- 32

(Multiplexing)

(
)

Multiplexing
(Transmission) ( )

Multiplexing
- 1
1 link share

- Multiplexing share
- link
coaxial cable , optical fiber ,
a. No Multiplexing b. Multiplexing

- 33

Multiplexing
- Frequency - Division Multiplexing (FDM)
- Time - Division Multiplexing (TDM)
- Wave - Division Multiplexing (WDM)

TDM ( Time Division Multiplexing )

FDM ( Frequency Division Multiplexing )


24 CCITT 30
PCM ( Pulse Code Modulation )
24 30
CCITT
30 2.048 Mb/s 120 8.448 Mb/s 480
34.368 Mb/s
Synchronous Asynchronous PCM
.. 1970 Asynchronous
Synchronous .. 1988
Synchronous Asynchronous
Synchronous
Synchronous
2.1 Pulse Code Modulation ( PCM)
Pulse Code Modulation
(pulse train) (code)

Digital Transmission analog transmission
(noise)
3 PCM 3 Sampling
Quantization - ( Encoding and Decoding )

- 34

Pulse Code Modulation

PCM 3
Sampling Quantization - ( Encoding and Decoding )

(sampling) Sampler

PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) PAM
Quantizer PAM
) PAM Binary code (encoder)
PCM
PCM
(Decoder) PCM PAM PAM
Low Pass Filter (Reconstruction)
2.1.1 Sampling
Sampling
Sampling Rate Sampling
Period 8,000 Sample
Sampling Rate 8 KHz. Sampling Period 1/8,000 ( 125 ) Sampling Period
Shannons sampling criterion Sampling Frequency

 - 35

Sampling
Sample
TDM ( Time Division Multiplexing )
PCM 30 Channel PCM Sampling
Sample 30
2.1.2 Quantization
Quantizing Sampling
( Quantized Value ) CCITT
256
PAM sampling
PAM
( discrete)

2.3
2.3 PAM
(Quantizing Level)
(Quantizing interval) Quantizing step
(Uniform Quantizing) PAM
PAM t = t1 2.8 3 t = t2
6.2 6 PAM

Quantizing noise
(Quantizing Distortion)

- 36

2.1.3 Encoding and decoding

Encoding Quantized Value
Quantization Encoding Encoder
Quantized Value 256
8
Decoding Sample

PAM Quantizing
PAM (binary code)
PAM 8 28 (=256)
3 3

Regenerative repeater
(Attenuated) (Distortion)
noise -
-

 - 37

Regenerative repeater 5.5 Regenerative

repeater 3 Reshaping ,Retiming ,Regeneration
(Attenuated) (Distortion)
Preamplifier qualizer
Reshape Detection
Timing sampling (Regeneration)
(Making decision) 1 0

5.5 Regenerative repeater

PCM

- 38

2.2 ( Line Codes )

PCM 0 1
Multiplexer Multiplexer
0 1
(Line Codes) (Unipolar)
( Bipolar ) ( Non return to zero; NRZ )
( Return to zero; RZ ) NRZ Pulse
Clock RZ Clock
2.1 2.2 PCM ( Code Converter )


Capacitive Coupling Ground
loop
( Equalization Circuit ) ( Zero
Crossing ) Timing Recovery Clock Frequency Recovery
( Low Error
Multiplication ) Bandwidth
( Error Detection ) ( Error
Correction )

2.2.1. NRZ Code Non-return-to-zero signal binary

100% duty cycle ( bit duration ) binary 1 ( voltage
level ) ( zero logical level )
binary 1 NRZ
digital ( digital multiplexer, digital
microwave radio, optical fiber line terminal etc. ) digital
NRZ
3
1. Non-return-to zero( NRZ )
2. Non-return-to zero level( NRZL )

- 39

3. Non-return-to zero inverted( NRZI )

Non-return-to-zero( NRZ )
2 binary value binary value 1
binary value 0 NRZ
unipolar signal binary value 1 polarity
binary value 0 0 volt
Non-return-to-zero-level(NRZL) logic NRZ
0 volt binary value 1 binary value 0

Non-return-to zero inverted( NRZI ) differential

encoding
NRZI binary 0 ( transition )
NRZI
binary 1
0 binary 1
0
binary 1
0
differenctial encoding polarity signal element
1 timing pulse
signal element
differential encoding detect
polarity
detect
threshold detect NRZ NRZL
complex transmission layout
multidrop twisted pair cable
twiated pair cable polarity
logical level signal element
differential NRZI

- 40

NRZ
NRZ
digital digitalal electronics

NRZ
NRZ
1.
equalize
( regenerative repeater )
2. clock recovery timing
pulse Synchronization
NRZ 0 1 synchroniztion
loss
3. ( noise ) wire-cable
logical 0 logical 1
( error ) NRZ
cable
2.4 NRZ signal spectrum
logical level 10101010
average dc component V/2 spectrum
spectrum clock frequency( f ) odd harmonics
signal amplitude (
regenerative repeater ) clock frequency loss of
synchronization

 - 41

2.4 NRZ spectrum

2.2 Unipolar return-to-Zero( RZ ) Signal
RZ NRZ duty cycle pulse logical level
1 50% unipolar RZ
NRZ digital logic circuits
RZ unipolar signal
( dc component )
frequency spectrum odd harmonics NRZ RZ
spectrum
( clock frequency ) RZ
0 loss of synchronization
logical 0
logical 1 RZ NRZ
RZ RZ NRZ DC
component coupling line transformer
Synchronization loss Unipolar digital signal
waveform zero crossing clock recovery

 - 42

2.5 Unipolar RZ signal spectrum

2.3 Altnate Mark Invertion( AMI ) Signal Bipolar return to zero signal
bipolar signal duty cycle 50% logical level 1 pulse
logic 1 ( polarity )
frequency spectrum dc component dc component
coupling line transformer
clock frequency AMI spectrum signal amplitude
clock frequency( f ) timing pulse clock frequency
AMI bipolar signal zero
crossing waveform timing( clock ) recovery AMI
pulse logic 1 polarity
logic 0 logical
1 error AMI
0 timing recovery
loss of synchronization

2.6 AMI NRZ RZ

 - 43

2.7 spectrum of AMI signal

2.4 Bipolar N Zero substitution Signal
Bipolar N Zero substitution signal line coding signal ( modify ) AMI
siganl synchronization loss Bipolar N zero substitution
siganl

Bipolar Three zero substitution( B3ZS ) signal B3ZS line coding

signal ITU-T( CCITT ) Recommendation G.703 bit rate
44.736 Mb/s( DS-3 ) Bipolar three zero substitution( B3ZS ) HDB3( Hi-density bipolar
three code B3ZS bit " 0 "
3 HDB3 " 0 " 4

2.8 Bipolar Three zero substitution ( B3ZS ) Signal

 - 44

Bipolar six zero substitution ( B6ZS ) Bell system

bit rate 6.312 Mb/s 1 ( one symmetric pair )
Bipolar Violation 2 5 pulse
0 6 frequency 0VB0VB polarity
2.1
bipolar

0+-0-+

0-+0+ 2.1 AMI B6ZS

2.9 Bipolar six zero substitution ( B6ZS ) signal

Bipolar eight zero substitution ( B8ZS ) signal zero pulses 8
000VB0VB
Coaxial cable 6.312 Mbps( ITU-T Recommendation G.703 )
2.2
bipolar

000+-0-+

000-+0+-

2.2 zero - pulse B8ZS

 - 45

2.10 Bipolar eight zero substitution ( B8ZS ) signal

2.5 High Density Bipolar Three Zero ( HDB-3 ) signal
AMI
Zero pulse 3 ( 4 )
loss of synchronization timing
clock ( clock recovery ) HDB-3 ITU-T
recommendation G.703 2, 8 34 Mbps HDB-3
pulse 0 4 bits bit 4 1
pulse bit 4 violation pulse( V ) AMI
1 zero pulse polarity violation pulse
( 0 4 bits ) bit 4
violation( V ) pulse Violation pulse polarity
violation pulse violation 0 bit
4 V pulse 1
0 sequence 1 polarity V pulse
0 sequence 0
Violation pulse

2.11 Hi-density bipolar-three( HDB-3 ) signal

 - 46

2.6 Code Mark Inversion( CMI ) encoding

CMI 1
( positive and negative state ) 0 ( negative state )
Bit interval positive state CMI
recommendation G.703 139.264 Mbps( 140 M )
2.12

2.12 Code Mark Inversion ( CMI ) Signal

2.7 2B1Q( 2 binary 1 quaternary )
digital baseband
Baseband MODEM Hi-bitrate Digital Subscriber Line( HDSL )
multi-level signal 2 bits 1 quaternary
symbol
Binary bits

Quaternary Symbols

Voltage Level

10

+3

2.5

11

+1

0.833

01

-1

-0.833

00

-3

-2.5

2B1Q

 - 47

2.13 2B1Q Signal

Multiplexing
(, )
Multiplexing
Multiplexing (combination)
(transmission Media)
(utilization)
Multiplexing 2.14

2.14 Multiplexing
2.14 n input data channel MUX
communication link n data channel
communication link
(DEMUX) n channel data output Mulitplexing

communication link
transmission (More cost-effective) application
kbps data rate
transmission facility transmission receiving
equipment kbps data rate

 - 48

data terminal equipment

file data rate 9,600 bps 64
kbps
transmission media
transmission media
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
analog
1 call ( transmission )
FDM call modulated
different carrier frequencies modulated carriers
bandwidth overlap voice
bandwidth 3100 Hz( 300 - 3400 Hz) Multiplex
different carrier frequencies 4000 Hz 4 kHz
bandwidth overlap FDM
1930s 12 calls transmission
1939 FDM 600 coaxial
cable FDM 2.15

2.15 Frequency Division Multiplexing(FDM)

FDM Analog Carrier System oscillators
filters oscillators filters
oscillators filters
(integrated circuit : IC)

- 49

ITU-T analog carrier

60 kHz 108 kHz group group
carrier 2.16 4.5(ITU-T M.320)

2.16 group analog carrier band

60kHz 108 kHz 6 kHz 8

2.17 group analog carrier band

60kHz 108 kHz 4 kHz 12

2.17 group analog carrier

 - 50

Band 60kHz 108 kHz 3 kHz

16
group FDM Carrier
group mulitplexing supergroup supergroup
group( 12 Channels ) 5 groupg supergroup
60 Voice Channel supergroup
Recommendation M.330 basic supergroup 312 kHz 552 kHz

2.17 basic supergroup

supergroup Mastergroup( ITU-T M.340 )
supergroup mastergroup 4 8
supergroups basic mastergroup supergroup
standard 4-MHz coaxial system

2.18 supergroup basic Mastergroup

Mastergroup supermastergroup( REC. M.350 )
mastergroup supermastergroup

 - 51

7 9 mastergroups supermastergroup.
mastergroup supermastergroup 4.8

2.19 mastergroup supermastergroup

12 channel group 60
kHz 108 kHz( bandwidth 48 kHz ) ITU-T( CCITT )
supergroup

2.3 North American and internationstand( ITU-T ) FDM carrier standard

Voice Frequency Telegraph( VFT ) FDM
( 300 - 3400 Hz )
Non-Return to Zero( NRZ )
Asynchronous( Start - Stop ) format digital
Analog

- 52

Frequency Shift Keying( FSK ) Unit analog FSK unit

( VFT ) Aggregate card

bandpass filter FSK( VFT )
discriminator
VFT
50 300 bps FSK unit 1
carrier frequency 1 bit rate Baud
VFT reccommendation ITU-T R.35
( 75 bps ), R.37,( 150 bps ) R.38A(
300 bps ), R.38B( 225 bps )
R.35 120 Hz Shift + 30 Hz
( shift shift avsrage frequency center frequency
center frequency shift
) R.37 240 Hz Shift + 60 Hz
R.38A 480 Hz Shift + 120 Hz
R.38B 360 Hz Shift + 90 Hz

Time Division Multiplexing( TDM )

digital ( voice )
analog analog digital
PCM analog voice digitized voice
sampling 8000 1 sampling
8 bits bit rate 64 Kbps
multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing( TDM ) 2 Character(
word/byte ) Interleave TDM Bit Interleave TDM
stuffing bits
Multiplexing Time Division Multiplexing TDM
digial ( digital Multiplexing )
digital

 - 53

electronics
digital electronics micro-controler, Programmable Array Logic( PAL )
Time Division Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing( FDM )
TDM ( scanning )
1 1 Frame
Synchronization Frame
Frame Frame alignment signal

2.20 Time Division Multiplexing( TDM )

digital multiplexing 32 time slot
( TS ) TS 8 bits Frame 6.11 TS
8 bits 32 TS bits Frame 256 bits 1 Frame
125 seccond frame 1 8,000 Frame bitrate
E1 32 x 8 x 8,000 = 2,048,000 bit/s = 2,048 kbit/s

2.21 E1 Frame

 - 54

2.21 time slot 0 E1 Frame

2.22 Frame frame 0, 2 , 4 . . . time slot 0 FAS( Frame
Alignment Signal ) Frame Non-Frame Alignment Signal( NFAS )
Frame Digital MUX

2.22 T1 Frame
T1 Frame time slot 24 time slots time slot
8 bits bits 1 Frame 192 bits extra bit
1 bit Frame Alignment Signal bits 193 bits
8,000 Frame/sec E1 Bitrate = 193 x 8,000 = 1,544,000 bit/s

North American and international plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

 - 55

2.3 Asynchronous Higher-Order Digital Multiplexing CCITT

30-Channel PCM
30 CCITT
120 ( 30X4 )
480 (120X4 )
1,920 ( 480X4 ) 7,680 ( 480X4 )

2.4 Asynchronous Higher-Order Digital Multiplexing

Multiplex AMI Code 50% Duty
Cycle - CCITT

Synchronous -

Comparison of line codes. (a) Line codes, (b) spectra

- 56

Asynchronous Digital Multiplexers

1.544 Mb/s 2.048
Mb/s Synchronous
Synchronous Digital Multiplexers Asynchronous
Multiplexers
Synchronous Digital Multiplexers Clock Frequency ,
Clock Frequency Bit Stream Synchronize Master Clock
Asynchronous Digital Multiplexers Bit Stream Clock Frequency
( Samenominal frequency ) Synchronize

Synchronous Digital Multiplexers Bit Stream
Asynchronous Digital Multiplexers Bit Stream
Asynchronous
Synchronous Synchronous

Bit-by-bit multiplexing / interleaving

Word-by-word multiplexing / interleaving
Bit-by-bit Frame Structure
Bit Stream Memory Word-byword Asynchronous Multiplexers Frame Structure
CCITT 8 Mb/s Asynchronous Digital Multiplexers CCITT
Primary Multiplexer 4 Bit Stream 2.048 Mb/s Bit-by-bit Interleaving
Output 8.448 Mb/s 2.048 Mb/s
Asynchronous Bit Stream
Clock Plesiochronous Frequency
Primary Multiplex output 2.048 Mb/s +- 50
ppm. Positive
Stuffing ( Positive Justification ) Positive Pulse Stuffing
Output Input Output
Input Stuffed Bit
Bit Stream Input, Stuffed Bit

 - 57

( Destuffing ) Fig. 2.11a b Stuffing Fig.2.11a

Input Synchronize Fig. 2.11b
Synchronize Asynchronous Input
Output Stuffed Pulse Input
Synchronous Word Interleaving
Asynchronous Bit Interleaving Word Stuffing
Control Bit ( C ) Stuffed Bit ( S ) C 0 S Bit C 1 S Bit
Stuffed Bit
Output Frame Stuffing Clock Pulse
Bit Stream FAW Bits ( Frame Alignment Word ) Service Bit
Stuffing Control Bit Fig. 2.12 Multiplexer CCITT
8 Mb/s Frame Structure Frame Frame Alignment Word Stuffing
Control Bits Stuffing Bits Bit Stream

Figure 2.11 The 8-Mb/s multiplexer schematic

 - 58

2.12 The 8-Mb/s frame structure (positive stuffing/justification).

2.13 The 34-Mb/s frame structure (positive stuffing/justification).

SUBFRAME
1

2
3
4
5
6

SIGNAL
-Alignment word
111110100000
-Service bits
(1 for alarm)
-Tributary bits
-Stuffing message
-Tributary bits
-Stuffing message
-Tributary bits
-Stuffing message
-Tributary bits
-Stuffing message
-Tributary bits
-Stuffing message
-Stuffing bits
-Tributary bits

NUMBER OF BITS
12

BIT NUMBERING
1 to 10

13 to 16

472
4
484
4
484
4
484
4
484
4
4
484

17 to 488
489 to 492
493 to 976
977 to 980
981 to 1464
1465 to 1468
1469 to 1952
1953 to 1956
1957 to 2440
2441 to 2444
2445 to 2448
2449 to 2928

 - 59

Figure 2.14 The 140-Mb/s frame structure (positive stuffing/justification).

SUBFRAME
1
2
3
4
5

6
7

SIGNAL
-Alignment word
-Tributary bits
-Stuffing message
-Tributary bits
-Stuffing message
-Tributary bits
-Stuffing message
-Tributary bits
-Stuffing message
-Tributary bits

NUMBER OF BITS

BIT NUMBERING

12
372
4
380
4
380
4
380
4
380

1 to 12
13 to 384
385 to 388
389 to 768
769 to 772
773 to 1152
1153 to 1156
1157 to 1536
1537 to 1540
1541 to 1920

-Stuffing message
-Tributary bits
-Service bits
-Stuffing message
-Tributary bits

4
380
4
4
376

1921 to 1924
1925 to 2304
2305 to 2308
2309 to 2312
2313 to 2688

2.15 The 565-Mb/s frame structure (positive stuffing/justification).

- 60

Frame Structure Multiplexer

Frame Structure Multiplexer Input Bit
Stream Frame Alignment Bits, Multiframe Alignment Bits, Signaling Bits
Information Bits( Voice Channels, data Video) Frame 848 4
Subframes
Subframe 212 Bits 12 Bits Frame 10 Frame Alignment Bits 2
Service Bits Service Bits Alarm, Synchronizing Error Stuffing
Control word Bit Stream 3 Bits 4 Bits Stream 12 Bits 4
Bits Subframe 2,3 4 Stuffing Bits Bit 5 - 8 Subframe 4
Elastic Memory Clock 2.048 Mb/s
Output Clock 2.112 Mb/s
Frame Alignment Bits, Service Bits Stuffing Control Bits
Elastic Memory PLL ( Phase Locked Loop )
Clock 2.048 Mb/s PLL
1. Jitter Frame Structure
2. High-Frequency jitter Stuffing
3. Tributary Signal Jitter
4. Jitter 8.448 Mb/s Link
34 Mb/s Frame Structure 8.448 Mb/s Bit Stream 480
34.368 Mb/s Frame Fig. 2.13 Frame 1536 Bits
4 Subframes Subframe 384 Bits 12 Bit 10-Bit Frame
Alignment Word 2 Service Bits 8 Mb/s Frame Structure Stuff
Control Bits Stuffing Bits
140 Mb/s Frame Structure Frame Frame
34 Mb/s Bit Stream 1920
139.264 Mb/s Frame Fig. 2.14 Frame
2928 Bits 6 Subframes 4 Subframes
Subframe 488 Bits FAW 12 Bits Service Bits 4
Bits 2 Bits Stuff Control Bits 5 Bits 3 Bits
CCITT CMI Code Line Code HDB3 Code
1 , 2 3

- 61

565 Mb/s Frame Structure 139.264 Mb/s Bit Stream 7680

564.992 Mb/s Frame Fig. 2.15 Frame
2688 Bits 7 Subframes Subframe 384 Bits FAW 12 Bits Service Bits
4 Bits Subframe 7 Stuff Control Bits 5 Bits Bit Subframe 2 6
CCITT CMI Code Line Code
Frame Structure North America
DS1-C Multiplexing DS-1 3.152 Mb/s
Frame 1272 Bits 4 Subframes Subframe 318 Bits Subframe
6 Microframe Microframe 53 Bits Bit Microframe Overhead Bit
( House Keeping ) Frame 4-bit Frame Alignment Word 011X X Alarm Service
Bit ( X = 1 No Alarm ) Subframe Frame Alignment Signal 01 0
Bit Microframe 1 Bit Microframe
Subframe 3 Bit Stuffing Message Word Bit Microframe 2,4 5 Bit
Stuffing Word 000 Stuffing 111 Stuffing Stuffing
Message Indicator Bit Stream Subframe 1 3 Bit Stream
Subframe 2 4 Stuffing Bit Time Slot
Stuffing Indicator Word 1272 Bit Frame (Information Bits
) 1244 1248 Bit Stuffing Bit
DS2 Multiplexing DS1 6.312 Mb/s Bit Stream
Asynchronous Frame Frame DS1-C
Frame 1176 Bits 4 Subframe Subframe 294
Bits Microframe Subframe 49 Bits Microframe
Bit Stream Bit Stream Frame Alignment, Multiframe Alignment Stuffing
Indicator Word DS1-C Frame Stuffing Indicator Word
Subframe Bit Stream ( Subframe 1 Stuffing Indicator Word Bit Stream 1
) Stuffing Bits Slot Bit Stream Frame Alignment Bit
Microframe 6 Subframe Output Multiplexer B6ZS Line Code
DS3 Multiplexing 6.312 Mb/s Bit Stream 44.736
Mb/s B3ZS Line Code Frame 4760 Bits 7 Subframes
Subframe 680 Bits 8 Microframes Microframe 85 Bits Multiframe Alignment
Signal Subframe 5,6 7 010 Subframe Slot

- 62

Alarm Parity Information Subframe 1 2 Alarm Service Channel

XX 11 ( X=1 No Alarm ) Stuffing Indicator Word
Microframe 3,5 7 Stuffing Bit Slot
Microframe Subframe Frame Output B3ZS Line
Code
DS4 Multiplexer 44.736 MB/s 274.176 Mb/s
Binary Line Code Frame 4704 Bits 24 Subframes
Subframe 196 Bits 2 Microframes Microframe 96 Bits
Microframe Overhead ( Housekeeping ) Multiframe Alignment Bit 3 Subframe
101 Alarm Bit Subframe Stuffing Indicator word
Subframe Stuffing Bit Slot
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy(PDH)

2
2
(bit-interleaved)
Dummy, justification bits
(plesiochronous)
almost synchronous
Justification bits
PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy(PDH)
1. Drop & Insert
multiplex Drop &
Insert insert port 2 Mbit/s 1 port
140 Mbit/s Demux 140 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s
Demux 34 Mbit/s 8 Mbit/s 8 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s
(Drop) 2 Mbit/s
justification bits PDH
2 Mbit/s 140 Mbit/s (Demux) 140 Mbit/s 34
8 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s (drop and

 - 63

insert)

Drop & Insert PDH

2. PDH (2, 8, 34,139, 564
1.544, 6.312, 44.736, 274.176 )

PDH
3. Stage Asynchronous
Multiplexing Synchronous Multiplexing
4. Multiplex step By Step Asynchronous
Multiplexing Telecommunication Network
( inflexible )

- 64

5. Network Management Maintenance support capability

spare signal capacity Frame Structure PDH
6. Mux Higher rate
internetworking possibility
7. line coding

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy( SDH )

PDH
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
PDH

PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) 1970
FDM
(Frequency Division Multiplexing) 1970
Pulse Code Modulation : (PCM) PCM

4 64
PCM PCM 64
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
TDM
TDM
64 30 (Service channel) 2
2.048
2

2 4 8
1 34, 140 565
4

1.5, 6 45

- 65

( optical
fiber ) Synchronous digital
multiplexing plesiochronous
plesio ( almost ) plesiochronous
Synchronous Synchronous 100 %
Multiplexing Multiplex E1
E2 ( 2.048 Mbit/s 8.448 Mbit/s ) bit interleaving TDM
multiplex 64 kbps E1 word( character ) interleaving TDM
compatible Synchronous Optical Network( SONET )
Optical Network bit
interleaving TDM Frame 125 sec CCITT( ITU-T )
adopted Synchronous Digital Hierarchy( SDH )
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) Synchronous Optical Network ( SONET )
ANSI
(Hierarchy )
( Basic Bit Rate ) 155.52 Mbps
( Optical Fiber ) ( Transmission Media )
SDH
Synchronous Transport Module-1 ( STM-1 ) SDH
(Network Management System)
(Protection System) PDH
(Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) "synchronous"
1 1 frame Plesiochronous " synchronous"
1 frame 1 frame SDH Synchronous Transport
Modules (STM) STM-1 (155 megabits ), STM-4 (622 Mbps), STM-16 (2.5
gigabits ), STM-64 (10 Gbps)
SDH PDH SDH
PDH ITU-T
PDH STM-1 G.709

 - 66

1.5 140
STM-1 SDH

SDH
SDH
Physical Layer , Radio-Link ,
Satellite Link Regenerator Section
Regenerator ( Overhead )
Regenerator Section Overhead ( RSOH ) Multiplex Section
( Multiplexers ) SDH

Multiplex Section Overhead ( MSOH ) 4 5 (Virtual
Container VC)

Payload
Mapping 2 Mbps
VC-12, PDH 140 Mbps ATM
VC-4 IP, Frame
Relay, ATM, PSTN, ISDN

SDH

- 67

SDH
SDH 4
1. Terminal Multiplexer Plesiochronous Synchronous
STM-N N = 1, 4, 16
2. Add/Drop Multiplexer ( ADM )



3. Regenerator

4. Digital Cross-Connects ( DXC )
Mapping PDH Virtual Container ( VC ) Switching
VC
Hardware
Network Element
Management SDH

( Software Controlled ) ( ITU
)
SDH
( Frame )
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
SDH ITU

 - 68

( Frame ) SDH Synchronous Transport Module ( STM )

ITU-T Rec. G.707
1. SDH STM-1 155.52 Mbps (
STM-0 Sub STM-1 51.84 Mbps )
2. SDH 0 1
( Bit ) ( Byte ) SDH
( Matrix ) 9 x 270 9
( Row ) 270 ( Column )
3. 2
3.1 ( Overhead ) RSOH, MSOH, ( Pointer ) AU
Pointer
3.2 ( Payload ) 64 kbps

4.

5. 125 microseconds( S ) 1 125

6. STM-1 PDH 140 Mbps

STM-1
Section Overhead ( SOH )
( Section Overhead SOH )
RSOH Regenerator Section Overhead
AU Pointer ( Administrative Unit Pointer ) MSOH
Multiplex

 - 69

STM-1 Overhead

Overhead

A1, A2
B1, B2
D1,D2,D3
D4,,D12
E1, E2
J0 (C1)
K1, K2

Frame Alignment
Quality Monitoring, Parity Bytes
QECC Network Management
QECC Network Management
Voice Connection
Maintenance
Automatic Protection Switching (APS)
Control
Clock Quality Indicator
Transmission Error Acknowledgment

S1
M1

Path Overhead ( POH )

POH 2

VC-3/4 POH 34 140 Mbps, ATM

VC-11/12 POH 1.544 2.048 Mbps, ATM

 - 70

POH VC-3/4 VC-11/12

STM-1 Frame Structure

STM-1 155.52

(STM-1, 2, 3 N) STM-4, STM-16 STM-64
(622.08 , 2.48 9.95 )
( Base level ) SDH signal Synchronous Transport
Module Level 1 ( STM-1 ) STM-1 2,430
9 270 1
125 8,000
64 (STM-1(STM Synchronous
Transport Module)) Frame virtual container
capacity 2 dimensions mapping 9 rows , 270 columns 9 columns
transmission overhead ( section overhead pointer ) 261 columns
virtual container( VC ) ( pointers : H1, H2, H3 )
Administrative Unit( AU )
dimension 9 rows, 270 columns 1 cell
1 Byte 1 Frame 2,430 bytes 1 Byte = 8 bits 1
Frame 19,440 bits 1 Frame 125 s 1 8,000 Frame bit rate
19,440 bits/Frame x 8,000 Frame/s = 155,520,000 bit/s = 155.52 Mbit/s

 - 71

STM - 1 Frame
Virtual Container Phase alignment Administrative
Unit Phase alignment Pointer 4
section overhead section overhead 3 rows Regenerator section
overhead 5 rows Multiplexer section overhead
VC-4 9 rows, 261 columns ( 2349 bytes )
Payload Container column ( 261 columns ) path overhead
payload ( container C-4 container
261 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 150,336,000 bit/s = 150.336 Mbit/s

AU4 VC-4

 - 72

Regenerator Section Overhead Multiplex Section Overhead

STM-1 tributary signal 139.264 Mbit/s( E4 )
8,000 Frame/sec 64 Kbit/s
synchronize MUX Higher rate
DEMUX Higher rate lower rate

Multiplex SDH
Multiplex 2.048 Mbps port
STM-1 ( 155.52 Mbit/s ) 63 ports 34.368 Mbit/s
44.736 Mbit/s port 2.048 Mbit/s
SDH tributary group PDH tributary
group PDH
Multiplex Synchronous Digital Hieracgy( SDH )

- 73

Mapping tributaries adapted Virtual Containers

( VCs ) ( justification bits )
Path Overhead( POH )
Aligning pointer Tributary Unit
( TU ) Administrative Unit( AU ) byte Virtual Container
Multiplexing lower order ( path )
adapted higher order higher
order apdapted Multiplex section
Stuffing SDH ( handle ) input tributary
rate PDH tributary signal multiplexed
spare capacity SDH Frame
tributary rate
( Multiplexing Hierarchy ) space capacity Fixed stuffing bits
Frame
Multiplex Container( C )
Virtual Container( VC ) VC payload bit-stuffing Input
bit rate Synchronous Multiplexing
Container( C ) Virtual Container( VC ) C-11( bit rate 1.544
Mbit/s ) stuffing 1.728 Mbit/s C-4(139.264 Mbit/s ) VC4(150.336 Mbit/s) VCs Tributary Unit( TU )
pointer
payload Multiplex Tributary Unit Groups( TUGs ) x N
path TUs TUGs ( ) TUGs TUGs
VCS Multiplex Multiplexing
Administrative Unit Group 4( AUG-4 ) Multiplex STM-N
STM-1( 155.52 Mbit/s ), STM-4( 622.08 Mbit/s )

 - 74

Path Multiplex 34 Mbit/s STM-1

Path Multiplex 2 Mbit/s STM-1 2

SONET
STS-1/OC-1
STS-3/OC-3
STS-9/OC-9
STS-12/OC-12
STS-18/OC-18
STS-24/OC-24
STS-36/OC-36
STS-48/OC-48

SDH

Bit Rate - Mbps

51.84
STM-1
155.52
466.56
STM-4
622.08
933.12
1244.16
1866.24
STM-16
2488.32
Bit rate SONET SDH

- 75

STM-N (Synchronous Transport Module Level N)

155.52 (STM-1(STM
Synchronous Transport Module)) STM-4, STM-16 STM-64
(622.08 , 2.48 9.95 )
(byte-interleaved)

SDH STM-1
STM-N N x STM-1
STM-N N x 155.52
STM-4 : 4 x 155.52 = 622.08
STM-16 : 16 x 155.52 = 2.48832
STM-N STM-1 STM-N
N x 9 x 270 125 STM-1 N
3 SOH,
STM-1

STM-1
STM-N
STM-N 2.29
4
STM-N STM-1 STM-N

N x STM-1 1 STM-N M x STM-N

1 STM - (M x N) M x STM-N
1 x STM-(M x N) N STM-N

: STM-1 (155.52 )
: STM-N (N x 155.52 )
: N x STM-1 1 1 x STM-N

- 76

M x STM-N N 1 x STM-(M x N)
4 x STM-1 1 1 x STM-4 (622.8 )
16 x STM-1 1 1 x /STM-16 (2.48832 )
4 x STM-4 4 1 x STM-16 (2.48832 )
1 STM-1 STM-N N x STM-1
4 STM-4 STM-16
4 x STM-4 1 x STM-16

STM-16 16 x STM-1
4 x STM-1 1 STM-4 4 x STM-4 1 STM-16
STM-1 STM-N STM

0 1
STM-1
STM-N 0 1
STM-1

CMI G.703

(pseudo-random)
(shift register)

STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
(N x 9 ) (Frame Alignment Signal (FAS))
FAS
127 1 + X6 + X7
1111111 SOH

SDH STM-1

- 77

G.703
: 155.52
: CMI
: 1, 0 Vss +/- 0.1 V
STM-1 STM-N
: N x 155.52 ()
: NRZ
SDH
SDH
1. Cost - effective telecommunication
network SDH direct synchronous Multiplexing
PDH
tributary signal Multiplexed Higher rate SDH
intermediate stages PDH .
2. ,
TMN (Telcommunications Management Network)
3. SDH signal
common tributary signal
PDH single
telecommunication network infrastructure common tributary
signal PDH
single telecommunication network infrastructure
4. 140
(line
equipment) (compatible)
5. :
(155.52 STM-1)
STM-1)

6.

- 78

cross-connect
branching (add/drop multiplexer)

SDH
CEPT 3 x 34
STM-1 4 x 34
(byte-by-byte justification) SDH (jitter)
(bit-by-bit justification) PDH
PDH CEPT USA
PDH
SDH
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

SDH network operator capacity
SDH

(availability) high-order
SDH PDH
SDH
1. : SDH -
10 Gbps
2. ( Drop ) ( Add ) :
SDH PDH

3. : SDH

Telecommunication Network
Management ( TMN )/Network Management System( NMS )

- 79

4. : SDH

NMS
5. : SDH
POTS, ISDN, (
LAN, MAN, WAN ) Video on
Demand, Digital Video Broadcasting Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM )

6. : SDH

SDH PDH
point-to-point nodes ring mesh
cross-connect
(Network Management System (NMS))
SDH
ring
,
SDH
SDH
network operator

SDH
SDH traffic
protection point-to-point, chain ring
SDH () (multiplexing),
(cross-connecting) / (line interfacing / transmission)
/ (line interfacing / transmission)
PDH network element SDH
network element PDH () add-drop
multiplexer (ADM) , cross-connect (optical) line interface

 - 80

network element SDH 3 add-drop multiplexer(ADM), digital

cross-connect (DXC) regenerator (REG)
Add-drop multiplexer (ADM)
SDH (cross-connect) loworder high-order
( 1.2) SDH PDH add-drop multiplexer
(drop), (add)
(cross-connect)
chain ring ring
availability 2 ring protection
route diversity
SDH Cross-Connect
DXC4/1

MUX

PDH Multiplexer
SDH Add-Drop Multiplexer

SDH Cross-Connect
DXC4/4

PDH/SDH
Regenerator

Network
Resources
CC

LINE
transport network

 - 81

Add-drop multiplexer (ADM)

cross-connect ADM
cross-connect VC-4 core
network cross-connect VC-12 VC-4
access network
Digital Cross-connect (DXC)
digital cross-connect (DXC) 2 DXC-4/1 (
VC-11(1.5Mb/s) VC-12(2Mb/s) DXC-4/4 ( VC-4
(155 Mb/s, 140 Mb/s) ) DXC SDH manual distribution
frame multiplexer PDH DXC
Grooming ( VC-12 VC-4 path VC-4 path
) Consolidation ( VC-12 VC-4 path
VC-4 path ) protection
multiplex section protection, path protection
( re-routing)
Regenerator (REG)
Regenerator (REG) STM-N
network element
regenerator

- 82

SDH
SDH
SDH SDH

network element SDH

PDH

SDH
SDH add-drop multiplexer

ring bus
Mesh
Mesh cross-connect
1.3 Core network CC

CC protection
availability
Ring
ring SDH
add-drop multiplexer (ADM) 1.4 ring section span
transmission capacity ( STM-1, STM4 STM-16 ) ADM
non-blocking switch matrix
ADM aggregate STM-N

SDH Mesh cross-connect (CC)

SDH ring ADM

 - 83

SDH chain ADM

ring 2 uni-directional bi-directional
ring uni-directional ring
()
ring ring bi-directional
ring protection
protection 2 ring
path protection (SNCP) Bi-directional Self-Healing Ring protection (BSHR)
cross-connect ring ,
,
Chain
chain 1.5
terminal multiplex system (TM) add-drop multiplexer
(ADM) chain section Transmission capacity chain
protection multiplex section line protection
SDH
PDH mesh ( core network)
star ( regional network) SDH ADM
ring ring protection
SDH ( 1.6) 2 Core Trunk Network
Access Transport Network core network
STM-16(2.5 Gb/s) STM-4 (622 Mb/s)
ring mesh ( DXC)
,
routing core network VC-4 STM-1
Fiber Optic

 - 84

access network
ring chain routing access network
VC-12 core network access network
DXC tributary ADM 2 (tributary
STM-1 STM-4)

SDH
SDH
SDH PDH transmission capacity
point-to-point mesh
ring DXC ADM () SDH

PDH SDH

- 85

Core Network
SDH 2 core network regional subnetwork
core network regional subnetwork
(cross-connect)

regional network Core network ring
Core network mesh
( STM-4/16)
synchronous line system
cross-connect crossconnect (CC) 1.8 ADM 1.9
,

synchronous line equipment (SLE) ADM
core network mesh capacity
core network ring 1.11
ring ring cross-connect ADM ( 1.12)
capacity, protection
ring 2 traffic
protection, synchronization network management

- 86

Acces Network
access network
PDH SDH fiber optic
1.13 ,
(
fiber optic

)

- 87

SDH access network

ring
SDH re-configuration
,
1.14 ring access network (RSU = Remote
Switching Unit)
ring protection
access network (
) star Bidirectional Self-Healing Ring (BSHR)
ring path protection ring
1.15 ring access network Domain A
Doamin B double-star (
switch A switch B) BSHR
ring
protection
capacity
subring 1.16

- 88

SDH
SDH
Automatic Protection Switching ( APS )
SDH
( Linear Protection
Mechanism ) ( Ring Protection Mechanism )
( Back-up )
( Switching ) (
Overhead Bytes ) K1 K2
1. ( Linear Protection )
( Point-to-point ) 1+1
APS Fully Redundant

LOS

1:N ( N =
) ITU-T Rec.G.783

 - 89

1:3
2. ( Ring Protection )

ITU-T
Rec.G.841 Types and Characteristics of SDH Network Protection Architectures
Unidirectional Rings Bi - directional Rings
2.1 Unidirectional Ring SDH A, B, C D
A C
x (A-B-C) y (A-D-C) A-B
y
y Line-Switched
Path Switched Ring

Unidirectional Path Switched Ring

- 90

2.2 Bi-directional Ring

Bi-directional
Bi-directional Unidirectional
( ) Bidirectional A-B B
A K1 K2 SOH ( Section Overhead )
Bi-directional Line-Switched Ring
( BLSR )
1:1 ( 100% Redundancy )

Bi-directional Line-Switched Ring (BLSR)

Synchronization SDH
SDH

Primary Reference Clock ITU-T Rec.G.811
1x10-11

 - 91

SDH

(line interface)

PRBS (Psedo Random Binary Sequence)

PRBS (Bit
Error Ratio(BER)) performance
SDH
SDH
Network Node Interface
(NNI)
SDH
segment SDH ( /
SDH / )
network element SDH ()

SDH
TERMINAL

SDH
TERMINAL
HIGH CAPACITY OPTICAL
INTERCONECTION
END-TO-END
TESTING

TRIBUTARIES

TRIBUTARIES

NETWORK NODE INTERFACE

TESTING

 - 92

ENTITY UNDER TEST

SDH
INPUT/OUTPUT

TRIBUTARY
INPUT/OUTPUT

DCS

ADM

FOTS

SDH
INPUT/OUTPUT

TM

TRIBUTARY
INPUT/OUTPUT

ADM
ADM

FOTS

2.32 / segment SDH

SDH
segment SDH

SDH
SDH 4
SDH
1.(Transport Capability Tests)
Bit-Error Rate(BER) mapping/demapping
SDH
( 2,34 140 Mb/s) SDH
2.(Pointer Tests) timing offset
tributary output jitter SDH
performance
SDH SDH

3. (Embeded Overhead Tests)

alarm, performance

SDH SDH
4. (Line Interface Tests)
SDH

 - 93

BER VC (VC BER Testing)

network element SDH (
multiplexer,regenerator,cross-connect) SDH
virtual container ( 2.34)
STM-N
STM-M VC STM-M
VC BER PRBS
( Mapping Tests)
performance SDH
SDH ( BER
VC)
140 Mb/s 2 Mb/s PRBS
offset
SDH
TRANSPORT
CAPABILITY

MAPPINGDEMAPPINGBER
TESTING TESTING TESTING
PLAYLOAD OUTPUT JITTER

TIMING OFFSETTESTING

TESTING

POINTER
TESTS

ALARM STRESS
PERFORMANCE PROTOCAL
TESTING
MONITRING
TESTING

EMBEDED
OVERHEAD

ELECTRICALC PARAMETRIC OPTICAL PARAMETRIC

TESTING
TESTING

LINE
INTERFACE

STM-N
TX INTERFACE
OVERHEAD TX

ENTITY
UNDER
TEST

STM-N
TX INTERFACE
OVERHEAD TX

VC TX

VC TX

PRBS TX

PRBS TX

TEST STIMULUS

TEST STIMULUS

2.34 BER VC

TEST CATEGORIES

 - 94

STM-N SDH
SDH BER
(Demapping Tests)

SDH ( 2.36)
STM-M offset
jitter
BER
Alarm (Alarm Tests)
alarm SDH
SDH alarm ( 2.37) alarm
path overhead section overhead SDH SDH
alarm alarm alarm
downstream upstream SDH

SDH TESTER

2,34,140 Mb/s
TRIBUTARY
TESTER

ENTITY
UNDER
TEST

STM-N

(RX SIDE)
TX INTERFACE

2,34,140 Mb/s
OVERHEAD RX
VC RX
PRBS RX

MAPPING TEST
RESPONES

2.35

TRIBUTARY
TESTER

 - 95

SDH TESTER
(TX SIDE)
STM-N

2,34,
140 Mb/s

OVERHEAD TX

TRIBUTARY
TESTER

2,34,
140 Mb/s

ENTITY
UNDER
TEST

TX INTERFACE

TRIBUTARY
TESTER

VC TX
PRBS TX

DEMAPPING TEST
STIMULUS

2.36

TEST
STIMULUS

TEST
RESPONSE DOWNSTREAM

SDH TESTER
(TX SIDE)

ENTITY
UNDER
TEST

TX INTERFACE
OVERHEAD TX
VC TX

STM-N

RX INTERFACE
OVERHEAD RX
VC RX

STM-N

SDH TESTER
(RX SIDE)

RX INTERFACE
OVERHEAD RX
VC RX

TEST
RSEPONSE UPSTREAM

SDH TESTER
(TX SIDE)

2.37 Alarm
alarm Loss of Signal (LOS) ,Loss of Frame (LOF) Loss
of Pointer (LOP) Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) downstream
AIS (
egeneration Section, Multiplexer Section Path)

- 96

upstream
downstream Far End Receive Faillure (FERF)
upstream Multiplexer Section Overhead Multiplexer Section AIS ,LOS
LOF Remote Alarm Indication (RAI) upstream High
Order Path Overhead Low Order Path Overhead Path AIS
LOP High Order Overhead alarm
2.43

performance
performance SDH (
2.38) SDH error Bit-InterleavedParity (BIP) Regenerator Section, Multiplexer Section Path Overhead
Errors SDH Far End Block
Error (FEBE) upstream SDH error count
FEBE error
FEBE 2.43
(Protocol Testing)
section overhead STM-N (Data
Communication Channel (DCC) 2 192 kb/s
Multiplexer Section Overhead DCC messages
network management maintenance network element
network element NMS (Network Management System)
messages
alarm performance (2.39)
network management maintenance
SDH alarm
BIP error SDH SDH
message DCC SDH
DCC Protocol Analyzer message

 - 97

SDH TESTER
(TX SIDE)

TEST
STIMULUS

TX INTERFACE
OVERHEAD TX
VC TX

STM-N

ENTITY
UNDER
TEST

RX INTERFACE
OVERHEAD RX
VC RX
SDH TESTER
(RX SIDE)

TEST
RESPONSE

4.38 performance
Timing offset
( 2.40)
SDH STM-N SDH
SDH timing offset 2
SDH SDH
SDH SDH
SDH SDH
SDH

SDH TESTER
(TX SIDE)

TEST
STIMULUS

TX INTERFACE
OVERHEAD TX
VC TX

PROTOCAL
ANALYZER

STM-N
RX INTERFACE
OVERHEAD RX
VC RX

SDH TESTER
(RX SIDE)

TEST
RESPONSE UPSTREAM

ENTITY
UNDER
TEST

 - 98

2.39

ASYNCHRONOUS
OPERATION

STM-N
TX INTERFACE
OVERHEAD TX

SYNCHRONOUS
OPERATION

ENTITY
UNDER
TEST

STM-N
RX INTERFACE
OVERHEAD RX

VC TX

RX POINTER

PRBS TX

VC RX
PRBS RX

TEST
STIMULUS

TEST
RESPONSE
(MOVING VC)

2.40 Timing Offset

SDH VC PRBS
VC STM-N SDH
frequency offset
SDH timing offset STM-N SHD
VC SDH VC
STM-M SDH
SDH SDH
VC BER
frequency offset

 - 99

SDH

Tributary Output Jitter

VC STM-M
tributary jitter tributary jitter /

8 24 jitter
AU/TU
SDH VC
SDH TESTER
(TX SIDE)

STM-N
ENTITY
UNDER
TEST

TX INTERFACE
2,34,
140 Mb/s

TRIBUTARY
TESTER

OVERHEAD TX

2,34,
140 Mb/s

TRIBUTARY
TESTER

TX POINTER
VC TX

TRIBUTARY
JITTER

PRBS TX

TEST STIMULUS

2.41 Tributary Output Jitter

OPTICAL INTERFACE TESTING
TRANSMITTER
RECEIVER
- Optical Spectrum
- Sensitivity
- Mean Launch Power
- Overload
- Laser Extinction Ratio
- Reflectance
- Eye Pattern Mask
- Transmitter Signal-to-Noise Ratio
ELECTRICAL INTERFACE TESTING
- Pulse Mask
- Eye Diagram

- 100

STM-M ( 2.41)

tributary jitter SDH tributary jitter

BER


SDH
physical interface Optical
interface Electrical interface

2.43
Alarm SDH ()
Loss of Signal (LOS)
- LOS 10-3
- LOS 2
LOS
Out of Frame (OOF)
- OOF SDH (error) 4
OOF 625 uS
- OOF SDH 2
Loss of Frame (LOF)

- 101

- LOF OOF xxxxx ms

- LOF in-frame xxxxx ms
xxxxxx ms 0-3 ms
Loss of Pointer (LOP)
-LOP N
NDF(New Data Flag) N ( concatenation indicator)
N=8,9 10
-LOP 3
AIS 3
AIS 1
concatenation indicator 1001xx11 11111111(
AU H1,H2 TU V1,V2)
Multiplex Section AIS (MS-AIS)
- MS-AIS RSTE (Regeration Section Terminating Equipment) MSTE
(Multiplexer Section Terminating Equipment) downstream LOS LOF
STM-N MS-AIS RSOH
1
- MS-AIS xxxxx uS failure - MS-AIS
MSTE 6-8 K2 111 3 MS-AIS
6-8 K2 111 3
Far End Receive Failure ( MS-FERF)
- MS-FERF MSTE 250 uS LOS,LOF MS-AIS
MS-FERF 6-8 K2 110
- MS-FERF MSTE 6-8 K2 110
3 MS-FERF 6-8 K2
110 3
AU Path AIS
- AU Path AIS MSTE HO PTE (High Order Path Terminating Equipment)
downstream LOP AU Path AIS
- AU Path AIS 1 AU-3/4(
H1,H2 3 AU Path AIS AU

- 102

NDF= 1001 3 AU NDF = 1001

High Order Path Remote Alarm Indication(HO Path RAI HO Path FERF)
- HO Path RAI HO PTE AU Path AIS
upstream peer HO PTE
- HO Path RAI 5 G1 POH 1
- HO Path RAI peer HO PTE 5 G 1 1
10 HO Path RAI peer HO PTE 5
G1 0 10
TU Path AIS
- TU Path AIS LO PTE (Low Order Path Terminating Equipment)
downstream TU LOP TU Path AIS
- TU Path AIS 1 TU-1/2/3 (
V1-V4 VC-1/2/3 1
)
- TU Path AIS LO PTE 1 V1, V2
3 TU Path AIS TU
NDF = 1001 3 TU NDF = 1001

Low Order Path Remote Alarm Indication(LO Path RAI LO Path FERF)
- LO Path AIS LO PTE TU Path AIS
upstream peer LO PTE
- LO Path RAI 8 V5 LO POH 1
- LO Path RAI peer LO PTE 8 V5 0
10

SDH

,

,

- 103

( 1.17) 1.17
1.17

SDH
network infrastructure
,


(logical)


protection
commercial

1) Topology 2) Routing
3) Protection 4) Grouping 5) Equipment
Topology :

SDH ring fiber optic mesh

- 104

Routing : Routing
routing routing hop , routing
, Diversity diversity
, routing capacity SDH
routing routing ring
,
Protection : SDH fiber optic

protection diverse routing (load sharing) , traffic
sharing , multiplex section protection (MSP) , path protection ring
protection 2-fiber BSHR, 4-fiber BSHR TMN

Grouping : Grouping
multiplex section layer

end-to-end grouping , subpath grouping segment grouping
cross-connect
Equipment :

PDH SDH
PDH
()




(frame alignment signal (FAS))

140

SDH

- 105

()

frame alignment word

155

PDH SDH
SDH PDH
SDH

Grouping : grouping PDH multiplex
section multiplex SDH
multiplex section layer (trail) multiplex section

Equipment : PDH tributary port

SDH internal switch matrix
re-configuration tributary port
Cross-connection : PDH cross-connection
manual distribution frame SDH cross-connection
network element cross-connect network management
system
/ : SDH
network element ADM , DXC
bus , ring mesh /

2.5 Statistical Time Division Multiplexing(STDM )

Time Division Multiplexing( TDM ) data
terminal

 - 106

TDM bandwidth
time slot terminal terminal
scan time slot terminal
time slot synchronization
Frame TDM
bandwidth facility
time slot terminal
time slot Frame

STDM
terminal
bandwidth STDM Throughput TDM
2 5 statistical TDM
input stream ( )
time slot
Statistical TDM digitized voice
time slot slot Statistical TDM(
STDM ) input stream
Terminal Asynchronous
Terminal STDM Synchronous Terminal
Synchronous Terminal STDM
Frame

 - 107

Frame Header, ,
STDM
STDM ( buffer ) buffer
elastic buffer Frame
STDM Frame
MUX Stuff dummy bits Stuff dummy bits DEMUX

STDM Frame
STDM port
Information STDM Frame I Field( Information
field ) slot terminal
Timeslot Short Address length Indicator
slot I Field STDM Terminal
bit rate terminal Aggregate bit rate STDM 25 - 30 %
terminal 12 1,200 bits/s bit rate Terminal
14,400 bits/s Aggregate bit rate 9,600 bits/s bit
rate terminal Aggregate bit rate 33 % (
)
2.6 WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)


)

- 108

window 3 Wavelength 850 nm. 1310 nm. 1550 nm.

1 1

(Interference) WDM (wavelength division
multiplexing)
(Wavelength Division Multiplexing; WDM)

LED
FDM

WDM
40 20 Gbps
400 Gbps 400,000
(
)

()



(amplifier)
(optical amplifier)

fiber exhaust

(Dense
Wavelength Division Multiplexing; DWDM) 80

 - 109

DWDM

50 (50,000 Gbps)
T1 33 800

WDM

FDM MUX
WDM


WDM
SONE, ATM switch IP router
WDM
- ( MUX ) mux
1. 2.
- ( DEMUX )
WDM WDM

WDM

- 110

(Multiplexer)

(De-Multiplexer)

WDM
TDM (Time Division Multiplex)

WDM

EDFA-Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

Erbium
Doped

mux demux

 - 111

IXC

 - 112

SDH-Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
Add-Drop
WDM DWDM
WDM DWDM
DWDM OD-48 (2.5Gbps) 8

20 Gbps
WDM CWDM DWDM
(FDM TDM) WDM
CWDM DWDM
WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
2 1300 nm 1550 nm
WDM
WDM
()
1550 nm CWDM DWDM
CWDM(Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing) DWDM (Dense Wavelength
Division Multiplexing)

 - 113

(Channel Spacing Wavelength Spacing) CWDM Channel

Spacing 15-30 nm DWDM Channel Spacing 1 nm ( ITU
DWDM 50 GHz : Channel spacing 0.39 nm) DWDM
CWDM 1550 nm
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
1550 nm 1300 nm





EDFA-Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

EDFA
EDFA Erbium
Pump light Pump light

EDFA

- 114

Multi Protocal Label Switching (MPLS)

(MPLS) Multiprotocol Label Switching

ATM
IP-Packet IP
MPLS - Multiprotocol Label Switching The Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) IP-Packet
packet packet
address
packet

MPLS

- 115

IP packet
packet
MPLS IP packet

MPLS MPLS
VPN MPLS MPLS
label MPLS IP
MPLS Quality of Services (QoS)

MPLS MPLS


MPLS

MPLS

- 116

MPLS IP
Label


MPLS
Overhead Virtual Circuit TCP/IP
ATM Virtual Circuit Switching ATM Switch 2
TCP/IP Packet Switching Router 3


MPLS
Virtual Circuit Streamline
Connectionless
Packet Routing
LSP (Label Switch Path) Packet
Label Header ( TCP/IP)
LSP Label

TCP/IP
hop (Real-Time)
Routing
Packet

- 117

LSP Label
Packet Header Packet
MPLS Streamline
Real-Time

QoS Tunnel
VPN ISP VPN Virtual
Circuit ISP Tunnel VPN
Connectionless
TCP/IP MPLS ATM Frame
Relay Overlay Network
QoS




Voice over IP IP-TV IP-Phone

QoS - Quality of Service
QoS

(Availability) 100
(Downtime)
100 99.9999
2.6

(Throughput)


Throughput ISP
minimum throughput guarantee
64 32

- 118

32 Throughput

(Packet loss)

(Latency)

5,000 150 150

(Jitter)

QoS

QoS IETF - Internet Engineering Task
Force

QoS IETF

QoS IP()

- 119

QoS

QoS

QoS IntServ : Integrated Service DiftServ :
Differentiated Service MPLS : Multiprotocol Labbel Switching
Intserv



RSVP - Resource Reservation Protocol
error

DiftServ (tag)
tag
edge Core
Core edge

Multi Protocal Label Switching (MPLS)

o -
o (Bandwidth) 10 Gbps
o 64 Kbps-1 Gbps

- 120

o IP Application VOIP, Routing Protocol, QoS, Multicast

VDO Conference
MPLS
1. MPLS point to point (VLL)
2. MPLS point to multipoint (VPN)

3. MPLS point to multipoint (VPN)

IP protocol application voice,video,data
MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching-Virtual Private
Networks) (Quality of Service)


MPLS Data Networking Solution

VOIP, Routing Protocol, QoS, Multicast VDO Conference

MPLS Virtual Private Networks (VPN) End-to-End Quality Of

Service (QoS)
MPLS
,,
10
technology adsl,leased line,frame-relay,gigabit Ethernet intelligent
MPLS ,Design

Leased Line/Frame Relay ATM