.

j
j

14.02.2015. j j v1. 10.02.2015. j j v2.

j j j
, j,
. , j ,
, j
j j
, j, j j
. j j j
. j j
.

Abstract
In this work I am going to mention historical development of divergent series
theory, and to give a number of dierent examples, as some of the methods for
their summing. After that, I am going to introduce the general method, which
I discovered, for summing divergent series, which we can also consider as a
method for computing limits of divergent sequences and functions in divergent
points, In this case, limits of sequences of their partials sums. Through the
exercises, I am going to apply this method on given examples and prove its
validity. Then I'm going to apply the method to compute the value of some
divergent integrals.
j
1

.
j j

j j

j j

14

19

j. j
17. 18. j. j ,
() j,
.
, j j
.
jj j j GUIDO
GRANDI (1671-1742) jj Quadratura circuli et hyperbolae per innitas hyperbolas geometrice exhibita jj 1703. x = 1 j
1
= 1x+x2 x3 +x4 ... 12 = 11+11+1... GOTj x+1
TFRIED LEIBNITZ (1646-1716) j 1713. j
j. j j n j
1 1 + 1 1 + 1 ..., j 0 1 j j,
j , 21 . j
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ... = 1
, j j LEON12
HARD EULER (1707-1783) SRINIVASA RAMANUJAN (1887-1920).
P+
j j j
i=1 ai AUGUSTIN CAUCHY (1789-1857) NIELS HENRIK ABEL P
(1802-1829)
n
19. j, j sn =
i=1 ai . j
j j j ,
j j j jj j
j. j j , j . j
j
j j .
j j: " j
2

, j ... j
j . j, j , j
. J . 1 "

, j
j, j j
j . j
j . j
, j
, j j j j.
j
. , j ,
, j j.
j j
j a,
j j .

j j, , x = 1 j j
1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + ..., j:

1
1 1 + 1 1 + ... + (1)n1 + ... = .
2

1
1x

(1)

j j j j
. x = 2 j j:

1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + 2n1 + ... = 1.

(2)

, x = 1 j j 1+1+1+1+1+... = 10 .
x = 2 j j:

1
1 2 + 4 8 + ... + (2)n1 + ... = .
3

(3)

x = a |a| > 1, j j:

1 + a + a2 + a3 + ... + an1 + ... =

1 N.

1
.
1a

(4)

H. Abel, Oeuvres Abel (Paris,1826), Vol. 2, p. 256. "Les s
eries divergentes sont, en g
en
eral,
quelque chose de bien fatal, et c'est une honte qu'on ose y fonder aucune d
emonstration... la partie
la plus essentielle des Math
ematiques est sans fondement. Pour la plus grande partie les r
esultats
sont justes, il est vrai, mais c'est la une chose bien
etrange. Je m'occupe a en chercher la raison,
probleme tres int
eressant".

 x = 1 j
j:

1
1+x

= 1 2x + 3x2 4x3 + 5x4 ..., j

1
1 2 + 3 4 + ... + (n)n1 + ... = .
(5)
4
, x = 1, j j 1+2+3+4+5+... = 012 ,
j, j (2) j 1 +. j j
j
(s) = 1s + 2s + 3s + 4s + 5s + ...
()
j j j,
Re(s) > 1. j 2s , j
j j , j j:

(1 21s ) (1s + 2s + 3s + 4s + 5s + ...) = 1s 2s + 3s 4s + 5s + ... ()

j j s = 1, j 3 (1 + 2 + 3 +
4 + 5 + ...) = 1 2 + 3 4 + ..., 3 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ...) = 41 . ,
j:
1
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + n + ... =
.
(6)
12
, j s = 0, j j:

1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ... + n0 + ... =

1
.
2

(7)

j j j j:

2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ... + (n + 1) + ... =

7
.
12

(8)

5
.
12

(9)

, j j:

0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + (n 1) + ... =

j j 1s ln 1 + 2s ln 2 + 3s ln 3 + 4s ln 4 +
5s ln 5 + ... = 0 (s) 1s ln 1 2s ln 2 + 3s ln 3 4s ln 4 + 5s ln 5 ... = (21s
1) 0 (s) 21s ln 2 (s). s = 0 j j
j:

ln 1 + ln 2 + ln 3 + ln 4 + ... + ln(n) + ... =

1
ln(2),
2

1
1
ln 1 ln 2 + ln 3 ln 4 + ... + (1)n1 ln(n) + ... = ln( ).
2
2

(10)
(11)

j s = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + ... = 1 + x s. j j
4

1
1
s = 1x
, 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + ... = 1x
. ,
j j , x 6= 1.
j x = ei , j j 0 < < 2 ( x 6= 1), j j
1

1
1
1 + ei + e2i + e3i + e4i + ... = 1e
i = 2 + i 2 cot 2 . j,
j j:

1
cos + cos 2 + cos 3 + cos 4 + ... + cos(n) + ... = ,
2

(12)

cot .
(13)
2
2
+ j j, j , j
j j, < < :
sin + sin 2 + sin 3 + sin 4 + ... + sin(n) + ... =

1
cos cos 2 + cos 3 cos 4 + ... + (1)n1 cos(n) + ... = ,
2

(14)

tan .
(15)
2
2
j j jj , j
j:
sin sin 2 + sin 3 sin 4 + ... + (1)n1 sin(n) + ... =

+
X

(1)n1 n2k cos(n) = 0(k = 1, 2, 3, ...; < < ),

n=1
+
X

(1)

n=1

n1 2k+1

cos(n) = (1)

d
d

2k+1

1
tan (k = 0, 1, 2, ...; < < ).
2
2

j = 0 j
j j j
P+ j
1

k 22k+2 1
j 2 tan 2 k=0 (1) (2k+2)! B2k+2 2k+1 (j Bk j
j), j j:

12k 22k + 32k 42k + ... + (1)n1 n2k + ... = 0(k = 1, 2, 3, ...),

12k+1 22k+1 +32k+1 42k+1 +...+(1)n1 n2k+1 +... =

(*),(**),(16) (17) j j:

1k + 2k + 3k + 4k + ... + nk + ... =

(k) =
5

22k+2 1
B2k+2 (k = 0, 1, 2, ...).
2k + 2
(17)

Bk+1
(k = 1, 2, 3, ...),
k+1

Bk+1
.
k+1

(16)

(18)

GEORG FRIEDRICH BERNHARD RIEMANN (1826-1866) j 1859.

j j j
C, s = 1, j :

1s + 2s + 3s + 4s + ... + ns + ... = (s)(Re(s) < 1).

(19)

ERNESTO CESARO (1859-1906) j ,

j j j
n
j , limn+ s1 +s2 +...+s
. j j
n
j : s1 = 1, s2 = 1 + (1) = 0, s3 = 1 + (1) + 1 = 1, s4 =
1 + (1) + 1 + (1) = 0, ... j j
2
3 +s4
= 1+0
= 21 , s1 +s32 +s3 = 1+0+1
= 23 , s1 +s2 +s
= 1+0+1+0
=
: s11 = 11 = 1, s1 +s
2
2
3
4
4
1 s1 +s2 +s3 +s4 +s5
1+0+1+0+1
3
1
,
=
=
,
...

j
,

2
5
5
5
2
j .
, j j:

2
1 + (1) + 0 + 1 + (1) + 0 + ... = ,
3

(20)

1
(21)
1 + (1) + 0 + 1 + (1) + 0 + ... = .
3
j, j, x = 1 j
1+x
j 1+x+x
2 . j j j JOSEPH LOUIS LAGRANGE (1736-1813).
EMILE BOREL (1871-1956) j
j
P+,
P+
n
n
(1) = n=0 (1) 1 =
R j :
+ t n
R + n=0
R + 2t
P+
P+ R + t (t)n
P+ (t)n
e t dt
n 0
t
= n=0 0 e
dt = 0 e
e dt =
n=0 (1)
n=0 n! dt = 0
n!
n!
1
. , , j j
2
j:
1 1! + 2! 3! + 4! ... + (1)n1 (n 1)! + ... = 0, 596347...,

(22)

1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + ... + (n 1)! + ... = 0, 697175...,

(23)

j j j P
, j
x
j j j-o :
k=1 f (x) =
R +
P+ B2k (2k1)
1
c + 0 f (t)dt + 2 f (x) + k=1 (2k)! f
(x). j
P+ B2k (2k1)
1
c = 2 f (0) k=1 (2k)! f
(0). j j f (t)
1, t, t + 1 t 1, c (B2 = 61 ), j j (6),
(7), (8) (9). j, x = 1 j j ln(1+x),
j j 1 + 12 + 13 + 41 + 15 + ... = ln 0. j j j
j:

1+

1 1 1 1
1
+ + + + ... + + ... = = 0.57721566...
2 3 4 5
n
6

(24)

.
j
j

P
j , s = P+
k=1 ak ,
j j sn = nk=1 ak :
+
X

ak = lim

n+

k=1

n
X

ak .

k=1

j j j sn ,
j
n
s1 +s2 +...+s
:
n

s1 + s2 + ... + sn
.
n+
n

lim sn = lim

n+

j , sn j . , j
sn j j. , j
j. j
. sn j sn =
s(n) j. j
{1, 2, 3, ...n, } . {(1), (2), (3), ...(n)},
j .
, (7):

1
1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ...n0 + ... = .
2
j , j j sn = s(n) = n.
(1)+(2)+(3)+...+(n)
D
D
=
j j limD
n+ s(n) = limn+ (n) = limn+
n
1
s = 2 . j j
(k) =

k
n+1

Pn
1
1
j limD
n+ n
k=1 (k) = 2 .
R0
P
Pn
n
D
1
k
1
j limD
s(k)
=
lim
s(
)
=
s(k)dk
n+ n
n+
k=1
k=1
n+1 n
1
R. , :
Z 0
D
lim sn =
s(n)dn.
n+

 j n limD
n sn =
R0
D
limn+ sn = 1 s(n)dn,
1

s(n)dn.

lim sn =

J j j j
j j. j
j
j j j.
j j s(n) [1, +)
j j [1, 0) 0,
j j s j j j
[1, 0). limn sn , j j
s(n) [0, 1). j
I(x) = 1/x, I : [1, +) [1, 0) I : [, 1) [0, 1).
j 1

(6)
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + n + ... = s.

j j j sn =
j :
D

s = lim sn =
n+

s(n)dn =
1

n(n+1)
2

. j

n(n + 1)
dn = 1/12.
2

,
j j , j j j
.

j j

j j f .
S ER = {z C||z| > R}
BR = BR () = ER {}. j r > 0 a j,
S
B 0 (a; r) = {z|0 < |z| < r} 0 B(a; r) = B 0 (a; r) {0}
0. j J(z) = 1/z j
J : E1 B 0 (a; 1), E1 E1 , E1 = B(a; 1) ( j
0 1), J() = 0. j f j
8

 j f J 0. j
I(z) = J(z) = z1 . jj j f j j
, j j
j f I ER , j j f B(a; 1).
P (0, 0, 1) P0 (0, 0, 1), ER
j B(a; 1) . J
j j j , j j j
, j j jj j ,
. j, j j j j j .
j j , j j
j j ( j j
j ). j l = {rei |r R}, [0, 2),
, j j j , j j
.

j j, j j , j .
j j , j, j
j j C , j,
. j f (z) j j, j j

S
z0 , -j C {} j
zn z0 f (zn ) n +. j j j
j j.
j j.

+
1
k
+
k= ck (z) z k
k= ck (z) (z a) , j
j j a C , .

j 1

j j j j2 .
j j j j
( ), (
) j (
). j j j
j . j j,
j j j j ,
. j
j, j j j j
, . j
j j .
1

j f (z) .
j j f (z) , jj j l = {r ei |r R},
limD
z() f (z). j j
j f (z) j , jj
j l , :
j 2

lim
z()

f (z) =
+

z+e

lim

limi f (z) = lim f (r ei ),

r+

f (z) =

z()

limi f (z) = lim f (r ei ),

ze

z()

r(0)

lim f (z) = lim f (r ei ),

D
D
D
1
lim f (z) = ( lim + f (z) + lim f (z)).
z()
z()
2 z()

j j f (z) , j j
, j j
D
j limD
z() f (z), [0, 2), limz f (z).
j, = 0 (l0 = R) j:
D

f (x) = lim f (x),

+

lim

x+

x(0)
D

lim

f (x) = lim f (x).

x(0)
2 Victor

Alexandre Puiseux (18201883)

10

 j f (z) a C .
j j f (z) a, jj j l,a = {a+r ei |r R},
limD
za() f (z). j j
j f (z) j a, jj
j l,a , :
j 3

limi f (z) = lim+ f (a + r ei ),

lim + f (z) =

za()

za+e

r0

limi f (z) = lim f (a + r ei ),

lim f (z) =

za()

zae

r0

za()

r0(0)

lim f (z) = lim f (a + r ei ),

D
D
D
1
lim f (z) = ( lim + f (z) + lim f (z)).
za()
za()
2 za()
j j f (z) a, j j

, j j
D
j limD
za() f (z), [0, 2), limza f (z).
j, = 0 (l0 = R) j:
D

lim + f (x) = lim+ f (x),

xa(0)

xa

lim f (x) = lim f (x).

xa(0)

xa

j f (z) j j
a C {}. j j
:
j 4

lim f (z) =

za

lim f (z) = lim f (z), [0, 2).

za

za()

j j f (z) = z n (n N ) z (0),
:
D

z n dz,

lim z =

z+

lim z n =

z n dz.

j j f (z) = z n (n N ) z 0(0),
:
D

lim+ z

z0

11

z n2 dz,

lim z

z n2 dz.

z0

j f (z) a C {}, j
j j j j j,
j j,
j, j j
a, j
. , c0 (z) = f (z) j j

a. j j
R
d(c0 (z)) = c0 (z).
f (z)S g(z) j, j j
a C {}, j c C . :
S

lim (f (z) + g(z)) =

za()

lim f (z) +

za()

lim g(z),

za()

lim (c f (z)) = c

za()

lim f (z).

za()

j ex , sin(x), cos(x) j j. j
j j j j j .
limx+ ex = +, j limx+ sin(x) limx+ cos(x)
j. j j +
D
x
: ex + 0, sin(x) + 0 cos(x) + 0. , : limD
x+ e = limx+ sin(x) =
limD
= 0. j j j j
x+ cos(x) P
n

k=0 an x ( j j 0). :
D
x
limx+ a = 0(a 6= 0).
j 2

j ln(x) limx+ ln(x) =

+. j + j j

m
D
n
x =
ln(x) + 0, limD
x+ ln(x) = 0. : limx+
0, (m, n) = 1.

j 3

j limz+ Hz = +.j f (z) = Hz 3 j

c0 (z) = Hz j j

R . j.
j j: d(Hz )dz = Hz .

j 4

1
( 2
6

6Hz )dz = Hz ,4
(2)

3 j

Pn
j Hn = k=1 k1 = (0) (n + 1) +
1
4 j j H (s) = Pn
n
k=1 ks = (s) (s, n + 1); j
P+ 1
(s, z) k=0 (k+z)s

12

 (0) (z + 1) + C = Hz ,5
C = Hz (0) (z + 1),
C = .

, :

limD
z+ Hz = .

j f (z) a C {(0)}, j f (z) =

F1 (z)+F2 (z) j a, j F1 (z) F2 (z)
j c0 j.
:
S

lim f (z) =

za()

lim F1 (z) + c0 .

za()

j a C .
P
P1
D
k
f (z) = limD
za() (F1 (z)+F2 (z)) = limza() (
k=0 ck
k=n ck (za) +
P
P1
D
D
k
k
(za) ) = limza() k=n ck (za) +limza k=0 ck (za) = limza() F1 (z)+
Pn
Pn
k ik
k
e
a)k +
+ c0 = limD
c0 = limD
r0(0)
za()
k=1 ck (a + r
k=1 ck (z a)
R
Pn
P

k
c0 = k=1 ck eik limD
+ c0 = nk=1 ck eik ( 1 rk2 dr) + c0 =
r0(0) r
Pn
P
k
k
ik (1)
ik (1)
+ c0 = 1
+ c0 .
k=1 ck e
k=n ck e
k+1
2(k+1)
j j a = :
Pn
k
ik (1)
+ c0 . 
limD
z f (z) =
k=1 ck e
2(k+1)
:

limD
za()
k

a C :
P1
k
D
D
1
1
ik (+1)
limD
+ c0 +
za() f (z) = 2 (limz()+ f (z) + limz() f (z)) = 2 (
k=n ck e
k+1
P1
P1
k
k
ik (1)
ik 1+(1)
+ c0 ) = k=n ck e 2(k+1) + c0 .
k=n ck e
k+1
j a = :
Pn
k
ik 1+(1)
+ c0 .
limD
z() f (z) =
k=1 ck e
2(k+1)
j .

j f (z) z = a C {}
j c0 j j f (z)
a. j:
S

lim f (z) = c0 .

za()

j j (z) z = 1.
j j z = 1:

j 5

1
z1

+ 1 (z 1) + 21 2 (z 1)2 61 3 (z 1)3 +

1
(z
24 4

1)4 + O((z 1)5 ).

D
D
1
limD
z1(0) (z) = limz1(0) (F1 (z) + c0 ) = limz1(0) ( z1 + ) = 0 + = .
5

j (0) (z) =

0 (z)
(z) ;

j (x) =

13

R +
0

tx1 et dt

 j f (x) a C {}, j f (x) =

F1 (x) + F2 (x) j a j c0
j. :
S

lim f (z) = c0 .

za

j j j
[0, 2).
j a C .
R 2
R 2 P1
D
1 1+(1)k ik
1
1
limD
d + c0 =
za f (z) = 2 0 limza() f (z)d = 2 0
k=n ck 2 k+1 e
R
P
k
2
1 1+(1)
1
1
eik d + c0 = 0 + c0 = c0 .
k=n ck 2 k+1
2
0
j j a = . 
:

j j (z) z = 1
j z = 1:

j 6

1
z1

+ 1 (z 1) + 21 2 (z 1)2 61 3 (z 1)3 +

1
(z
24 4

1)4 + O((z 1)5 ).

limD
z1 (z) = c0 = .

.
j j

j 1

(1):
1
1 1 + 1 1 + ... + (1)n1 + ... = .
2

j 2

sn =

1
2

((1)n+1 + 1) =

1
2

(1)n+1 + 12 , s = 12 . 4

(2):
1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + 2n1 + ... = 1.

sn = 2n 1, s = 1. 4
14

j 3

(3):
1
1 2 + 4 8 + ... + (2)n1 + ... = .
3

j 4

sn = 13 ((2)n 1) = 13 (2)n + 13 , s = 13 . 4

(4):
1 + a + a2 + a3 + ... + an1 + ... =

j 5

sn =

1
a1

(an 1) =

1
a1

an

1
,
a1

s=

1
.
1a

1
.
1a

(5):
1
1 2 + 3 4 + ... + (n)n1 + ... = .
4

j 6

sn = 14 ((1)n (2n + 1) 1) = 14 (1)n (2n + 1) + 41 , s = 14 . 4

(6):
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + n + ... =

j 7

sn =

n(n+1)
,
2

s = limD
n+

n(n+1)
2

R0
1

n(n+1)
dn
2

1
= 12
.4

(7):
1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ... + n0 + ... =

j 8

1
.
12

sn = n, s = limD
n+ n =

R0
1

1
.
2

ndn = 21 . 4

(8):
2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ... + (n + 1) + ... =

sn =

n(n+3)
,
2

s = limD
n+

n(n+3)
2

15

R0
1

7
.
12

n(n+3)
dn
2

7
= 12
.4

j 9

(9):
0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + (n 1) + ... =
n(n1)
,
2

s = limD
n+

sn =

j 10

(10):

n(n1)
2

R0
1

5
.
12

n(n1)
dn
2

ln 1 + ln 2 + ln 3 + ln 4 + ... + ln(n) + ... =

5
.
12

1
ln(2).
2

6
sn = ln((1)n ), j j (1)n = (1+n)
.
(1)
j j j s(n) = sn
n = :
arg(z+1)+
arg(z+1)+
c(iz+ i2 +O(( z1 )7 ))+b arg(z)+
c(2iz+
ln(2b 2 c cscb 2 c ((z+1))+b arg(z+1)+
2
2
1
1
1
1 6
i + O(( z1 )7 )) + (( ln( z1 ) 1)z + 12 (ln(2) ln( z1 )) + 12z
360z
+
+
O((
) ))).
3
1260z 5
z
1
s = 2 ln(2). 4
:

(11):

j 11

1
1
ln 1 ln 2 + ln 3 ln 4 + ... + (1)n1 ln(n) + ... = ln( ).
2
2
:

)) (1)n ln(( n+2

)) 12 ln(2) +
sn = 21 (1)n ln(2) + (1)n ln(( n+1
2
2

ln(2),
s = 21 ln(2) + ln(2) = 12 ln( 21 ). 4

(12):

j 12

1
cos + cos 2 + cos 3 + cos 4 + ... + cos(n) + ... = .
2
:

sn = 12 cot( 2 ) sin(n) + 12 cos(n) 21 , s = 12 . 4

j 13

(13):
sin + sin 2 + sin 3 + sin 4 + ... + sin(n) + ... =

(x)n =

(x+n)
(x)

= x(x + 1) (x + n 1)

16

cot .
2
2

sn = 12 cot( 2 ) cos(n) + 12 sin(n) + 21 cot( 2 ), s = 12 cot 2 . 4

j 14

(14):

1
cos cos 2 + cos 3 cos 4 + ... + (1)n1 cos(n) + ... = .
2
:

sn = 12 (cos(( + )(n + 1)) + tan 2 sin(( + )(n + 1)) + 1), s = 12 . 4

j 15

(15):

sin sin 2 + sin 3 sin 4 + ... + (1)n1 sin(n) + ... =

tan .
2
2

sn = 12 ( tan 2 cos(( + )n) sin(( + )n) + tan 2 ), s = 12 tan 2 . 4

j 16

(16):

12k 22k + 32k 42k + ... + (1)n1 n2k + ... = 0(k = 1, 2, 3, ...).
sn = 22k (1)n+1 (2k, n+1
) + 22k (1)n (2k, n+2
) 22k+1 (2k) +
2
2
2k+2
(2k), s = (1 2
)(2k) = 0. 4
:

j 17

(17):

12k+1 22k+1 +32k+1 42k+1 +...+(1)n1 n2k+1 +... =

22k+2 1
B2k+2 (k = 0, 1, 2, ...).
2k + 2

sn = 22k+1 (1)n+1 (2k 1, n+1

) + 22k+1 (1)n (2k 1, n+2
)
2
2
22k+2 1
2k+2
2k+2
2
(2k 1) + (2k 1), s = (1 2
)(2k 1) = 2k+2 B2k+2 . 4
:

j 18

j j j (18).

(18):
1k + 2k + 3k + 4k + ... + nk + ... =

Bk+1
(k = 1, 2, 3, ...).
k+1

Pk
k+1
1
k+1m
sn = k+1
, j B1 = 12 .
m=0 m Bm n




P
Pk
k
k+1
k+1
D
1
1
k+1m
k+1m
s = limD
) = k+1
=
n+ ( k+1
m=0 m Bm n
m=0 m Bm limn+ n




R
P
P
k+2m
0
k
k
(1)
k+1
k+1
1
1
1
k+1m
dn = k+1
m=0 m Bm 1 n
m=0 m Bm k+2m = k+1 Bk+1 . 4
k+1
:

17

 3 j j j
j j j j j
j ( j B1 = 21 , j B1 = 12 ):

Bk+1 = 1


k 
X
k+1
m

m=0

Bk+1 =


k 
X
k+1
m=0

j 19

Bm
,
k+2m

Bm
.
k+2m

(19):
1s + 2s + 3s + 4s + ... + ns + ... = (s)(Re(s) < 1).
(s)

sn = Hn = (s) (s, n + 1), S = (s). 4

j 20

(20):
2
1 + (1) + 0 + 1 + (1) + 0 + ... = .
3

sn = b 23 + n3 c b n3 c, s = 23 . 4

j 21

(21):
1
1 + (1) + 0 + 1 + (1) + 0 + ... = .
3

sn = b 23 + n3 c + b 13 + n3 c, s = 13 . 4

j j (
P sin(2kx)
1
k=1
k
.
x R\Z ) bxc = 2 + x +

j 22

(22):

1 1! + 2! 3! + 4! ... + (1)n1 (n 1)! + ... = 0, 596347...

:

sn = e((1)n En+1 (1)(n+1)+Ei(1))7 , s = eEi(1) = 0, 596347...

4
7E

n (x)

R +
1

ext dt
tn ;

j Ei(x) =

18

R +
x

et dt
t

j 23

(23):
1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + ... + (n 1)! + ... = 0, 697175...

sn = (1)n n!!(n 1)+!(2) + 18 , s =!(2) + 1 = 0, 697175... 4

j 24

(24):
1+

1 1 1 1
1
+ + + + ... + + ... = = 0.57721566...
2 3 4 5
n

sn = ln(n) + + n , n

1
;
2n

s = .

: sn = Hn = (0) (n + 1) + , s = . 4

j:

sin xdxD = 1,

(25)

ln x sin xdxD = ,

(26)

0
+

Z
0

3
x tanh( x)dxD = (3).
4

(27)

j , j .
j j, ,
j j j
. j j j j
j, jj j.
j 25

j (25):
Z

sin xdxD = 1.

0
8 j

!n =

(n+1,1)
;
e

j (a, x) =

19

R +
x

ta1 et dt

R +

sin xdxD = cos x|+

= (limD
0
x+ (cos x + 0) cos 0) = (0
1) = 1. j j 2. 4

j 26

j (26):
Z

ln x sin xdxD = .

R +

ln x sin xdxD = (Ci(x)ln x cos x)|+

= limD
0
x+ (Ci(x)ln x cos x)
D
9
limx0 (Ci(x) ln x cos x) = 0 = .
j j j Ci(x) ln x cos x
:
cos x(ln x1 +O(( x1 )7 ))+cos x(( x1 )2 + x64 120
+O(( x1 )7 ))+sin x( x1 x23 + x245 +O(( x1 )7 ))+
x6
O(( x1 )9 ) ib 12 arg(x)
c + 0.

j j j Ci(x) ln x cos x
0:
6
ln x1)
1 4
+ 14 x2 (2 ln x 1) + 96
x (1 4 ln x) + x (64320
+ O(x7 ). 4
:

j 27

j (27):
Z
0

3
x tanh( x)dxD = (3).
4

xh( x)dxD = (2 xLi2 (e2 x )Li3 (e2 x )+ 2x32 +2x ln(e2 x +

3

2 x
1))|+
= limD
) Li3 (e2 x ) + 2x32 + 2x ln(e2 x + 1) + 0)
0
x+ (2 xLi2 (e
3(3)
= 0 3(3)
= 3(3)
.10 4
4
4
4

R +
0

[1] G. H. Hardy, Divergent series, Oxford at the Clarendon Press (1949)

[2] Bruce C. Brendt, Ramanujan's Notebooks, Part 1, Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
(1985), 133-149.
[3] John Tucciarone, The Development of the Theory of Summable Divergent Series from 1880 to 1925, Archive for History of Exact Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 1/2,
(28.VI.1973), 1-40.

R +
j Ci(x) = x
10 j Li (z) P+ z k
n
k=1 kn

20

cos tdt
t