Raman Amplification Design in WDM Systems Thit K Khuch i Raman trong Cc h thng WDM

Definition
Raman amplification is based on stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), a nonlinear effect in fiber-optical transmission that results in signal amplification if optical pump waves with the correct wavelength and power are launched into the fiber.

nh Ngha
S Khuch i Raman c cn c trn phn tan Rman m phong (SRS), mt hiu ng khng thng trong s truyn quang si Cho kt qua trong s khuch i tn hiu nu nhng sng bm quang hc vi bc sng ng v nng lng c s dng trong si.

Overview
This tutorial gives an introduction into the complex design issues of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems applying Raman amplification. It first presents an overview of traditional WDM systems, predicts problems that might arise for future configurations, and shows how Raman amplification could be of help. Then, a behavioral description of SRS is provided, and repeater designs are discussed. Finally, several system examples are shown to demonstrate typical fields of applications of Raman amplification.

Tng Quan
Hng dn ny a ra mt li gii thiu trong cc thit k phc tp ca cc h thng bc song phn chia a thanh phn (WDM) p dng s khuch i Raman. N c gii thiu u tin mt tng quan ca cc h thng WDM truyn thng, d an cc vn m c th xut hin cho nhng cu hnh tng lai, v ch ra s khuch i Raman c th gip nh th no. Sau , mt s miu t chnh xc ca SRS c cung cp, v cc thit k b chuyn tip c c tranh lun. Cui cng, vi v d h thng a nng a ra chng minh cc lnh vc tiu biu ca vic ng dng ca s khuch i Raman.

Topics
1. Traditional Configuration of WDM Systems 2. How Can Raman Amplification Be of Help? 3. Erbium-Doped Fiber versus Raman Amplification 4. Raman Amplification in Wideband WDM Transmission 5. Raman Amplification to Build Bidirectional WDM Systems 6. Raman Amplification and Fiber Nonlinearities 7. Conclusion Glossary Cc tiu 1. Cu hnh truyn thng ca cc h thng WDM 2. S khuch i Raman c th gip nh th no? 3. Phn bit si Erbium-Doped v s khuch i Raman 4. S khuch i Raman trong vic truyn bng thng WDM 5. S khuch i Raman xy dng cc h thng WDm hai chiu 6. S khuch i Raman v cc si khng thng 7. Kt lun Cc t chuyn mn

1. Traditional Configuration of WDM Systems 1. Cu hnh truyn thng ca cc h thng WDM

A typical configuration of a point-to-point WDM system is comprised mostly of the following: A number of optical transmitters

An optical multiplexer Spans of optical transmission fiber, such as standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) Optical amplifiers, usually erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) Dispersion compensating devices, like spans of dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) or chirped fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) An optical demultiplexer A number of optical receivers

Mt cu hnh in hnh ca mt h thng WDM im n im bao gm hu ht nhng th sau: Mt s ca cc my pht quang Mt b a hp quang hoc Cc cp ca si truyn quang hc, nh l si chun ch n (SSMF) Nhng b khuch i quang hc, thng thng l cc b khuch i si erbium-doped (EDFAs)] Cc thit b b p tn sc, ging nh cc cp ca si b p tn sc (DCF) hoc chirped fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) Mt b khng a hp quang hc. Mt s cc my thu quang hc Figure 1 shows the layout of such a WDM system. Hnh 1 cho thy trnh by ca mt h thng WDM nh trn. Figure 1. Typical WDM Transmission Link Hnh 1. ng dy truyn WDM in hnh

The dramatically increasing service demand driven by the rapid growth of the Internet generates new challenges for WDM system designers. Common design approaches reach their limits, and the usage of comprehensive modeling techniques becomes more and more important. Additionally, to achieve the demanding targets created by the application-oriented business developments, future systems must comply with upgraded performance criteria, such as the following: Transmission of higher total data capacities through increased channel bit rates and number of wavelength-multiplexed channels Cost-reduction by allowing longer amplifier spacing and, thus, reduction of the number of EDFAs per optical link Reduction of signal distortion to allow transmission over longer all- optical transmission links Nhu cu dich vu tng ln mt cach t ngt cung vi s phat trin nhanh chong cua Internet phat sinh ra nhiu th thach mi cho ngi thit k h thng WDM. Thit k thng thng at n gn tm gii han cua chung, va cach dung cua nhng ky thut m hinh ky thut a ngay cang tr nn quan trong. ng thi, at c nhng yu cu cao c tao ra bi s phat trin kinh t theo hng ng dung, cac h thng tng lai phai tun theo vic nng cp tiu chun thc hin, theo nh nhng tiu chun sau y: S truyn cua tng sc cha d liu cao hn thng qua vic tng knh tc truyn theo bit va s cua cac knh bc song a nng. Tit kim chi phi bng cach cho khoang cach cua b khuch ai dai hn va, theo cach o, tit kim c mt s EDFA trong tng mc xich quang hoc. Han ch s bop me tin hiu cho phep truyn dai hn trong tt ca cac mt xich truyn quang hoc There are several new design approaches to meet these criteria, including the following:

New transmission windows in wavelength domain New types of optical amplifiers covering a very high signal bandwidth to increase data capacity Bidirectional WDM transmission allowing suppression of nonlinear fiber interactions

Cac thit k mi khac nhau gn nh a at c nhng tiu chun trn, bao gm nhng iu sau: Nhng ca s truyn mi trong min bc song Nhng b khuch ai quang hoc kiu mi bao gm mt bng thng tin hiu rt cao tng thm sc cha d liu Vic truyn WDM trc tip hai chiu cho phep xay ra trit tiu nhng s anh hng cua cap khng thng. All of these techniques require a thorough understanding of the underlying physical effects and the interplay between diverse optical devices to judge their impact on system performance measures, using numerical simulation tools. Tt ca cac ky thut nay yu cu mt s hiu bit mt cach ky lng v cac hiu ng vt ly c ban va s tac ng ln nhau gia cac thit bi quang hoc a dang xet oan tac ng cua chung trn h thng chi tiu v o lng, s dung nhng cng cu m phong s.

2. How Can Raman Amplification Be of Help? 2. S khuch i Raman c th gip nh th no?

One of the most recent and interesting developments includes the constructive usage of the so-called Raman effect in optical fibers. A Raman amplifier uses intrinsic properties of silica fibers to obtain signal amplification. This means that transmission fibers can be used as a medium for amplification, and hence that the intrinsic attenuation of data signals transmitted over the fiber can be combated within the fiber. An amplifier working on the basis of this principle is commonly known as a distributed Raman amplifier (DRA). Mt trong nhng s phat trin ph bin va tuyt vi bao gm cach s dung cng trinh cua cach goi la hiu ng Raman trong cac cap quang hoc. Mt b khuch ai Raman s dung c tinh ni lai cua cac cap silica thu c nhng tin hiu khuch ai. Chinh y nghia nay ma cac cap truyn co th c s dung ging nh la mt mi trng cua s khuch ai, va t y s suy giam ni lai cua cac tin hiu d liu truyn thng qua cac co th xay ra bn trong cap. Mt b khuch ai lam vic trn c s cua nguyn ly nay thng thng c bit ging nh la mt b khuch ai Raman phn tan (DRA). The physical property behind DRAs is called SRS. This occurs when a sufficiently large pump wave is colaunched at a lower wavelength than the signal to be amplified. The Raman gain depends strongly on the pump power and the frequency offset between pump and signal. Amplification occurs when the pump photon gives up its energy to create a new photon at the signal wavelength, plus some residual energy, which is absorbed as photons (vibrational energy) as shown in Figure 2. Tinh cht vt ly ng sau nhng DRA c goi la SRS. iu nay xay ra khi mt song bm ln u c chay cung nhau mt bc song thp hn tin hiu a c khuch ai. li cua Raman phu thuc manh me vao nng lng bm va khuyu ng tn s gia kich thich va tin hiu. S khuch ai xay ra khi photon kich thich bo i nng lng cua chinh no tao ra mt photon bc song tin hiu, cng thm mt s nng lng d tha, nng lng nay thu hut nh cac photon (nng lng co dao ng) ging nh hinh 2. Figure 2. Energy States during SRS Hinh 2. Nhng trang thao nng lng trong SRS

As there is a wide range of vibrational states above the ground state, a broad range of possible transitions are providing gain. This is shown in Figure 2 by means of the shaded region. Generally, Raman gain increases almost linearly with wavelength offset between signal and pump peaking at about 100 nm and then dropping rapidly with increased offset. Figure 3 shows a typically measured Raman gain curve. The usable gain bandwidth is about 48 nm. Nh co mt pham vi rng cua nhng trang thai co dao ng trn trang thai nn, mt pham vi ro rang cua nhng s chuyn tip hp ly ang cung cp li. iu o c biu din trong Hinh 2 bi nhng phng phap min bong. Noi chung, li Raman tng gn nh la tuyn tinh vi khuyu ng bc song gia tin hiu va inh bm khoang 100 nm va sau o ri xung nhanh chong vi khuyu ng tng ln. Hinh 3 biu din mt ng cong li cua Raman o lng in hinh. Bng thng li hu dung la khoang 48 nm. Figure 3. Typical Raman Gain Curve versus Wavelength Offset Hinh 3. So sanh ng cong li in hinh vi khuyu ng bc song

The position of the gain bandwidth within the wavelength domain can be adjusted simply by tuning the pump wavelength. Thus, Raman amplification potentially can be achieved in every region of the transmission window of the optical transmission fiber. It only depends on the availability of powerful pump sources at the required wavelengths. The disadvantage of Raman amplification is the need for high pump powers to provide a reasonable gain. Vi tri cua bng thng li bn trong min bc song co th c iu chinh n gian bng cach iu hoa bc song bm. Nh vy, s khuch ai Raman tim tang co th at c trong mi vung cua ca s truyn cua cap truyn quang hoc. No chi da vao tinh sn co cua ngun bm manh nhng bc song yu cu. Bt li cua s khuch ai Raman la nhu cu nng lng bm cao cung cp mt li hp ly. This opens a new range of possible applications. It is possible, for instance, to partially compensate fiber attenuation using the Raman effect and, thus, to increase the EDFA spacing. The Raman pump wave can be conveniently placed at the EDFA locations. This saves costs as less EDFAs are needed on the link, and the number of sites to be maintained is reduced. iu nay m ra mt pham vi mi cho vic ng dung hiu qua. No hiu qua, vi du, bu p s suy giam trong cap khi s dung hiu ng Raman va, nh vy, tng khoang cach EDFA. Song bm Raman co c t thun li nhng vi tri EDFA. iu nay tit kim chi phi khi it nhng EDFA cn trn mt xich, va s lng nhng vi tri bao tri se c giam bt. Another application of the Raman effect is given with hybrid EDFA/Raman amplifiers characterized by a flat gain over especially large bandwidths. Repeaters can be built that compensate the nonflatness of the EDFA gain with a more flexible Raman gain. Multiwavelength pumping could be used to shape the Raman gain such that it equalizes for the EDFA gain shaping. ng dung khac cua hiu ng Raman la cho ra c b lai cac c im gia EDFA/b khuch ai Raman bi mt mt phng tranh thu thng qua cac bng thng ln c bit. Nhng b chuyn tip co th c xy dng

bng cach bu p khng phng cua li EDFA vi mt li Raman linh hoat hn. S kich thich bc song a nng co th c s dung inh hng li Raman sao cho no bng vi khun mu li EDFA. Also, the Raman effect on its own might be used for signal amplification in transmission windows that cannot be covered properly by EDFAs. Some frequency regions of a wideband WDM signal could be amplified by common EDFA structures, while others are amplified using the Raman effect and proper pumping. The upgrade of already existing systems by opening another transmission window where Raman amplification is applied could be an attractive application. ng thi, hiu ng Raman t no co th s dung khuch ai tin hiu trong cac ca s truyn ma khng anh hng n cac EDFA. Mt s vung tn s cua mt tin hiu WDM dai bng rng co c khuch ai bng cac cu truc EDFA thng thng, trong luc mt s khac c khuch ai bng cach s dung hiu ng Raman va kich thich hp ly (ung n). Vic nng cp cua nhng h thng nay a c hin thc bng vic m ca s truyn khac ni ma s khuch ai Raman c ap dung a co th la mt ng dung hp dn.

3. Erbium-Doped Fiber versus Raman Amplification 3. Phn bit si Erbium-Doped v s khuch i Raman
Raman amplifiers offer several advantages compared to EDFAs, including the following: Low noise buildup Simple design, as direct signal amplification is achieved in the optical fiber, and no special transmission medium is needed. Flexible assignment of signal frequencies, as Raman gain depends on the pump wavelength and not on a wavelength-sensitive material parameter of the medium, such as the emission cross-section of dopant in the erbium-doped fiber (EDF). Broad gain bandwidth is achievable by combining the Raman amplification effect of several pump waves that are placed carefully in the wavelength domain. Cac b khuch ai Raman thng co nhiu u im so vi nhng EDFA, bao gm nhng c im sau: Lp kin nhuyn thp Thit k n gian, nh s khuch ai tin hiu trc tip a thanh cng trong cap quang hoc, va mi trng truyn khng c bit la cn thit. S phn chia linh hoat cua cac tn s tin hiu, nh li Raman da vao bc song kich thich va khng phai trn bc song tham s vt cht nhay cam cua mi trng, nh la mt ct ngang phat xa cua cht kich tap trong cap erbium-doped (EDF). Bng thng li rng a c thc hin bng cach kt hp hiu ng khuch ai Raman cua cac song bm a nng ma c t cn thn trong min bc song. However, despite the many advantages of Raman amplification, there can be some degradation effects. For example, not only the specially launched pump waves but also some of the WDM channels may provide power to amplify the other channels. This would result in power exchange between WDM channels and thus cross-talk leading to signal degradation. Mc du, bt chp nhiu u im cua s khuch ai Raman, chinh iu o co th la mt s nhng hiu ng suy giam. Vi du, khng chi c bit chay cac song bm nhng cung mt s trong cac knh WDM co th cung cp nng lng khuch ai cac knh khac. iu o dn n s trao i nng lng gia cac knh WDM va chinh s trao i cheo nhau nh vy dn ti s suy giam tin hiu. These negative effects occur in unidirectional and bidirectional WDM transmission. So for accurate analysis of advanced WDM systems, it is crucial to model all Raman interactions. Additionally, degrading effects like spontaneous Raman scattering and backward Rayleigh scattering have to be considered.

Cac hiu ng tiu cc nay xay ra s truyn WDM khng trc tip va trc tip 2 chiu. Vi th s phn tich chinh xac cua cac h thng WDM hin ai, no la chu yu i chiu tt ca s anh hng cua Raman. ng thi, cac hiu ng suy giam nh s tan xa Raman t phat va s phat tan Rayleigh ngc phai c xem xet. Table 1 gives an overview of important characteristics of Raman and EDF amplifiers. Note that hybrid amplification schemes, using Raman and EDF amplification in concatenation, can be designed to take advantage of both types. Bang 1 a ra mt miu ta chung v nhng c im quan trong cua cac b khuch ai Raman va EDF. Chu y cac lc s khuch ai kt hp, s dung s khuch ai Raman va EDF trong xich chui, co th c thit k mang lai u im cua ca 2 kiu. Table 1. Comparison of Raman and Doped-Fiber Amplifier Characteristics Bang 1. So sanh cua cac c im cua b khuch ai Raman va Doped-Fiber

Characteristic
Amplification Band

Doped-Fiber Amplifier
depends on dopant

Raman Amplifier
depends on availability of pump wavelengths 48 nm, more for multiple pump waves 411 dB, proportional to pump intensity and effective fiber length equals about power of pump waves 100 nm lower then signal wavelength at peak gain

Amplification Bandwidth 20 nm, more for multiple dopants/fibers48 nm, more for multiple pump waves Gain 20 dB or more, depending on ion concentration, fiber length, and pump configuration Saturation Power depends on gain and material constants Pump Wavelength 980 nm or 1480 nm for EDFAs

c im
Dai khuch ai Bng thng khuch ai li Tp trung nng lng Bc song bm

B khuch ai Doped-Fiber
Da vao dopant 20 nm, nhiu hn i vi cac dopant/cap 48nm, nhiu hn cho cac song bm a nng 20 dB hoc hn, phu thuc vao s tp trung ion, dai cua cap, va cu hinh kich thich Da vao li va nhng hng s vt cht 980 nm hoc 1480 nm i vi nhng EDFA

B khuch ai Raman
D vao tinh sn co cua cac bc song bm 48 nm, nhiu hn cho cac song bm a nng 4 11 dB, cn xng bm cng va chiu dai cap co hiu qua Bng nhau v nng lng cua cac song bm 100 nm thp hn bc song tin hiu inh li

Raman amplifiers are topologically simpler to design than doped-fiber amplifiers, as the existing transmission fiber can be used as a medium if properly pumped. However, the selection of pump powers and wavelengths, as well as the number and separation of pumps, strongly determines the wavelength behavior of Raman gain and noise. Cac b khuch ai Raman la m hinh topo n gian thit k hn cac b khuch ai doped-fiber, trong cac cap truyn hin nay co th s dung ging nh la mt mi trng nu bm mt cach ung n. Mc du, vic chon la nng lng bm va cac bc song, cung nh s va vic tach ra cua cac bm, manh me xac inh ng i bc song cua li Raman va nhuyn. When building distributed Raman amplifiers, designers face the question of using forward or backward pumping (or even both) with respect to signal propagation. The backward pumping scheme is most commonly used as it offers several advantages. Pump noise strongly affects the WDM signals to be amplified if forward

pumping is applied, as the Raman process is nearly instantaneous. When the Raman pump wave has slight random power fluctuations in time, which is almost always the case, individual bits might be amplified differentially, which leads to amplitude fluctuations or jitter. If backward pumping is applied, power fluctuations of the Raman pump will be averaged out, as each individual bit will see several milliseconds of the Raman pump wave. Figure 4 shows the general setup of a backward pumped DRA and the counter-propagation of signal and pump. Khi ta cao c phn b cc b khuch i Raman, nhng ngi thit k phi i mt vi cu hi v vic s dng bm ti hay bm ngc (hoc l c hai) vi chi tit c th v s lan truyn tn hiu. S bm ngc thng s dng nhiu nht bi v n a ra nhng c im a nng. Nhuyn bm nh hng mnh m cc tn hiu WDM c khuch i nu bm trc c ng dng, trong khi x l Raman gn nh l tc thi. Khi sng bm Raman c nhng dao ng nng lng ngu nhin yu t trong ng lc , n hu nh lun lun l trng hp, cc bit ring l c th c khuch i chnh lch, n dn ti nhng dao ng bin hay bin ng phc tp. Nu bm ngc c p dng, nhng dao ng nng lng ca bm Raman s c tnh trung bnh ngai, trong khi tng bt ring l s nhn thy vi mili giyca sng bm Raman. Hnh 4 cho thy cch ci t chung ca mt DRA bm ngc v s m lan truyn ca tn hiu v bm. Figure 4. Backward-Pumped Raman Amplifier Showing Counter-Propagation of Pump Wave and Signal Hnh 4. B khuch i Raman bm ngc biu din s m lan truyn ca sng bm v tn hiu

Hybrid (EDF and Raman) amplification has been used successfully in recent designs to obtain the necessary optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) for high-capacity dense wavelength division multiplexing systems (DWDM) or to achieve very large amplifier spacing in, for example, festoon applications. Figure 5 shows a possible design of a hybrid EDF/Raman amplifier. The doped fiber is pumped remotely via the transmission fiber where Raman amplification occurs. S khuch i lai (EDF v Raman) c s dng thnh cng trong nhng thit k gn y thu c t l nhuyn ti tin hiu quang hc cn thit (OSNR) cho nhng h thng b a hp a l ha dn knh b phn bc sng dy c c kh nng cao (DWDM) hoc t c khng gian b khuch i rt ln, chng hn, cc ng dng trng hoa. Hnh 5 cho thy mt thit k kh thi ca mt b khuch i lai EDF/Raman. Cp Doped c bm t xa qua cp truyn dn ni m ng dng Raman xy ra. Figure 5. Hybrid EDF/Raman Amplifier Hnh 5. B khuch i lai EDF/Raman

The transversal power distribution of the signal over an amplified fiber span is strongly dependent on the applied amplification scheme and can be controlled by the Raman pump power and pump direction. Figure 6 shows the transversal span power profile employing different hybrid EDF/Raman amplification schemes. S phn phi nng lng ngang ca tn hiu qua mt khang cp khuch i l mnh m ty thuc vo s khuch i ng dng v c th c iu khin bi nng lng bm Raman v bm trc tip. Hnh 6 cho thy vt ct khang phn phi nng lng thng qua cc s s khuch i lai EDF/Raman khc nhau. Figure 6. Span Power Profile for EDFABased Systems (1), System Using Hybrid Schemes with Backward Raman Amplification Only (2), and Bidirectional Raman Amplification (3) Hnh 6. M ta s lc cp nng lng cho cc h thng EDFA c bn (1), h thng s dng s lai vi ch s khuch i ngc Raman (2), v s khuch i Raman trc tip hai chiu (3).

By properly selecting pump laser wavelengths, transmission fiber lengths, and types, many optimization targets can be reachedflattening of the EDFA gain through an optimized design of the frequency-dependent Raman gain, for example. Optimization can be achieved using numerical simulation. Bng cch la chn ng n cc bc sng lazer bm, cc di cp truyn dn, v cc kiu, nhiu ch tiu ti u ha c th t c phng ca li EDFA thng qua mt thit k ti u ha ca li Raman ph thuc vo tn s, chng hn. Ti u ha c th t c bng cch s dng s m phng s.

4. Raman Amplification in Wideband WDM Transmission 4. S khuch i Raman trong vic truyn bng rng WDM
This example demonstrates the design of a distributed Raman amplifier for ultra-wideband WDM transmission, using multiple pumps to achieve a gain flatness over an 80-nm signal bandwidth as designed after the work of Kidorf et al. As mentioned earlier, a very wideband flat amplification can be achieved by selecting launched powers and emission wavelengths of the Raman pumps properly. Figure 7 shows the general design setup. V d ny gii thch thit k ca mt b khuch i Raman phn tn cho vic truyn bng rng WDM ln, s dng cc bm a nng t c mt li phng qua mt bng thng tn hiu 80 nm ging nh thit k sau cng vic ca Kidorf et al. Nh c cp trc , mt s khuch i phng rt bng rng c th t c bng cch chn ra cc nng lng chy v cc bc sng pht x ca cc bm Raman ng mc. Hnh 7 cho thy cch ci t thit k ci t chung. Figure 7. Design Setup for Wideband Raman Amplifier Evaluation Hnh 7. Thit k ci t cho s c lng b khuch i bng rng Raman

One hundred test carriers are used to sample the Raman gain response over a bandwidth of approximately 82 nm. Each launched with an average power of 3 dBm into 60 km SSMF. The accumulated fiber attenuation is completely compensated using the SRS effect of eight counter-propagating Raman pumps. Mt triu phn t mang kim tra c s dng ly mu phn ng li li Raman qua mt bng thng ca xp x 82 nm. T phn t phng ra vi mt nng lng ca -3 dBm trong 60 km SSMF. S suy gim cp tch ly l han thnh n b vic s dng hiu ng SRS ca 8 bm Raman m lan truyn. At the receiver, 100 power detectors are used to evaluate the Raman gain response at the output of the fiber. Figure 8 shows the optical spectrum at the receiver. The gain ripple is less than 2 dB over 81 nm. Note that there is still enough power margin to introduce a gain-flattening filter at the output of the fiber span to achieve a total gain ripple of less than 0.5 dB. thit b thu, 100 b d nng lng c s dng c lng s phn ng li cua li Raman ngai cp. Hnh 8 cho thy quang ph quang hc thit b thu. S gn sng li t hn 2 dB qua 81 nm. Ch rng vn cn c nng lng d tr bt u mt b lc phng cua li ngai khang cch cp t c mt tng gn sng li t hn 0.5 dB.

Figure 8. Optical Output Spectrum after Propagation over 60 km SSMF Applying Backward Raman Amplification Using Eight Raman Pumps Hnh 8. Quang ph quang hc ngai sau s lan truyn qua 60 km SSMF p dng s khuch i Raman ngc s dng tm bm Raman

The average launch powers of the eight Raman pumps vary only between 19.5 and 21.5 dBm. The flat gain response of the amplifier is achieved by selecting the emission frequencies of the pumps carefully. The eight Raman pumps are spaced unequally over about 86 nm, with an offset to the WDM signal band of 77 nm to 163 nm, as depicted in Figure 9. Note that the four pumps emitted at the smallest wavelengths are about equally spaced and that the other four are spaced much wider. Nng lng chy trung bnh ca 8 bm Raman ch thay i trong khang 19.5 v 21.5 dBm. S phn ng li cua li phng ca b khuch i t c bng cch chn cn thn nhng tn s phat xa ca cc bm. 8 bm Raman c khang cch khng bng nhau khang 86 nm, vi mt khyu ng n di tn hiu WDM ca 77 nm n 163 nm, nh a miu ta trong Hinh 9. Chu y rng 4 bm phat xa nhng song nho nht la c cach khoang bng nhau va iu o 4 bm khac c cach khoang nhiu hn. Intuitively, there are two reasons for this spacing arrangement. First, the Raman gain response is strongly asymmetrical. It has an almost linear increase for wavelength offsets between signal and pump of less than 100 nm and then a sudden decrease after the gain peak (see Figure 3). Bng trc giac, hai ly do cho vic sp xp khoang cach nay. u tin, s phan ng lai cua li Raman la tinh khng i xng manh me. No co mt s tng gn nh tuyn tinh cho cac khuyu ng bc song gia tin hiu va bm cua it hn 100 nm va sau o mt s giam sut t ngt sau khi inh li (xem Hinh 3). Figure 9. Spectral Distribution of the Eight Raman Pumps at the Backward Input of the Fiber (Red) and the Forward Output of the Fiber (Blue) Hinh 9. S phn b quang ph cua 8 bm Raman u vao ngc lai cua cap (o) va u ra ti cua cap (Xanh)

Second, there are strong pump-to-pump interactions, as the Raman pumps are spaced over 86 nm for which the Raman efficiency is already very large. Pumps emitted at the very low wavelengths amplify the WDM signal band as well as the pumps at the higher wavelengths. Th 2, o la cac s tng tac bm ti bm manh me, trong khi cac bm Raman c cach khoang qua 86 nm cho ra hiu ng Raman tht s la rt ln. Cac bm a phat ra cac bc song rt thp khuch ai dai tin hiu WDM tt ging nh la cac bm cac bc song cao hn. Figure 10. Propagation of the Eight Raman Pumps over the Fiber Hinh 10. S lan truyn cua 8 bm Raman qua cap

Figure 10 shows the pumps' power profile along the fiber. Starting with almost equal pump powers at the far end of the fiber, the pumps at the higher wavelengths are first amplified by the pumps at the lower wavelengths. Further down the fiber, when the power of the low-wavelength pumps is reduced due to energy transfer to high wavelengths and fiber attenuation, the effect of pump-to-pump amplification is reduced. As can be concluded from Figure 10, interaction of the different pump waves is nonnegligible. Hinh 10 cho thy mt nghing nng lng cua bm theo cap. Bt u vi cac nng lng bm gn nh bng nhau im kt thuc xa cua cap, cac bm cac bc song cao hn c khuch ai u tin bi cac bm cac bc song thp hn. Xa hn na xung cap, khi nng lng cua cac bm bc song thp a c giam bt vi nng lng truyn n cac bc song cao va s suy giam cap, hiu ng cua s khuch ai bm ti bm bi giam sut. Nh a c kt lun Hinh 10, s anh hng cua cac song bm khac la khng ang k.

5. Raman Amplification to Build Bidirectional WDM Systems 5. S khuch i Raman xy dng cc h thng WDM trc tip hai chiu
This example demonstrates the bidirectional WDM signal transmission and Raman pumping to compensate attenuation in the transmission fiber. Figure 11 shows the design.

Vi du nay giai thich s truyn dn tin hiu WDM trc tip 2 chiu va vic bm Raman bu p lai s suy giam trong s truyn dn cap. Hinh 1 chi ra mt thit k. Figure 11. Bidirectional DWDM System Exploiting C and L Bands Using Hybrid EDF/Raman Amplification Hinh 11. H thng DWDM trc tip 2 chiu khai thac cac tng C va L s dung s khuch ai lai EDF/Raman

In this system configuration, the C band is employed for signal transmission in one direction and the L band to propagate signals in the opposite direction. The fiber attenuation is partly compensated by the distributed Raman amplifier. Accordingly, applying the backward pumping scheme for each band requires the L-band pump to be placed at the same fiber end as the C-band transmitter and vice versa. Obviously, this configuration implies the bidirectional pumping. Trong cu hinh h thng nay, tng C c mn nh s tuyn dn tin hiu trong mt phng hng va tng L truyn cac tin hiu trong phng i din. S suy giam cap mt phn c bu bi b khuch ai Raman phn tan. Tng ng, ap dung cho s bm ngc cho mi tng yu cu bm tng L phai c t cung cap cui vi b phat tng C va ngc lai. Ro rang, cu hinh nay ngu y chi bm trc tip 2 chiu. When modeling such systems, it is crucial that the power exchange between the co- and counter-propagating signals and pumps (pump-to-pump, pump-to-signal, and signal-to-signal) is accurately considered. Therefore, simplified approaches neglecting, for example, pump depletion are not suitable. Accurate modeling is only possible if all bidirectional interactions are modeled. Khi lam m hinh cac h thng nh vy, no quan trong cho vic trao i nng lng gia cac tin hiu truyn ng b va cac tin hiu truyn m va cac bm (bm ti bm, bm ti tin hiu, va tin hiu ti tin hiu) phai c xem xet mt cach ung n. Bi vy, nhng cach tip cn c n gian hoa khng cn chu y, vi du, lam rng bm la khng phu hp. Lam m hinh chi kha thi nu tt ca cac s anh hng trc tip 2 chiu la ung khun mu. Typical signal and pump spectra are shown in Figure 12. The nonflatness of the signal spectrum is due to the Raman gain shape. It can be overcome with gain flattening filters placed right after the EDFAs. Tin hiu n gian va quang ph bm c chi trong Hinh 12. khng phng cua cac quang ph tin hiu co c la nh co hinh dang li Raman. No co th bi vt qua vi cac b loc lam phng li c t sau cac EDFA. Figure 12. Spectrum at Output of Transmission Fiber (Both Directions) Hinh 12. Cac quang ph u ra cua cap truyn dn (ca hai phng)

It is quite interesting to look at Figure 13, which shows the signal and pump propagation in both directions. The L-band signal launched in the backward direction at the far fiber end (z = 100 km) experiences a significant Raman amplification of the backward-propagating C-band pump wave, which is also launched at the far end. On the other hand, the C-band signal, which is launched in the forward direction at the near fiber end (z = 0 km) experiences Raman amplification of the forward-propagating L-band pump. Such signal amplification by foreign pump waves is possible because of the large bandwidth of Raman gain. Thus, the signal is amplified two times, one time by the foreign pump in the vicinity of the launch point and the second time by its own pump at the fiber output. Kha thu vi khi nhin vao Hinh 13, no cho thy s lan truyn tin hiu va bm trong ca hai phng. Tin hiu tng L chay trong phng ngc im cap kt thuc xa (z = 100 km) trai qua mt s khuch ai Raman y u tinh cht cua song bm tng C truyn ngc, no chi chay im kt thuc xa. Mt khac, tin hiu tng C, no c chay theo hng ti gn im cap kt thuc xa (z = 0 km) trai qua s khuch ai Raman cua bm tng L truyn xui. Nh vy s khuch ai tin hiu bng cac song bm ngoai hp ly bi vi bng thng ln cua li Raman. Nh vy, tin hiu c khuch ai 2 ln, mt ln bi bm ngoai trong vng ln cn ca im chy v ln th hai l chnh n bm cho n u ra cp. This example also shows that careful modeling of pump-to-pump interactions is of importance. At the far fiber end, the C-band pump significantly amplifies the L-band pump. Pump depletion of the C-band pump occurs at the near fiber end. V d ny cng cho thy cach lm m hnh cn thn ca nhng s anh hng cua bm ti bm l quan trng. im kt thc xa, bm tng C khuch i ng k bm tng L. S suy gim bm ca bm tng C xy ra im gn cui cp. Figure 13. Propagation of C-Band and L-Band Signals and Pumps Hnh 13. S lan truyn ca cc tin hiu tng C v tng L v cc bm

6. Raman Amplification and Fiber Nonlinearities 6. S khuch i Raman v cc si khng thng

This example presents results of a case study investigating the importance of nonlinear propagation effects when deciding on optimum signal power conditions. The considered DWDM system is shown in Figure 14. V d ny gii thiu nhng kt qu ca mt cch nghin cu nghin cu v s quan trng ca cc hiu ng lan truyn khng thng khi chn nhng iu kin nng lng tn hiu quang hc. H thng DWDM quyt nh c a vo Hnh 14. Figure 14. DWDM System for Investigation of Optimized Span Input Power Using Different Types of Hybrid EDF/Raman Amplification Hnh 14. H thng DWDM cho vic nghin cu v nng lng cp u vo quang hc s dng nhiu kiu khc nhau ca s khuch i lai EDF/Raman

Advantages of hybrid amplification were investigated for a 40-channel DWDM system. Channels transmit at 10 Gbps and are placed equidistantly 50 GHz apart. The dispersion map consists of a span of 100 km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) or SSMF. The accumulated fiber attenuation is 20 dB. Ideal precompensation of chromatic dispersion is assumed for both cases. Cc u im ca s khuch i lai c nghin cu cho mt h thng DWDM 40 knh. Cc knh truyn 10 Gbps v c t cch u 50 GHz ring ra. Bn tn sc bao gm mt cp 100 km cp lun phin tn sc (DSF) hoc SSMF. S suy gim cp tch ly l 20 dB. S b p l tng ca s tn sc na cung c gi thit cho c 2 trng hp. Three different amplification scenarios are comparedfirst, backward Raman amplification, second, bidirectional Raman amplification, and third, pure EDF amplification (with noise figure of 4 dB). The span power profile for the three scenarios was shown in Figure 6. To investigate impact of fiber nonlinearities on one hand and amplifier noise on the other hand, channel launch powers are varied between -5 dBm and 20 dBm.

The eye-closure of the central channel (1550 nm) is measured after a receiver unit consisting of optical drop filter, photodiode, and post-detection filter before and after fiber propagation. 3 vin cnh s khuch i khc nhau c so snh----Th nht, s khuch i Raman ngc, th hai, s khuch i Raman trc tip 2 chiu, v th ba, s khuch i EDF sch (vi hnh nhuyn ca 4 dB). M ta s lc cp nng lng cho 3 vin cnh c ch ra trong Hnh 6. Nghin cu s nh hng ca cp khng thng trn mt mt v nhuyn b khuych i trong mt khc, nng lng chy knh thay i gia -5 dBM v 20 dBm. Mt ng kn ca knh trung tm (1550 nm) l chnh xc sau khi mt b n v thu bao gm b lc git quang hc, it quang, v b lc tham d trc v sau s lan truyn cp. Figure 15 shows the eye-closure penalty versus channel power for the three investigated amplification schemes after propagation over the DSF. Hnh 15 cho thy so snh s bt li mt ng kn v nng lng knh cho 3 s nghin cu s khuch i sau s lan truyn qua DSF. Figure 15. Eye-Closure Penalty versus Channel Power for Different Amplification Schemes after Propagation over DSF Hnh 15. So snh s bt li mt ng kn v nng lng knh cho cc lc s khuch i khc nhau sau khi lan truyn qua DSF

Figure 15 clearly indicates optimum values for the channel powers with respect to eye-closure penalty. At low channel powers, performance is limited by amplifier noise, while for high channel powers, it is limited by fiber nonlinearities, namely cross-phase modulation (XPM) and four wave mixing (FWM). Regardless of the applied amplification scheme, all three penalty curves rise with almost equal gradient. Hnh 15 ch r rng gi tr ti u cho cc nng lng knh i vi s bt li mt ng kn. cc nng lng knh thp, s thc thi b hn ch bi nhuyn b khuch i, trong khi nhng nng lng knh cao, n gii hn bi cc cp khng thng, y l s iu bin pha ngang (XPM) v s trn ln 4 sng (FWM). Bt chp v lc s khuch i c ng dng, tt c 3 ng cong bt li tng ln vi gn nh ng dc bng nhau. The systems using Raman amplification outperform the one using an EDFA by the optimum achievable eyeclosure penalty and the tolerance to power fluctuations. For the given set of parameters, widest tolerance with respect to the launch power is found for the case of bidirectional Raman amplification. Cc h thng s dng s khuch i Raman lm tt hn s khuch i Raman s dng mt EDFA bi s tt u bt li cua mt ng kn thc thi v dung sai ti nhng dao ng nng lng. Bi v ci t cho trc ca cc thng s, dung sai rng nht i vi nng lng chy c tm cho trng hp trong s khuch i Raman.

For comparison, Figure 16 shows the eye-closure penalty versus channel power for the three investigated amplification schemes after propagation over standard SMF. so snh, Hnh 16 ch s so snh s bt li cua mt ng kn vi nng lng knh cho 3 lc nghin cu s khuch i sau khi lan truyn thng qua tiu chun SMF. Figure 16. Eye-Closure Penalty versus Channel Power for Different Amplification Schemes after Propagation over Standard SMF Hnh 16. So snh s bt li mt ng kn vi nng lng knh cho cc lc s khuch i khc nhau sau khi lan truyn thng qua chun SMF.

Again, Figure 16 indicates optimum channel powers with respect to eye-closure penalty. However, there is now a clear difference visible with respect to tolerance of fiber nonlinearities. Xin nhc li, Hnh 16 ch bo cc nng lng knh ti u i vi s bt li mt ng kn. Tuy nhin, by gi c mt s chnh lnh r rng c th thy i vi s lan truyn ca cp khng thng. For both considered propagation fibers, the optimum launch powers differ by up to 7 dBm, depending on the applied amplification scenario. This has an impact on WDM systems using a high number of channels, as more channels can be amplified with the same amount of pump power. Also, the minimum values of eye-closure penalty differ, which indicates that different total transmission distances are possible. i vi c hai cp lan truyn quan trng, nng lng chy ti u bng cch tng n 7 dBm, da trn vin cnh s khuch i ng dng. iu ny c mt nh hng i vi cc h thng s dng mt s cao ca cc knh, nh nhiu knh c th c khuch i vi cng s lng ca nng lng bm. ng thi, gi tr nh nht ca s bt li mt ng kn khc, n ch ra nhng tng di truyn dn l kh thi. The results of this example case study show the importance of including nonlinear propagation effects in the system design process when deciding on optimum signal and pump powers. Nhng kt qu ca nghin cu tnh hung v d ny chi ra s quan trong ca tt c cc hiu ng truyn khng thng trong x l thit k h thng khi quyt nh ti u ha tn hiu v cc nng lng bm.

7. Conclusions 7. Kt lun
First, this tutorial described how Raman amplification could be helpful when designing future fiber-optical communication systems requiring throughput of large capacity. Then, a general introduction of the Raman effect was presented, and advantages of certain amplifier topologies were discussed. With the help of three application

examples, general problems arising from the design of systems considering Raman amplification were presented. It was shown that careful modeling of all relevant physical propagation effects is crucial for system design. Th nht, hng dn ny miu t s khuch i Raman c th gip ch khi thit k cc h thng vin thng cp quang tng lai yu cu thng lng ca in dung ln. Sau , mt gii thu chung v hiu ng Raman c gii thiu, v cc u im ca cc m hnh topo b khuch i no c tranh lun. Vi s gip ch ca 3 v d s khuch i Raman, cc vn chung xut hin t thit k ca cc h thng quyt nh s khuch i Raman c gii thiu. N chi ra cch lm m hnh cn thn ca tt c cc hiu ng lan truyn vt l c lin quan quyt nh cho thit k h thng.

Glossary Cc t chuyn mn
DCF: dispersion compensating fiber (cp b p tn sc) DRA: distributed Raman amplifier (b khuch i Raman c phn b) DSF: dispersion shifted fiber (cp di chuyn tn sc) DWDM: dense wavelength division multiplexing (b chia a thnh phn bc sng dy c) EDF: erbium-doped fiber (cp erbium-doped) EDFA: erbium-doped fiber amplifier (b khuch i cp erbium-doped) FBG: fiber Bragg grating FWM: four wave mixing (4 sng ha hp) OSNR: optical signal-to-noise ratio (s truyn quang hc tn hiu ti nhuyn) SRS: stimulated Raman scattering (vic m phng Raman phn tn) SSMF: standard single mode fiber (cp chun ch n) WDM: wavelength division multiplexing (bc sng chia a thnh phn) XPM: cross-phase modulation (s m phng pha cho) TPHCM, ngy 14 thng 11 nm 2007 Ngi bin dch ti liu

Phm L Hi bng

ANH VIT THIU EM 2 CHU TRC + 2 CHU DCH TI LIU NY = 4 CHU (KH KH LN NY LI TO) (CM X )