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IN-HOUSE SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATORS
TOP ENVELOPE
DECAYING DC COMPONENT
TIME
BOTTOM ENVELOPE
NATURE OF SHORT CIRCUIT
CURRENT
SYMBOLS USED
WHY ?
SIMPLIFIESCALCULATION
ACCURACY IS NOT MUCH
AFFECTED
CALCULATED VALUES WILL BE
HIGHER THAN ACTUAL & HENCE
SAFE
CALCULATION ASSUMPTIONS
WHAT ?
* DIRECT METHOD
10 x (%R) x (kV)2
RT (in Ω) = ------------------------
kVA
FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS – DIRECT
METHOD – A STEP BY STEP APPROACH
10 x (%X) x (kV)2
XT (in Ω) = ------------------------
kVA
FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS – DIRECT
METHOD – A STEP BY STEP APPROACH
10 x (%x”d ) x (kV)2
XG (in Ω) = ------------------------
kVA
FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS – DIRECT
METHOD – A STEP BY STEP APPROACH
RG (in Ω) = 0.15 XG
FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS – DIRECT
METHOD – A STEP BY STEP APPROACH
Un c
KG = ------ --------------------------
UrG 1 + [(x”d ) (Sin φrG)]
where,
FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS – DIRECT
METHOD – A STEP BY STEP APPROACH
KG = Generator Correction Factor
Un = Nominal System Voltage, in Volts
URG = Generator Rated Voltage, in Volts
c = Voltage Correction Factor = 1.05
x ”d = Sub-transient Reactance of the
Generator, in p.u. form
Sin φrG = √(1 – Cos2φrG)
CosφrG = Rated Power Factor of the Generator
FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS – DIRECT
METHOD – A STEP BY STEP APPROACH
RGK = KG x RG
XGK = KG x XG
FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS – DIRECT
METHOD – A STEP BY STEP APPROACH
Step 9: Now find out the cable resistance
& reactance for the actual length of cable
used up to the point of fault:
RL = RC x LC
XL = X C x LC
FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS – DIRECT
METHOD – A STEP BY STEP APPROACH
where,
Zk = √[(Re)2 + (Xe)2]
Re = RT or RGK + RL
Xe = XT or XGK + XL
FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS – DIRECT
METHOD – A STEP BY STEP APPROACH
Step 11: Now find out the initial
symmetrical short circuit current, I”k:
c Un
I ”k = -------
√3 Zk
FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS – DIRECT
METHOD – A STEP BY STEP APPROACH
where,
‘ip’ = √2 I”k
ipM = M √2 I”kM
where,
M = 1.3 for an R/X ratio of 0.42, as in the
case of LV Induction motors
FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS – DIRECT
METHOD – A STEP BY STEP APPROACH
Step 19: Now, calculate the total fault level,
both R.M.S. (I”KT) and the Peak (ipT) at the fault
location:
and
ipT = ip + ipM
FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS – DIRECT
METHOD – A FEW ‘IFS’ AND ‘BUTS’.
RT = [(PkrT)/(3I2rT)], where,
XT = √[(ZT)2 – (RT)2].
FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS – DIRECT
METHOD – A FEW ‘IFS’ AND ‘BUTS’.
What if I don’t have any of the above data
regarding RT?
)
13
21 ) 22 ) F1 F2 23 ) 24 )
MCC BUSBAR
31 )
U/G CABLE
) CB
F3
SDF
M1 M2 M3 M4 STARTER
50HP 100HP 30HP 150HP
STEP 2 : SYSTEM DATA
TRANSFORMER : 11/0.433kV
1600kVA
%R = 0.94
%X = 5.46
%Z = 5.54