CONJUNCTIONS

Present by;
Muhammad Rizam Bin Bakri
Harmizi bin musa
2PISMP RBT 3 2010
 CONJUNCTIONS
Uses to connect words or phrases that
have the same grammatical function in
a sentence .

The use of conjunctions is called

“parallel structure”. The conjunctions
used in this pattern are and, but, or,
and nor.
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Join words, phrases, or clauses that are
equal in grammatical construction and
importance.
and or but nor

Insert a comma before a coordinating

conjunction that separates two
independent clauses.

PP 15-9a
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Use but to express a contrasting idea.
Home-based business owners usually enjoy their
work, but they can become the victims of burnout.

Use and to show an addition.

Your thoughts and reactions to events can influence
your health.

Use or to indicate a choice.

Lee copes with stress by meditating or by making
jokes about difficult situations.

PP 15-9b
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Use nor to make a second choice negative.
Liz and Tony did not agree on the topics for the stress
management workshop, nor did they agree on the
speakers.

Do not use a comma before a coordinating

conjunction that links two words or phrases.

Relaxation can inject happiness and fulfillment into your

daily routine.

PP 15-9c
Do not use a comma before a conjunction if
the material following the conjunction is not
a complete sentence.
Losing your temper may get attention but usually
makes the situation worse.

Use commas to separate three or more words,

phrases, or clauses in a series.
Include a comma before the coordinating
conjunction.
Ways to reduce stress include yoga, meditation, and
exercise.

PP 15-9d
Do not place a comma after the last item in a
series.
Joanne usually chooses soup, salad, or a pasta dish
for lunch.

PP 15-9e
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Introduce a dependent clause and link it to

an independent clause.
Use a subordinating conjunction to introduce
a dependent clause.
Place the comma after a dependent clause
that begins a sentence.

Whenever Lynn has a break, she takes a walk around

the block.
PP 15-11a
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Generally, do not use a comma before a

dependent clause that appears at the end of a
sentence.
Our company hired Jack because he has
strong conflict resolution skills.

PP 15-11b
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
 Some conjunctions combine with other words
to form what are called correlative
conjunctions. They always travel in pairs,
joining various sentence elements that
should be treated as grammatically equal.

 She led the team not only in statistics but

also by virtue of her enthusiasm.
 Polonius said, "Neither a borrower nor a
lender be."
 Whether you win this race or lose it doesn't
matter as long as you do your best.
 A BRIEF LIST OF COMMON
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS.

both . . . and neither . . . nor

not only . . . but also whether . . . or
not . . . but as . . . as
either . . . or
CONJUNCTIONS AND
PREPOSITIONS

Determine the appropriate function of a

word in a sentence. Some words may be
both prepositions and conjunctions; for
example, before, after, until, for, than, and
since.
Use a conjunction to connect clauses.
She will not load the software until she finishes the
report.
Rick always arrives at work after he drops off his
children at school.
PP 15-14a