I

1)

, , -

() - , , ,
;
x = F /m - , ,
;
F = F - .

, :

x = x + v t
t = t,
,
,

v . .. . -

. ,
.

,
:

,
, . ,
m a = F . ?
, m a = F , a = x?
? - , ?
. , . .
, , . ..
.
, ()
c = 2, 998 108 /. ,

,
. . ,
, .

. 1:

2)

, , ,

. , -

m,
k .

, ..  (. .
(1)).
.
. ( )
, , . ,

, .
, :

i (t)

t.

i,

i (t)

i-

, . , .
( ), , .
() 
. , ,
. ( ) ,
. , , . .
( )
,
, ,
.

, .
.
,
. .

i-

m i = k (i+1 i ) k (i i1 ).
.. 

i.

. ,
, , . ,
 .
, ,
, .
.

i (t) (t, x),

(t, x)  [x, x + dx]

t ||.

i+1 (t) i (t) (t, x + x) (t, x) (t, x) x.

, :

m(t, x) k [ (t, x) (t, x x)] x k (t, x) x2 .

x 0

m/k x2 1/c2 = const,

, (c
( ) (c

= ),

1 2 2
2 = 0,
c2 t2
x

= 0)

(0.1)

, , -

. ,

c c  .
, ,
2 3 ().
, ,
. 2 , 3 ?
, , , i = 0, ? ,   .
.
 

 .
:

1 2
2

c2 t2 x2

(
(t, x) =

c t x

)(

+
c t x

)
(t, x) = 0.

, :

(t, x) = f (c t x) + g(c t + x),

,
( ) -

x,

c t1 x1 = s0 = c t2 x2 ,

f (s),

s0 , f (c tx) -

..

t2 > t 1

x2 > x1 .

, ,

c.

g(c t + x)

, -

.
,
 .

t, x.

- ()

c t = c t cosh + x sinh
x = c t sinh + x cosh ,

= const

 . , -

1 2
2

c2 t2 x2

(
(t, x) =

1 2
2

c2 t2 x2

)
(t , x ) = 0.

, , , f (c t
x) = f (c t x ), .. . ,
:

c2 t2 x2 = c2 t2 x2 .

t, x

3)

()?

,
c c  . t, x t , x

.
, . , , 3 . ,

 3- , :

dl2 = dx2 + dy 2 + dz 2 ,

(x, y, z)

(x + dx, y + dy, z + dz).

2
dl : () ,

(x, y, z)

(x + dx, y + dy, z + dz)

. , 2- ,
x = x cos y , y = x sin y :

dl2 = dx2 + dy 2 = dx2 + x2 dy 2 .

, , ,
, , . ,
2- ,

x = x cos + y sin
y = x sin + y cos ,

= const,

dl2 = dx2 + dy 2 = dx2 + dy 2 ,

,

dx = dx

dy = dy .

, , ,
. ..
x , y , z . :
. .

4)

( -

), :

.
4-
:

ds2 = c2 dt2 dx2 dy 2 dz 2 c2 dt2 dx2 .

(t, x, y, z) (t+dt, x+
dx, y + dy, z + dz). c  .
,
:
5

c t = c t cosh + x sinh ,
x = c t sinh + x cosh ,
y = y, z = z,

(0.2)

= const.
.. , , ,

t x ,

, .
, :

, x
v ,
1
cosh =
1

,
v2
c2

vc

sinh =
1

v2
c2

(0.3)

, y ? z ? ? ?
, . ,
,

v < c. v << c, -

. ,
.
, ,
. , ,

dt dx |dx/dt| = c.
ds2 = 0. ,
2
2
2
, ds = c dt d
x2 = 0 .

|dx /dt | = c.
,

, , ,

, .. , .
, , , .
,

. . , . ,
, ,
.

. 2:

,
.

5)

, 4  (). -

3 , .

c t, x

 -

, 2 .
. , ,
(worldline). , , , ..
, .
 , vertex (,
) . 2. ,
. ,
. , , ,
(light cone). , .
.. ,
,

ct

, 45 . , , (vertex),
.
. ( . 3) (, (a))
(o). .. ,
, .
(, b)
. (,
d) .
.
2
2
2
s = c t
x2 > 0, ..

|x| < c |t|.

. 3:

t , ..
s2 > 0. , t > 0 , t > 0 .
2
, t < 0. , s > 0

.

2
s < 0, .. |x| > c |t|. ,

t = 0,

.., ,

t.

, ,
. ,
2
s < 0, .
,

s2 = 0,

..

|x| = c |t|.

. , , , ..
.

6)

. ( ), . .
. ( )  .
, , .
 .
.
(. .
(4)).
, ,
, ,
, . , ..

. 4:

.
.
, , ..
,
, ,
.
,
, . ..
.

7)

, -

, , .
,

v,

, . , , l0 . ?

(K') ( ) x1 = 0,

, x2 = l0 . -

x2 .

( )

l = x2

x1 ,

x1 . x t

t:
x1 0 = (x1 c t)
x2 l0 = (x2 c t)
(
)
x1

t1 = t

c
(
)
x2

t2 = t
.
c

= v/c

 ,

= 1/ 1 v 2 /c2

.

t2 t1 =

l
(x2 x1 )
> 0.
c
c

x2
, x1 ,
 x2 .
.. ,

x1

ds2 = c2 (t t)2 (x2 x1 )2 = (x2 x1 )2 l2

ds2 = c2 (t2 t1 )2 (x2 x1 )2 = l2 2 2 l02 .
l2 = l2 2 2 + l02 , .. 2 2 2 cosh2 sinh2 1/(1 v 2 /c2 ) v 2 /c2 /(1
v /c ) = 1, l0 = l . l0 l, .. 1.

2 2

.
, , ,
 , ..
,

cos

sin.

cosh

sinh

(
),   .

, .
10 ( ) 6
( ). ,
 10/6, .. 6 .
, , , , . ,
,
, 6 6/10 = 3, 6
?

8)

. -

v , ,
u. ?


, . ..

: cosh 1 = 1/
1

2
cosh 2 = 1/
1 uc2 , tanh 2 = u/c:
(

c t1
x1

(
=

cosh 1 sinh 1
sinh 1 cosh 1

)(

ct
x

v2
,
c2

tanh 1 = v/c

) (
) (
)(
)
c t2
cosh 2 sinh 2
c t1
,
=
x2
sinh 2 cosh 2
x1

(0.4)

= 1 + 2 .
, .

..

10

V
tanh 1 + tanh 2
v+u
= tanh(1 + 2 ) =
=
.
c
1 + tanh 1 tanh 2
1 + vc2u
,

t, x

2 , 2-

, 2-

= 1 + 2 .

.. () .
,

v ( ).

v , ..,
,
x  x|| = (v|v,x| ) |vv| x = x x|| .
x dx = dx ,

1
dx|| =
1
dt =

1
1

(
v2
c2

)
dx|| + v dt ,

dt +
v2
c2

(v dx|| )

c2

, 
. , :

d
x

u
v2

V
=
1

,
dt
c2
1 + (uc,2v)
dx||
u|| + v
V||
=
.
dt
1 + (uc,2v)

(0.5)

, ,
, .. , ..
|u|| | = c cos , 
. , (0.5),
,

|V|| | = c cos ,

cos + vc
,
cos =
1 + vc cos

v |v |.

(0.6)

9)

.. , -

,  .
, , , . , , ,

11

, , . ,
, ,
. , .
.
, .. , .
dt

dx2 + dy 2 + dz 2 = dx2 .

. -

, , ,
dx = dy = dz = 0. , :

c2 d 2 = ds2 = c2 dt2 dx2 .

d = dt

x 2 (t)
,
c2

(0.7)

x (t)  t .

12