1

AHAAH3 HA CAOHH EAEKTPHHECKH BEPHIH HPE3 HPEOBPA3YBAHE

1. Exnnnanen1nn cxeun na nacnnnn anynonmcnnnn o1 nocneaona1enen
n napanenen 1nn. Bsanuno npeunnanane.
Pasrnexna ce nacnnen nnynonmcnnx (nr.1), n xonro npn cnnyconnanno
nanpexenne
a
a
a
b
b
b
| ) t i
| ) t u
R X
G
B
Z
unr.1
(1) | ) | ) | )
u u m
t U t u t u v e v e + = + = sin 2 sin
nma cnnyconnanen rox | ) t i or nnna
(2) | ) | ) | )
i i m
t I t i t i v e v e + = + = sin 2 sin
Tesn nannn ca nocrarunn na ce ccranxr nne exnnnanenrnn cxemn na
nnynonmcnnxa. Ennara e or nocnenonarenen rnn n ce nonyuana upes nocnenonarenno
cnpsnane na pesncrop cc cnpornnnenne R n xoncepnarnnen enemenr cc
cnpornnnenne X. Hpn X>0 rosn enemenr rpxna na ne nneanna onna, a npn X<0
nneanen xonnensarop.
Hapamerpnre na cxemara or nocnenonarenen rnn ce namnpar, xaro ce onpenenn
nnnoro cnpornnnenne z na nnynonmcnnxa n neronara asona pasnnxa m :
(3) ;
I
U
z =
i u
v v m = .
xnero; U n I ca eexrnnnnre cronocrn na nanpexennero n roxa.
Cnen xaro ce nsnonsnar sanncnmocrnre, or rpnrnnnxa na cnpornnnennxra ce
onpenenxr napamerpnre na nocnenonarennoro cennnenne
(4) m cos z R = ; m sin z X = .
Bropara exnnnanenrna cxema e or napanenen rnn. Tx npencrannxna napanenno
cennnenne na pesncrop c npononnmocr G n xoncepnarnnen enemenr c peaxrnnna
npononnmocr B. Hpn rona, axo nennunnara B >0 rosn enemenr rpxna na ne nneanna
onna, a npn B <0 nneanen xonnensarop. Hapamerpnre na cxemara ce onpenenxr, cnen
xaro ce onpenenxr nnnara npononnmocr y n asonara pasnnxa m
(5) ;
U
I
y =
i u
v v m = .
Or rpnrnnnxa na npononnmocrnre ce onpenenxr G n B
(6) m cos y G = ; m sin y B = .
Hpn nscnennane na enexrpnuecxnre nepnrn nsnnxna cnennara sanaua. Hsnecrnn ca
nennunnnre na enna or nnere exnnnanenrnn cxemn, nanpnmep R n X. Hocranx ce nnpoca,
moxe nn sa rosn nnynonmcnnx na ce nsnonsyna cxema or napanenen rnn c npononnmocrn
G n B. Hpn rona samxnara rpxna na ne exnnnanenrna, r.e. roxonere n nanpexennxra na
ocrananara uacr or nepnrara na ne ce npomenxr.
Hsxoxna ce or sanncnmocrnre (4) n (6)
2
(7)

= =
= =
. sin
; cos
y
B
z
X
y
G
z
R
m
m
,
xnero:
- nnnoro cnpornnnenne z upes napamerpnre na nnynonmcnnxa R n X e
2 2
X R z + = ;
- nnnara npononnmocr y upes napamerpnre na nnynonmcnnxa G n B e
2 2
B G y + = .
Bsema ce n npennnn panencrnoro 1 = zy n ce nonyuana
(8)

= =
= =
.
;
2
2
z
X
z
yX
B
z
R
z
yR
G
Koraro ca sananenn napamerpnre G n B na cxemara or napanenen rnn
cnpornnnennxra R n X na cxemara or nocnenonarenen rnn nmar nspasnre
(9)
2
y
G
R = ;
2
y
B
X = .
Tesn pesynrarn morar na ce nonyuar n raxa. Hexa cc Z na ne osnaueno
xomnnexcnoro cnpornnnenne na cxemara or nocnenonarenen rnn jX R Z + = , a c Y -
xomnnexcnara npononnmocr na cxemara or napanenen rnn jB G Y = . Or sanncnmocrnre
(10)

= =
= =
. arg arg
; 1 mod . mod
m Y Z
y z Y Z
cnenna, ue sa na nar nnara nnynonmcnnxa exnnnanenrnn, rpxna na e nsnnneno
panencrnoro
(11) 1 = ZY .
Or(11) ce namnpa:
| )| )
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
z
X
j
z
R
z
jX R
X R
jX R
jX R jX R
jX R
jX R Z
jB G Y =

=
+

=
+

=
+
= = = .
Cnen npnpannxnane na peannnre n nmarnnepnn uacrn ce nocrnra no neue nonyuennre
cornomennx na napamerpnre
2 2 2
X R
R
z
R
G
+
= = n
2 2 2
X R
X
z
X
B
+
= = .
2. Exnnnanen1nn cxeun na ax1nnnn anynonmcnnnn o1 nocneaona1enen n napanenen
1nn.
2.1. Hocneaona1enno cseannenne na ax1nnnn yuac1snn
Hexa n axrnnnn yuacrnn ca cennnenn nocnenonarenno(nr.4a).
1
E

2
E

n
E

1
Z
2
Z
n
Z
1
U

2
U

n
U
U

Z
I

a) o)
unr. 2
3
Tona cennnenne moxe na ce pasrnexna xaro axrnnen yuacrx c exnnnanenrno
e.n.n. E

n exnnnanenrno cnpornnnenne Z (nr.2o)

3a cxemara or nr.2a ce npnnara oomennx saxon na Om
(12) I Z E U I Z E U I Z E U
n n n

= + = + = + ......, , ,
2 2 2 1 1 1
Cymnpanero na resn ypannennx U U U U U
n

= + + + + ......
3 2 1
nana
(13) .
1 1

= =
= +
n
k
k
n
k
k
Z I E U

Vcranonxna ce, ue cnen nonarane

=
=
n
k
k
E E
1

n

=
=
n
k
k
Z Z
1
, ce nocrnra no
ypannenne(14)
(14) I Z E U

= + ,
r.e. no ornomenne na nnmnara nepnra, nocnenonarennoro cennnenne moxe na ce samenn
c axrnnen nnynonmcnnx or nocnenonarenen rnn (nr.2o).
Komnnexcnoro cnpornnnenne Z ce nonyuana, xaro ce cymnpar xomnnexcnnre
cnpornnnennx
k
Z na ncnuxn ccrannn nnynonmcnn enemenrn. Exnnnanenrnoro e.n.n. E

e panno na anrepnunara cyma or enexrponnnxemnre nanpexennx

k
E

na ccrannnre
axrnnnn nnynonmcnnnn. Hpen
k
E

ce nocranx snax nnmc, xoraro nocoxara na e.n..n.

k
E

cnnana c nocoxara na oxoxnane.

2.2. Hapanenno cseannenne na ax1nnnn yuac1snn
Hexa n axrnnnn yuacrxa ca cennnenn napanenno (nr.3a). Tona cennnenne
moxe na ce pasrnexna xaro axrnnen yuacrx c exnnnanenrno e.n.n. E

n exnnnanenrno
cnpornnnenne Z (nr.3). Henra e na ce npecmernar napamerpnre na exnnnanenrnnx
nnynonmcnnx or nocnenonarenen rnn raxa, ue roxonere n nanpexennxra n ocrananara
uacr na nepnrara na ocranar nenpomenenn. Onpenenxnero na nennunnnre E

n Z moxe na
ce nsnpmn nanpnmep raxa.
3a cxemara or nr.3a ce npnnara npnn saxon na Knpxo
(15)
n
I I I I

+ + + = .. ..........
2 1
nnn

=
=
n
k
k
I I
1

1
E

1
Z
I

2
Z
n
Z
2
E

n
E

1
I

n
I

2
I

Z
U

a) o)
unr.3
n oomen saxon na Om
4
(16)
1 1 1 1
U E Z I

+ = ,
2 2 2 2
U E Z I

+ = , ,
n n n n
U E Z I

+ = .
3a roxa n r-rnx xnon moxe na ce sannme
(17)
k
k k
k
Z
U E
I

+
=
3a exnnnanenrnnxr nnynonmcnnx or nr.3o oomen saxon na Om e
(18) U E Z I + =

nnn
Z
U E
I

+
= .
Cnen samecrnane n ypannenne (15) ce nonyuana
(19) .
1
1 1

= =
+ = +
n
k
n
k k
k
k
Z
E
Z
U
Z
E
Z
U

B rona ypannenne yuacrnar nne nensnecrnn - Z n E

. Ero samo ce nanara

nonnnnrenno nsncxnane: pesynrarnre na ca n cnna n npn napanenno cennnenn nacnnnn
enemenrn r.e. xoraro nmame 0 .......
3 2 1
= = = = =
n
E E E E

.
Torana ce nonyuana
(20)

=
=
n
k k
Z
U
Z
U
1
1

,
orxnero npn 0 = U

ce nocrnra no cnennara sanncnmocr sa Z

(21)

=
=
n
k k
Z Z
1
1 1
.
Hpn samecrnane n nsxonnoro ypannenne (20) ce ycranonxna
(22)

=
=
n
k k
Z
E
Z E
1

.
Cymara n ypannenne (22) e anrepnuna. 3nannre na nennunnnre
k
E

ce onpenenxr,
xaro ce cnocranxr rexnnre nocoxn c nocoxara na E

cnpxmo om penep, nanpnmep no

ornomenne na nsnnre a n b.
2.3. Cueceno cseannenne na ax1nnnn yuac1snn
Hexa e nanena nepnra, unxro cxema e noxasana na nr.6a. Ho ornomenne na
nsrounnxa na nanpexenne U

, nxnmuen mexny rouxnre n , rasn nepnra npencrannxna

cmeceno cennnenne na nacnnnn n axrnnnn enemenrn. B cnyuax ce nsnonsnar
pasrnenannre no cera exnnnanenrnn npeopasynannx.
2
Z 2 e
J

1
E

3
E

1
Z
3
Z
3
I

2
Z
U

1
E

3
E

1
Z
3
Z
2
I'

1
I

2
E

a) o)
unr.4
5
Hscnennanero moxe na ce ocmecrnn nanpnmep raxa. Hpeopasyna ce napanennoro
cennnenne, ccraneno or nacnnnnxr enemenr
2
Z n nneannnxr nsrounnx na rox
2
e
J

.3a
nenra ce nnexna exnnnanenren nnynonmcnnx or nocnenonarenen rnn c xomnnexcno
cnpornnnenne
2'
Z , unero e.n.n.
2
2 2 e
J Z E =

n nma nocoxa or rouxa xm rouxa b

(nr.4o).
U

1
E

1
Z
1
I

23
E

23
Z
unr.5
Pnara napanennn axrnnnn xnona ce samecrnar c exnnnanenren nnynonmcnnx or
nocnenonarenen rnn (nr.5) c xomnnexcno cnpornnnenne
23
Z :
3 2
3 2
23
Z Z
Z Z
Z
+
=
Enexrponnnxemoro nanpexenne
23
E

c nocoxa or rouxa b xm rouxa c nma nspasa

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2
3
3
23 23
Z
E
Z
E
Z E

.
Taxa npeopasynanara nepnra npencrannxna ennn ennncrnen enexrpnuecxn xonryp
(a--c-a nr.5), sa xoro moxe na ce sannme nropn saxon na Knpxo
| )
23 1 23 1 1
E E U Z Z I

+ = + ,
or xnero
23 1
23 1
1
Z Z
E E U
I
+
+
=

.
Cnen rona morar na nar nsuncnenn ncnuxn nennunnn na nanenara nepnra.
3. Exnnnanen1nn cxeun na ax1nnnn anynonmcnnnn. Bsanuno npeunnanane
Ha nr.6a e nsopasena cxema na nocnenonarenno cennnen nsrounnx na
nanpexenne c e.n.n. E

n nrpemno cnpornnnenne Z .
Ha nr.6o e nsopasena cxema na napanenno cennnen nsrounnx na rox c e.n..r
e
J

n
xomnnexcna npononnmocr Y . H n nnere cxemn ocrananara uacr or nepnrara e osnauena c A
6
E

Z
I

A
e
J
Y
A
U

a) o)
unr.6
3amxnara na nsrounnxa na nanpexenne c napamerpn E

n Z (nr.6a) c
exnnnanenren nsrounnx na rox c napamerpn
e
J

n Y (nr.6o) npennonara.ue
pasnpenenennero na roxonere n nanpexennxra n ocrananara uacr or nepnrara A ocranar
nenpomenenn. cno e, ue xomnnexcnre na U

n I

sa nnere cxemn ce sanasnar nenpomenenn,

sarona npomenn n A nxma na nacrnxr.
3a cxemara or nr.6a ce npnnara oomen saxon na Om
(23) U E Z I

= ,
or xnero sa roxa I

ce nonyuana
Z
U
Z
E
I

= .
3a cxemara or nr.6o ce npnnara npnn saxon na Knpxo
(24)
e
J Y U I

= + ,
cornerno sa roxa I

ce ycranonxna
Y U J I
e

= .
Hspannxnar ce nnara nspasa sa roxa
(25)
Z
U
Z
E

Y U J
e

= ,
Hanara ce nonnnnrenno ycnonne, panencrno (25) na naxn n sa nacnnnn nepnrn r.e.
0 = E

n 0 =
e
J

. Orunra ce n sanncnmocrra 1 = ZY n ce nonyuana

(26)
e
J Z E

= nnn E Y J
e

= .
Hpn npemnnananero mexny cxemn or nocnenonarenen n napanenen rnn rpxna na
ce nmar n npennnn cnennnre ocnonnn nonoxennx:
- nonnnnrennnre nacnnnn enemenrn n nnere cxemn ce xapaxrepnsnpar c enno n
cmo xomnnexcno cnpornnnenne Z n c enna n cma xomnnexcna npononnmocr
Y ;
- Enexrponnnxemnx rox
e
J

e panen na roxa na xco cennnenne Z E /

na cxemara
or nocnenonarenen rnn. Enexrponnnxemoro nanpexenne E

e panno na
nanpexennero npn npexcnane na nnmnara nepnra Y J
e
/

na cxemara or
napanenen rnn;
- Ho ornomenne na nnmnnre nsnonn n b nsrounnxr na rox n na nanpexenne
nmar npornnononoxnn nocoxn;
- Pnere cxemn ca nannno exnnnanenrnn no ornomenne na necrnnero nm npxy
nnmnara nepnra.
7
4. Exnnnanen1nn cxeun na nacnnnn anynonmcnnnn
4.1. Hocneaona1enno cseannenn na nacnnnn yuac1snn
Hexa n nacnnnn yuacrxa cc cnpornnnenne
1
Z ,
2
Z ,
3
Z , ,
n
Z ca
cennnenn nocnenonarenno (nr.7a).
1
Z
2
Z
n
Z
1
U

2
U

n
U

3
Z
3
U

Z
I

a) o)
unr. 7
Tona cennnenne moxe na ce pasrnexna xaro nacnnen yuacrx c ereuea)eumuo
ro+n)ercuo cnpomue)euue Z (nr.7o).
Hpn npornuane na rox I

npes nocnenonarenno cennnennre yuacrnn

nanpexennxra na yuacrnnre ca
1
U

,
2
U

,
3
U

, ,
n
U

, a nanpexennero na nsnonnre e U

.
Ho nropn saxon na Knpxo ce nonyuana
(27)
n
U U U U U

+ + + + = .... ..........
3 2 1
.
Karo ce npnnoxn saxona na Om sa uacr or nepnrara
I Z U

1 1
= , I Z U

2 2
= , I Z U

3 3
= , , I Z U
n n

=
n cnen samecrnane n (1) ce nonyuana
(28) I Z U

= ,
xnero
n
Z Z Z Z Z + + + + = ........
3 2 1
.
Ereuea)eumuo ro+n)ercuo cnpomue)euue na nocnenonarenno cennnennre
nacnnnn yuacrnn ce onpenenx no opmynara
(29)

=
=
n
k
k
Z Z
1
.
4.2. Hapanenno cseannenne na nacnnnn yuac1snn
Hexa n nacnnnn yuacrxa cc cnpornnnenne
1
Z ,
2
Z ,
3
Z ,
n
Z ca
cennnenn napanenno (nr.8a). Tona cennnenne moxe na ce pasrnexna xaro nacnnen
yuacrx c ereuea)eumuo ro+n)ercuo cnpomue)euue Z (nr.8o).
1
Z
I

U
2
Z
n
Z
1
I

2
I

n
I

Z
I

a) o)
unr. 8
8
Hpn nonanane na nanpexenne xm nsnonnre a n b npornua rox I

, a npes
napanenno cennnennre yuacrnn
1
I

,
2
I

, .,
n
I

. Ho npnn saxon na Knpxo ce

nonyuana
(30)
n
I I I I

+ + + = .. ..........
2 1
.
Karo ce npnnoxn saxona na Om (nn nropara my opma) sa uacr or nepnrara
U
Z
I

1
1
1
= , U
Z
I

2
2
1
= , , U
Z
I
n
n

1
= , n cnen samecrnane n (4) ce nonyuana
(31) U
Z
I

1
= ,
xnero
n
Z Z Z Z
1 1 1 1
2 1
+ + + = .
Ereuea)eumuomo ro+n)ercuo cnpomue)euue na nocnenonarenno cennnennre
nacnnnn yuacrnn ce onpenenx no opmynara
(32)

=
=
n
k k
Z Z
1
1 1
Axo ce nsnonsna panencrnoro 1 = ZY , r.e
Z
Y
1
= , n
k
k
Z
Y
1
= sa ereuea)eumuama
ro+n)ercua npoeoou+ocm moxe na ce sannme
(33)

=
=
n
k
k
Y Y
1
.
Hpn napanennoro cennnenne na nna nacnnnn yuacrxa c xomnnexcnn
cnpornnnennx
1
Z n
2
Z exnnnanenrnoro xomnnexcno cnpornnnenne e panno na
(34)
2 1
2 1
Z Z
Z Z
Z
+
= .
Toxonere n napanennnre yuacrnn morar na ce nspasxr raxa:
(35)
k
k
Z
Z
I I

= k = 1, 2, ., n.
sa n = 2 ce namnpa
(36)
2 1
2
1
Z Z
Z
I I
+
=

n
2 1
1
2
Z Z
Z
I I
+
=

.
4.3. Cueceno cseannenne na nacnnnn yuac1snn
Ha nr.9 e nsopasena cxemara na cmeceno cennnenne na nacnnnn yuacrnn.
U

1
Z
3
Z
2
Z
U

1
Z
1
I

23
Z
Z
1
I

a
U

c
a) o) c)
unr. 9
9
B cnyuax npeopasynanero nma nna erana: nonyuana ce cxemara na nr.9o, a cnen
rona cxemara na nr.9c. Exnnnanenrnnre xomnnexcnn cnpornnnennxra
23
Z n Z ca
cornerno pannn na
3 2
3 2
23
Z Z
Z Z
Z
+
= n
23 1
Z Z Z + = .
Toxonere ce onpenenxr xaxro cnenna
Z
U
I

=
1
;
3 2
3
2
Z Z
Z
I I
+
=

;
3 2
3
3
Z Z
Z
I I
+
=

4.4. Hpeopasynane 1pnsrsnnnx snesaa
Hpn nscnennane na enexrpnuecxn nepnrn ce cpemar rpn nacnnnn enemenra
cnpsann nn nnn na rpnrnnnx (nr.10a). Vcranoneno e, ue axo ce nnene exnnnanenrno
snesnno cennnenne (nr.10o) anannsr na nepnrara ce onexuana. Hpn rasn samxna,
xaxro n npn ncnuxn exnnnanenrnn npeopasonannx, nanpexennxra n roxonere n na
npeopasynannre xnonone ne rpxna na ce npomenxr.
Hpeopasonannero ce ocmecrnxna no cnennnxr naunn.
Pasrnexnar ce rpn rpannunn pexnma, npn xonro noornenno ce npexcna nnmnara
nepnra xm rouxnre , b n c.
a
b
c
ab
Z
bc
Z
ca
Z
c
Z
a
b
c
b
Z
a
Z
a) o)
unr.10
Hpn npexcnane na rouxa roxr nn nnmnara nepnra nxma na ce npomenn, axo
exnnnanenrnoro xomnnexcno cnpornnnenne mexny rouxnre b n c e ennaxno sa nnere
cennnennx. Orryx ce crnra no cnennoro ypannenne
(37)
| )
ca bc ab
ca ab bc
c b
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z
+ +
+
= + .
Ho ananornuen naunn ce ccranxr ome nne ypannennx, xaro ce nspannxnar
xomnnexcnnre cnpornnnennx mexny rouxnre n b (npexcnara rouxa ) n mexny
rouxnre n (npexcnara rouxa b). Torana ce nonyuana enna cncrema or nnna
| )
ca bc ab
ca bc ab
b a
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z
+ +
+
= +
(38)
| )
ca bc ab
ca ab bc
c b
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z
+ +
+
= +
| )
ca bc ab
bc ab ca
a c
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z
+ +
+
= + .
3a na ce onpenenn nennunnara
a
Z , ce cymnpar npnoro n rperoro or (38).
10
| )
+
+ +
+
= + + +
ca bc ab
ca bc ab
a c b a
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
| )
ca bc ab
bc ab ca
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
+ +
+
ca bc ab
bc ca ab ca ca ab bc ab
c b a
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z
+ +
+ + +
= + + 2
Or nonyuennx pesynrar ce nsnaxna nroporo ypannenne na (38)
ca bc ab
bc ca ab ca ca ab bc ab
c b c b a
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z
+ +
+ + +
= + + 2 -
ca bc ab
ca bc ab bc
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
+ +
+
ca bc ab
ca bc ab bc bc ca ab ca ca ab bc ab
a
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z
+ +
+ + +
= 2
ca bc ab
ca ab
a
Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
+ +
=
2
2
3a
a
Z ce nonyuana
ca bc ab
ca ab
a
Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
+ +
= .
Ananornuno ce nonyuanar ocranannre nne cnpornnnennx
b
Z n
c
Z , xaro ce
ycranonxna
(39)
ca bc ab
ca ab
a
Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
+ +
= ;
ca bc ab
ab bc
b
Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
+ +
= ;
ca bc ab
bc ca
c
Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
+ +
= .