Section A

Answer all parts of the question.

Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1
(a) Fig 1 shows an athlete putting a shot

(i) Apply your anatomical and physical knowledge to complete the joint analysis table below.

Joint type
Articulating bones
Movement Abduction
Agonist
Antagoinist
[4]

Figure 2 shows a gymnast holding a crucifix position on the rings.

(ii) What type of contraction is occurring in the shoulder muscles to hold the
position in fig 2?
[1]

(iii) What movement is occurring in the shoulder joint of the

performer in fig 2?
[1]

(iv) What movement is occurring in the ankle joint of the performer in fig 2?
[1]

(b)
(i) State Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion and apply them to a strength training exercise
[6]

(ii) The muscle fibre type that would be used during a maximal strength contraction is fast glycolytic
(type 11b).
Give one structural and one functional characteristic of this muscle fibre
[2]
 Mark Scheme
Question 1
(a) Fig 1 shows an athlete putting a shot

(i) Apply your anatomical and physical knowledge to complete the joint analysis table below.

Joint type 1. Ball and socket

Articulating bones 2. Scapula and Humerus
Movement Abduction
Agonist 3. Deltoid
Antagoinist 4. Latissiumus Dorsi/ Pectoralis Major - Full anatomical name required

Figure 2 shows a gymnast holding a crucifix position on the rings.

(ii) What type of contraction is occurring in the shoulder muscles to hold the position in fig 2?
[1]
1 Isometric

(iii) What movement is occurring in the shoulder joint of the performer in fig 2?
[1]
1. Abduction

(iv) What movement is occurring in the ankle joint of the performer in fig 2?
[1]
1 Plantarflexion

(b)
(iii) Apply Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion to a strength training exercise
[3]
3 marks maximum (no application no marks)
1 (Law of Inertia/Newtons’ 1st Law) Weight/performer will not move unless force applied
2 (Law of Acceleration/ Newtons’ 2nd Law) More force applied greater weight lifted/weight lifted more quickly/athlete
must apply force at end of lift to control weight/more weight lifted requires more force to be applied
3 (Law of Reaction/ Newtons’ 3rd Law) Performer pushes against resistance/weight and force applied back against
performer

(ii) The muscle fibre type that would be used during a maximal strength contraction is fast glycolytic
(type 11b).

Give one structural and one functional characteristic of this muscle fibre
[2]

Structural characteristic Fast glycolytic (type 11b)

1 Size Large
2 Colour White
3 Glycogen Store Large
4 Sarcoplasmic reticulum development Great
5 Myelin sheath Thick
6 Myosin ATPase activity Fast
7 Motor neurone size Large
8 Fibres per motor neurone Many
9 Phosphocreatine store/ATP stores Large/high
10 Mitochondria Few
11 Capillaries Few
12 Myoglobin stores Low
Functional (1 mark sub maximum)
Functional characteristic Fast glycolytic (type 11b)
13 Force production High
14 Relaxation time Fast
15 Contractile speed High
16 Fatigue resistant Low
17 Aerobic capacity Low
18 Anaerobic capacity High