARRI 48 ZOOM 2000

RowD BS CP B&H 48 10 2000

BS CP B&H 48 25 2000
BS S ARRI 48 ZOOM 2000
SM S FASTAX 6000 75 2000
BS S ARRI 48 30 2000
SM S p/s 1000 50 2000
BS Aerial ARRI 48 ZOOM 2000

/rd 50
 D ISTR IB UT ION
B a s i c Distribution:
TID-4500 (20th Ed.) U C - 3 5 , N u c l e a r Explosions - P e a c e f u l
Application
Supplementa r y Di s t r ibut ion :
U. S. Army E n g r . Div., Lower M i s s . Valley
U. S . Army Engineer D i s t r i c t , Memphis
U. S . A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , New O r l e a n s
U. S. Army Engineer D i s t r i c t , St. Louis
U. S . A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , Vicksburg
U. S. A r m y E n g r . Div., M e d i t e r r a n e a n
U. S. A r m y L i a i s o n Detachment
U. S . A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , Gulf ( T e h e r a n , I r a n )
U. S. A r m y E n g r . Div., M i s s o u r i R i v e r
U. S. Army Engineer D i s t r i c t , K a n s a s City
U. S. Army Engineer D i s t r i c t , Omaha
U. S . Army Engineer Div., New England
U. S. A r m y E n g r . Div., N o r t h Atlantic
U. S. Army Engineer D i s t r i c t , B a l t i m o r e
U. S o A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , E a s t e r n Ocean
U. S. A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , New York
U. S. A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , Norfolk
U. S. A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , Philadelphia
U. S. A r m y Engineer Div., North C e n t r a l
U. S . A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , Buffalo
U. S . A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , Chicago
U. S. A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , D e t r o i t
U. S. A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , Rock Island
U. S. Army Engineer D i s t r i c t , St. Paul
U. S. A r m y E n g i n e e r D i s t r i c t , Lake Survey
U. S . A r m y E n g r . Div., N o r t h P a c i f i c
U. S. A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , P o r t l a n d
U. S. Army Engineer D i s t r i c t , Alaska
U. S . A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , Seattle
U. S. Army Engineer D i s t r i c t , W a l l a W a l l a
U. S. A r m y E n g r . Div., Ohio R i v e r
U. S. A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , Huntington
U. S . Army Engineer D i s t r i c t , Louisville
U. S. A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , Nashville
U. S. A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , P i t t s b u r g h
U. S. A r m y E n g r . Div., P a c i f i c Ocean
U. S. A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , Far East
U. S. A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , Honolulu
U. S. Army Engineer D i s t r i c t , Okinawa
U. S. A r m y E n g r . Div., South Atlantic
U. S. A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , C h a r l e s t o n
U. S. A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , J a c k s o n v i l l e
U. S. A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , Mobile
U. S . A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , Savannah
 DISTRIBUTION (Continued)

U. S. Army Engineer D i s t r i c t , Wilmington

U. S. A r m y E n g r . Div., South P a c i f i c
U. S. Army Engineer D i s t r i c t , Los Angeles
U. S. A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , S a c r a m e n t o
U. S. A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , San F r a n c i s c o
U. S. Army E n g r . Division, Southwestern
U. S. Army Engineer D i s t r i c t , Albuquerque
U. S. A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , F o r t Worth
U. S. A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , Galveston
U. S. Army Engineer D i s t r i c t , L i t t l e Rock
U. S. A r m y Engineer D i s t r i c t , T u l s a
B e a c h E r o s i o n B o a r d , The
Mis s i s s i p p i R i v e r C o m m i s s i o n
R i v e r s a n d H a r b o r s , B o a r d s of E n g r s .
C o r p s of E n g r . B a l l i s t i c M i s s i l e Const. Office
U. S. Army E n g r . C e n t e r & F t . Belvoir
U. S. Army Engineer School
U. S. A r m y E n g r . Reactors G r o u p
U. S. A. Training C e n t e r , Engineer