Lokpal Bill Comparison

{gphc gmogm`Q>rH$Sy>Z gmXa Ho$cocm _gwXm
gaH$mar OZ bmoH$nmb {dYoH$, 2011
H$aU 1
H$aU 1.
mW{_H$
1. g{j _Wim d ma^
1) hm A{Y{Z`_ cmoH$nmc A{Y{Z`_ 2011 hUyZ
AmoiIcm OmBc.
2) hm A{Y{Z`_ H|$ emgZmZo emgH$s` amOnmVrc
A{YgyMZomao {Z`V Ho$co`m VmaIonmgyZ A_cmV
òBc, VgoM `m A{Y{Z`_m`m {d{dY VaVwXtgmR>r
{Z`V Ho$co`m VmaImnmgyZ `m A_cmV òVrc Am{U
H$moU`mhr VaVwXt`m ma^m~m~VMm gX^ hm Vr VaVyX
A_cmV Am`m~m~VM gX^ g_Ocm OmBc.
2. `m`m
1) `m A{Y{Z`_mV A`Wm gX^ Zg`mg,
A) IS>nrR> hUOo cmoH$nmcmMo IS>nrR>.
~) A`j hUOo cmoH$nmcmMm A`j.
H$) gj_ m{YH$mar hUOo
i) _r n[afXo`m gX`m`m ~m~VrV nVYmZ;
ii) _r Zgco`m ggX gX`m`m ~m~VrV
am`g^m gX`mgmR>r am`g^m Am{U
cmoH$g^m gX`mgmR>r cmoH$g^m;
iii) H|$ emgZm`m _mc`mVrc A{YH$m`m`m
~m~VrV Vmo `m _mc`mV Amho `mMm _r
qH$dm Vmo A{YH$mar `m {d^mJmV AWdm
_mc`mV godm H$arV Amho Vmo {d^mJ qH$dm Vo
_mc`;
iv) ggXo`m H$m`mZo WmnZ H$a`mV Amco`m
qH$dm H|$ emgZmH$Sy>Z gnyU AWdm AeV:
{dmghm` cm^co`m qH$dm `mMo emgH$s`
{ZÙ H|$r` _mc`m`m g~{YV _`m`m
AmYrZ Amho Aem d H$moU`mhr ZmdmZo kmV
Aem gWoMo, _S>imMo, _hm_S>imMo, H$nZrMo
gX` d A`j `m`m ~m~VrV g~{YV
_mc`mMm _r qH$dm Vo _S>i, _hm_S>i,
m{YH$aU AWdm H$nZr qH$dm gWm AWdm Vo
dm`m m{YH$aU;
v) ggXo`m H$m`mZo WmnZ Pmco`m qH$dm H|$
mW{H$
1. (1) `m H$m`mbm OZ bmoH$nmb H$m`Xm, 2011 Ago
hQ>bo OmBb.
(2) am>nVtMr gVr {im`mnmgyZ 120 `m {Xder Vo
AbmV òBb
.
2. `m`m
`m H$m`mVJV eXm`m `m`m ImbrbmUo
AgVrb.
(A) S>i hUOo bmoH$nmb Am{U bmoH$nmbMo gX`.
(~) VH$ma hUOo ^>mMmamMm Amamon qH$dm VH$maH$`mZo
`mo` H$madmB AJa gajUmgmR>r Ho$bobr {dZVr.
(H$) bmoH$nmbMm AW ImbrbmUo AgyZ `mV Imbrb
`$tMm gmdoe AgVmo.
1) `m H$m`mImbr V`ma Ho$br Jobobr IS>nrR>o
Am{U `m H$m`mVJV H$m H$aUmar IS>nrR>o
2) `m H$m`mImbr H$m H$aUmam H$moUrhr H$Mmar
qH$dm A{YH$mar.
3) Cd[aV gd H$aUmò S>i.
(S>) bmoH$nmb IS>nrR> hUOo H$moU`mhr H$aUmda
{Z` Am{U AQ>tZwgma H$m H$aUmao bmoH$nmbYrb
XmoZ qH$dm XmoZhZ A{YH$ gX`. òH$ IS>nrR>mV
H$m`mMo {ejU KoVbo`m EH$m gX`mMm gmdoe
Agob.
(B) ^>mMmamMo H$`
1) ^maVr` XS> g{hVo`m Zd`m MmQ>aAVJV
qH$dm ^>mMma{damoYr H$m`Xm, 1988 `m
VaVwXtAVJV {ejog nm Agbobo H$moUVohr
H$`. `mV {dYmZ S>imda {ZdSy>Z Jobo`m
bmoH${V{ZYrZo Ho$bo`m JwmMmhr gmdoe
Agob. `mZo g^mJhmV Ho$bobo ^mfU qH$dm
Ho$bobo VXmZ `m Xa`mZ KS>bo`m JwmMm
gmdoehr `mV hmoVmo.
2) EImm `$sbm OmUrdnydH$ EImXm A`mo`
bm^ {idyZ XoUo qH$dm EImm H$m`mMm
AJa {Z`mMm ^ J H$$Z gmd O {ZH$
H$Mm`mH$Sy>Z EImXm bm^ {idUo.
99
emgZmH$Sy>Z gnyU AWdm AeV: {dm ghm`

cm^co`m d H$moU`mhr ZmdmZo kmV Agco`m
gWm, _S>i, _hm_S>i, m{YH$aU AWdm
H$nZr`m A{YH$m`m`m ~m~VrV Aem
gWmMm, _S>imMm, _hm_S>imMm,
m{YH$aUmMm qH$dm H$nZrMm qH$dm dm`m
gWoMm _wI;
S>) "VH$ma' hUOo OZgodH$mZo ^>mMma {V~YH$
A{Y{Z`_ 1988 AVJV XS>Zr` Agcocm
AnamY Ho$`mMm Amamon H$aUmar VH$ma.
(1988 Mm 48 dm A{Y{Z`_)
B>) "MmH$er' hUOo `m A{Y{Z`_mVJV cmoH$nmcmZo
Ho$cocr MmH$er.
\$) "`m{`H$ gX`' hUOo cmoH$nmc gWoV {Z`w$
H$a`mV Amcocm Aem H$maMm gX`.
J) "cmoH$nmc' hUOo A{Y{Z`_m`m H$c_ 3
Adò WmnZ H$a`mV Amcocr gWm.
K) "gX`' hUOo cmoH$nmc gWoMm gX`
L>) "_r' hUOo H|$r` _r naVw `mV
YmZ_r/nVYmZ g_m{d> Zmhr.
O) "A{YgyMZm' hUOo emgH$s` amOnmV {g
Pmcocr A{YgyMZm d "A{Ygy{MV H$aUo' `m
gkoMm AW `m_mUo KoVcm OmBc.
Ho$) "Zo_yZ {Xcoco {d{hV' hUOo `m
A{Y{Z`_mImcrc
{Z`_mZwgma
Zo_yZ
{Xcoco/{ZpMV Ho$coco.
Ec)"OZgodH$' hUOo H$c_ 17 `m nmoQ>H$c_ (1)
_Yrc {dYmZ (~) Vo (9) _ò Z_yX
H$a`mVcr/gX{^V `$s.
E_) "{Z`_mdcr' hUOo `m A{Y{Z`_mImcr
~Z{d`mV Amcocr {Z`_mdcr.
EZ) "n[a{e>' hUOo `m A{Y{Z`_mMo n[a{e>
Amo) "{deof `m`mc`' hUOo ^>mMma {V~YH$
A{Y{Z`_ 1988 `m H$c_ 3 d nmoQ>H$c_ (1)
AVJV WmnZ H$a`mV Amcoco {deof `m`mc`.
(1988 Mm 49 dm A{Y{Z`_)
3) VH $ ma AJa Amamo n H$aUm`mbm qH$dm

gmjrXmambm mg XoUo qH$dm `mMm ~ir KoUo
4) H$moU`mhr bmoH$godH$mH$Sy>Z ZmJ[aH$m`m
gZXoVrb VaVwXtMm gmV`mZo ^J hmoUo.
$) g n y U I S >nrR> hUOo A`jm g h qH$dm
A`jm{edm` gmV gX`.
J) gaH$mar H$Mmar hUOo `m` A{YH$mar qH$dm
bmoH${V{ZYr Zgbobm H$moUVmhr gmdO{ZH$ H$Mmar.
h) JmhmUo hUOo EImm `$sZo `m {d^mJm`m
VH$ma {ZdmaU A{YH$m`mH$S>o VH$ma H$$Zhr
ZmJ[aH$m`m gZXrZwgma {Vbm gmYmZH$maH$ {ZU`
Z {im`mMm `m `$sMm Xmdm.
B) `m` A{YH$mar hUOo `m H$m`m`m goeZ 22
AVJV Zobobm A{YH$mar
O) `m H$m`mImbr {ejm hUOo ZmoH$ard$Z H$mTy>Z
Q>mH$Uo, Xya H$aUo qH$dm XOm H$r H$aUo.
I) gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$ma Ùm hUOo H$moUVrhr
dèm{gV gWm qH$dm Ùm.
hr gWm qH$dm Ùm ImbrbmUo WmnZ qH$dm
J{R>V Ho$bobr AgVo.
1) KQ>ZoZwgma qH$dm KQ>ZmVJV.
2) {dYmZS>i qH$dm ggXoZo gV Ho$bo`m A`
H$moU`mhr H$m`mVJV.
3) gaH$mar ZmoQ>rg AJa AmXoemZwgma. `mV gaH$mar
mbH$s`m, {ZÙmImb`m qH$dm ârd
gaH$mar XV {iV Agbo`m gWmMmhr
gmdoe hmoVmo.
b) bmoH$godH$ hUOo ^>mMma{damoYr H$m`Xm, 1988
`m H$b 2 (H$) Yrb n>rH$aUmg nm Agbobr
H$moUVrhr `$s.
) VH$maH$Vm qH$dm AmdmO CR>dUmam hUOo
gmdO{ZH$ ÙoVrb ^>mMmamMr m{hVr XoUmar
H$moUrhr `$s qH$dm ^>mMmamMr gmjrXma qH$dm
`mbm Imbrb H$ma`m Y`mZm gmmoao Omdo
bmJVo, Aer H$moUVrhr `$s.
1) `mdgm{`H$ hmZr A`m`H$maH$ ~XbrIoarO
`mV ~T>Vr ZmH$maUo, `mo` nydAQ>r ZmH$maUo,
1
10
2) `m A{Y{Z`_mV dmna`mV Amcoco eX, dmMma

`mMr `m A{Y{Z`_mV `m`m H$a`mV Amcocr
Zmhr, nU ^>mMma {V~YH$ A{Y{Z`_ 1988 _ò
`mMr `m`m Ho$cocr Amho Aem eXmMm d
dmMmamMm AW `m A{Y{Z`_mV Xo`mV
Amco`m_mUo g_O`mV òBc. (1988 Mm 49 dm
A{Y{Z`_)
H$m`mb`rZ H$mH$mO ZmH$maUo qH$dm ôX^md

H$aUo qH$dm
2) emar[aH$ BOm qH$dm
3) `jmV H$moU`mhr H$ma`m hmZrMr Pi
nmohMbobr AgUo.
`m H$m`mImbr ^>mMma amoIUo qH$dm CKS>
H$aUo qH$dm JaemgZ CKS> H$aUo `m hoVyZr
bmoH$nmbmH$S>o VH$ma H$aUo qH$dm m{hVrMm
A{YH$ma, 2005 Imbr AO H$aUo qH$dm A`
H$moUVrhr H$m`Xoera H$madmB H$aUo `mwio `m
Y`m {X`m OmVmV qH$dm `jmV ZwH$gmZ
H$a`mV Ambobo AgVo.
3. BVa H$moU`mhr H$m`mV `m H$m`mVrb EImXr qH$dm
H$mhr VaVwXr Zg`m, Varhr `m VaVwXr JmM Ya`m
OmVrb. VgoM BVa H$m`mVrb VaVwXter `m H$m`mVrb
VaVwXr {i`mOwi`m ZgVrb, Varhr `m H$m`mVrb
VaVwXrM Jm Y$Z BVa H$m`mò `mZwgma Xw`m
Ho$`m OmVrb.
H$aU 2
H$aU 2.
3. cmoH$nmc gWoMr WmnZm

1) A{Y{Z`_m`m ma^r Z_yX Ho$`m_mUo `m
A{Y{Z`_mZwgma H$a`mV Amco`m VH$mat`m gX^mV
MmH$er H$a`m`m CoemgmR>r ""cmoH$nmc'' ZmdmMr
gWm/Ùm WmnZ Ho$cr OmBc.
2) cmoH$nmc gWoV nwT>rc `$sMm g_mdoe Agoc
A) A`j Am{U
~) Xhm gX`, `mnH$s {H$_mZ 4 OU `m{`H$
gX` AgVrc.
3) cmoH$nmc gWoV {Z`w$sgmR>r nm `$s
A) A`j AWdm gX` hUyZ {Z`w$sgmR>r Aer
`$s {Z{ddmX gMmoQ>rMr, cjUr` j_VoMr d
cm{H$H$mMr, VgoM gmdO{ZH$ `dhmamMr,
emgH$s` H$m`mMr d YmoaUmMr, ~m{H$
jomMr, dm{U` jomMr Am{U CmoJ, {dYr,
Am{WH$ VgoM `dWmnZ jomMr Cm_ OmU
bmoH$nmbMr WmnZm
4. 1) hm H$m`Xm gV Pm`m~amo~a VmVS>rZo H|$ gaH$ma
Omhra H$Q>Zmmao bmoH$nmb gWoMr WmnZm H$$
eHo$b. emgH$s`, Am{WH$ qH$dm H$mH$mOm`m
~m~VrV hr gWm gaH$mada Adb~yZ AgUma Zmhr.
`m ~m~VrV Vr dm`m gWm Agob.
2) bmoH$nmbò A`j, Xhm BVa gX` Am{U `m`m
hmVmImbr H$m H$aUmao BVa A{YH$mar AgVrb. `m
H$m`mVJV ZyX Ho$bobr H$mo Vo H$aVrb.
3) A`jmMr Am{U Xhm gX`mMr ZoUyH$ {ZdS>
g{Vr`m {e$maerZwgma am>nVr H$aVrb.
4) Imbrb `$s bmoH$nmbMo A`j AJa gX`
hmo`mg Anm AgVrb.
A) ^maVmMr ZmJ[aH$ Zgbobr H$moUVrhr `$s.
~) Z{VH$ nmVirda hrZ H$` Ho$`m{df`rMo Amamon
EImm `m`mb`mV XmIb Pmbobr `$s
H$) 45 dfmnojm H$r d` Agbobr `$s.
11
11
Am{U 25 dfmnojm H$_r Zmhr BVH$m AZw^d

YmaU H$aUmar hdr.
~) `m{`H$ gX` hUyZ {Z`w$sgmR>r C
`m`mc`mMo _w` `m`mYre nX qH$dm gdmo
`m`mc`mMo `m`mYrenX `mda H$m_ Ho$coco
Agmdo.
4) cmoH$nmcmMm A`j dm gX` hm ggXoMm qH$dm
H$moU`mhr am`m`m, H|$em{gV Xoem`m
{d{Y_S>imMm gX` Zgmdm, VgoM `mZo H$moU`mhr
`mgmMo AWdm cm^mMo nX (`m A`jnXmIoarO d
gX`nXmIoarO) YmaU H$$ Zò, VgoM `mMm
H$moU`mhr amOH$s` njmer g~Y Zgmdm, qH$dm
`dgm`mer g~Y Zgmdm Am{U `mZo H$moUVmhr
`dgm` H$$ Zò. VgoM A`jnXmda AWdm
gX`nXmda {Z`w$s hmo`mnydu - Oo H$mhr cmJy Agoc
- Oa
A) Vmo ggXoMm AWdm EImm am`m`m qH$dm
H|$em{gV Xoem`m {d{Y_S>imMm gX` Agoc
Va, `m nXmMm amOrZm_m XoBc; qH$dm
~) Vmo `mgmMo AWdm cm^mMo nX YmaU H$arV Agoc
`m nXmMm amOrZm_m XoBc; qH$dm
H$) Vmo EImm amOH$s` njmer g~{YV Agoc Va `m
njm~amo~aMo g~Y gnw>mV AmUoc; qH$dm
S>) Vmo EImXm YXm MmcdrV Agoc Va Aem Ymer`dhmamer Am{U `dWmnZmer Agcoco g~Y
gnw>mV AmUoc; qH$dm
B) Vmo EImXm `dgm` H$aV Agoc Va Agm `dgm`
H$am`Mo Wm~doc.
5) (cmoH$nmc) A`j òH$ gX`, nX
drH$ma`mnydu, n{h`m n[a{e>mV {Xco`m
Z_w`m_mUo enW qH$dm H$Q>Z H$aoc.
4. 1) (cmoH$nmc) A`j Am{U gX` `mMr {Z`w$s, {ZdS>
g{_Vr`m {e\$magr m Pm`mZVa,
am>nVtH$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmBc. Aem {ZdS>g{_VrMr
aMZm nwT>rc_mUo Agoc
A) nVYmZ (g{_Vr) A`j
~) cmoH$gôMo A`j (g{_Vr) gX`
5)
6)
7)
8)
12
12
S>) AmYr gaH$mar godoV Agbobm Am{U {Zdmr

qH$dm amOrZmm `mwio gaH$mar godoVyZ ~mhoa
nSy>Z XmoZ dfmhZ A{YH$ H$mbmdYr Z CbQ>bobm
H$Mmar.
bmoH$nmbMo {H$mZ Mma gX` H$m`Xoera nmd^yr
Agbobo AgVrb.
n>rH$aU H$m`Xoera nmd^y r hUOo `m `$sZo
^maVr` H$m`jomV {H$mZ Xhm df} `m`mb`rZ
H$m`mb` (`w{S>{e`b Am{$g) gm^mibobo Agmdo
qH$dm `mZo C `m`mb`mV AJa gdm}
`m`mb`mV dH$sb hUyZ {H$mZ 15 df} H$m
Ho$bobo Agmdo.
{ZdS> g{VrV Imbrb `$tMm gmdoe Agob.
1) ^maVmMo nVYmZ {ZdS> g{VrMo A`j
AgVrb.
2) bmoH$gôVrb {damoYr njZoVo.
3) gdm} `m`mb`mMo XmoZ `m`yVu Am{U C
`m`mb`mMo XmoZ H$m` godoVrb `m`yVu.
`m M r {ZdS> gdm} `m`mb`mVrb gd
`m`yVvH$Sy>Z Ho$br OmBb.
4) ^maVmMo w` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`w$.
5) ^maVmMo H$mQ>moba AS> Am{S>Q>a OZab.
6) bmoH$nmbMo gd mOr A`j.
emoY g{VrZo V`ma Ho$bo`m {ZdS>H$ CoXdmam`m
`mXrVyZ {ZdS> g{Vr A`j Am{U gX` `mMr
{ZdS> H$aob. H$m`mMo gdH$f kmZ Agbobr `$sM
A`j hUyZ {ZdS>br OmBb.
emoY g{VrV Xhm gX` AgVrb. ^maVmMo {Zdm
w` `m`mYre, {Zdm w` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`w$,
{Zdm H$mQ>moba AS> Am{S>Q>a OZab `m`mYyZ
{ZdS> g{Vr `mMr {ZdS> H$aob. `m`m H$m`H$mbmV
{Z>mdmZ hUyZ Vo kmV Agbo nm{hOoV. VgoM
{ZdmrZVa H$moU`mhr amOH$s` njmer `mMo g~Y
ZgmdoV. H$moU`mhr gaH$ma`m AI`marVrb
H$moU`mhr H$m`mb`mV Vo H$m H$aV ZgmdoV. ho
{Z`w$ H$a`mV Ambobo nmM gX` emoY g{VrV
AmUIr nmM gX`mMr {Z`w$s H$aVrb. ho gX`
H$) nVYmZ `m ggX g^mJhmMo gX` AgVrc

`mnojm {^ ggX g^mJhmMo ZoVo (g{_Vr)
gX`
S>) ^maV gaH$ma`m Jh_mc`mMo _r gX`
B) cmoH$gôVrc {damoYr nj ZoVo gX`
\$) am`gôVrc {damoYr nj ZoVo gX`
Oa cmoH$gôV qH$dm am`gôV {damoYr nj
Zo`mMo nX Zgoc Va g^mJhmV gaH$ma`m
{damoYmV AgUm`m njmnH$s gdmV _moR>m Aem
njmMm ZoVm (B) qH$dm (\$) nmoQ>H$c_mVrc Z_yX
g{_Vr gX` _mZcm OmBc.
J) ^maVm`m ga`m`mYremZr Zm_{ZXo}{eV Ho$cocm,
gdmo}M `m`mc`mVrc nXW `m`mYre gX`
h) ^maVm`m ga`m`mYremZr Zm_{ZXo}{eV Ho$cocm
C `m`mc`mMm _w` `m`mYre gX`
B) gWm Zm|XUr A{Y{Z`_ 1860 Imcr Zm|XUrH$V
gWm Agco`m ZeZc AH$$S>_r Am\$ gm`gog
gWoMo A`j qH$dm gdmV òR> m`mnH$
gX`
O) _{_S>i g{Md (g{_Vr) g{Md
2) {ZdS> g{_VrV EImXo nX [a$ Amho `m H$maUmVd
H$moUVrhr {Z`w$s AdY RaUma Zmhr.
3) {ZdS> g{_Vrcm Amd`H$ dmQ`mg, cmoH$nmc
A`j qH$dm gX` {ZdS>`mgmR>r, qH$dm Aem
{ZdS>rgmR>r Zm_gyMr V`ma H$a`mgmR>r, {Z{ddmX
gMmoQ>r, cjUr` j_Vm d cm{H$H$ VgoM {deof kmZ
25 dfmnojm H$_r Zmhr BV`m dfmMm gmdO{ZH$
`dhma, emgH$s` {dYr d YmoaU ~m{H$ jo,
`mnma-CmoJ H$m`Xm, {dm, `dWmnZ qH$dm {ZdS>
g{_Vr`m _Vo cmoH$nmc A`j d gX` {ZdS>rV
Cn`w$ R>aoc Aem jomVrc AZw^d YmaU H$aUm`m
`$sMm emoY Ko`mgmR>r EH$ emoY g{_Vr Zo_Vm òBc.
4) cmoH$nmc A`j d gX` {ZdS>r`m H$m`nVrMo
{ZÙ {ZdS> g{_Vr dV:M H$aoc,
{H$`m/H$m`nVr nmaXeH$ Agoc.
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
5. A`j qH$dm BVa gX`m`m [a$ OmJm âUo

`m A{Y{Z`_mV KmcyZ {Xco`m nVrg AZwg$Z
13
13
ZmJar gmOmVrb AgVrb.

gX`mMr {ZdS> H$a`mAmYr bmoH$nmbMo A`j
{H$dm gX` hmo`mgmR>r `mo` dmQ>Um`m {V{>V
`$tH$Sy>Z Am{U A` H$mhr bmoH$mH$Sy>Z emoY g{Vr
ZmmH$Zo mJdyZ KoBb
Am{U `mZVa {ZdS>H$ bmoH$mMr
`mXr V`ma H$aob.
`m bmoH$mMo gmdO{ZH$ godmH$mimVrb aoH$mS> A`V
MmJbo Agob, VgoM {deofV `mZr ^>mMmam{damoYmV
bT>m {Xbobm Agob, AgoM bmoH$ ZmmH$ZmgmR>r
{ZdS>bo OmVrb.
Zmm H $Zm `m {e$maetò g ~ { YV `pVZo
H$moU`mhr H$m`mImbr H$moU`mhr Amamonmbm Vm|S>
{Xbo Agob, Va `mMr m{hVr Agbr nm{hOo.
{edm` `mZo ^>mMmam{damoYmV Ho$bo`m H$mmMr
m{hVr, `m H$mmgmR>r Vr `$s H$m `mo` dmQ>Vo
`m{df`rMr H$maUo Am{U emoY g{Vr R>adob Vr
A` H$mJXno Am{U m{hVr mdr bmJob.
g~{YV `$sMr nmd^yr Am{U `mMo H$m`
`m{df`rMr m{hVr emoY g{Vr A` mJmZrhr
{idy eHo$b.
Aem H$mao {ZdS>bo `m `$tMr m{hVr do~ gmBQ>da
R>do Zy `m `$t{df`rMr bmoH$mMr Vo mJdbr OmVrb.
g~{YV `$s hm H$m`^ma gm^mi`mgmR>r `mo`
Amho H$s Zmhr `m{df`rMr hr Vo AgVrb.
m Pmbobr Vo Am{U bmoH$mH$Sy>Z {imbobr A`
m{hVr `m`m AmYmao bmoH$nmb`m gX`m`m {VnQ>
bmoH$mMr {ZdS> emoY g{Vr H$aob. ghgm hr {ZdS>
EH$VmZo Ho$br OmBb.
EImm `$s`m ZmmH$Zmbm emoY g{Vr`m
H$moU`mhr VrZ gX`mZr {damoY Xedbm, Va {ZdS>H$
CoXdmam`m `mXrV g~{YV `$sMm gmdoe Ho$bm
OmUma Zmhr.
{ZdS>H$ CoXdmamMr hr `mXr {ZdS> g{VrH$S>o
nmR>{d`mnydu emoY g{Vr hr `mXr do~gmBQ>da Q>mHy$Z
bmoH$m`m {V{H$`m mJdob.
{ZdS>H$ `mXrVrb gd bmoH$mMr m{hVr Am{U
`m`m{df`r`m {V{H$`m `mMm {dMma H$$Z
amQ>nVr, cmoH$nmc A`j, AWdm gX` `m Oo Agoc

`m_mUo `m`m Zo_UwH$sgmR>r {d_mZ A`j AWdm
gX`mMr _wXV gn`mnydu VrZ _{hZo AmYr `mo` Vr
nmdco CMc`mMr `dWm H$aVrc
6. A`j d gX`m`m nXmMm H$mcmdYr
cmoH$nmc A`j d BVa òH$ gX` `mMr
{ZdS>g{_Vr`m {e\$maerZVa am>nVt`m ghr{e`m{Zer Amkmnmmao nmM dfmnojm A{YH$ Zmhr
qH$dm `m`m d`mMr 70 df nyU hmoBn`V `mnH$s Oo
AmYr Agoc Vmon`V Vo ho nX YmaU H$aVrc. _m Ago
H$s,
A) `mg Amn`m dhVo AjamV am>nVtH$S>o nXmMm
amOrZm_m XoBc; qH$dm
~) `mg H$c_ 8 _ò {d{hV Ho$co`m nXmd$Z
hQ>{dVm òBc.
7. A`j d gX` `mMo doVZ, ^mo Am{U BVa godmeVu
1) A`jmZm ^maVm`m ga`m`mYrem_mUo cmJy Agoc
`mZwgma;
2) BVa gX`mZm gdmo `m`mc`m`m `m`m{YemZm
cmJy Agoc `mZwgma;
_m Ago H$s Oa A`j AWdm gX` `m`m
{Z`w$s`m doir ^maV gaH$ma`m AWdm
am`gaH$ma`m godm{ZdmrZVa {ZdmrdoVZ KoV Agoc
(AnJdm`m H$maUmVd {Xco OmUmao {ZdmrdoVZ
dJiyZ) Va `mg A`j AWm gX` `mnH$s Oo Agoc
`m nXm`m godo~c Xo`mV òUm`m doVZmVyZ
nwT>rc_mUo H$nmV Ho$cr OmBc
A) {Zd{mdoVZm`m aH$_oBVH$s Am{U
~) Oa `mg `m Zo_UwH$snydu {Zd{mdoVZm
AeamerH$aUmnmoQ>r {_imco`m R>moH$ aH$_o`m
gX^mV OohT>m {Zd{mdoVZ AemnmoQ>r Vr a$_
KoVcr Agoc `m {Zd{mdoVZ`m {h`mBVH$s
H$nmV. _m Ago H$s, A`j qH$dm gX` `m`m
godmeVu cmJy H$aVmZm `mZm hm{ZH$maH$ Aem
H$maMm ~Xc H$aVm òUma Zmhr.
8. A`j qH$dm BVa gX`mZm nXmd$Z Xya H$aUo Am{U
{Zc{~V H$aUo
18)
19)
20)
21)
14
14
Amd`H$ VodT>m gX`mMr `m `mXrVyZ {ZdS> Ho$br

OmBb. ghgm hr {ZdS> EH$VmZo Ho$br OmBb. m
EImm gX`m`m Zmdmbm {ZdS> g{VrVrb VrZ
`$tMm {damoY Agob, Va `m `$sMr {ZdS>
Ho$br OmUma Zmhr.
gX`mMr, VgoM A`jmMr {ZdS> Ho$`mZVa Vr
Zmdo am>nVtH$S>o gmXa H$a`mnydu g~{YV `$tZm
gX` qH$dm A`j hUyZ H$m H$a`mMr BN>m
Amho H$m, `mMr {ZdS> g{Vr Imr H$$Z KoBb.
gX` qH$dm A`j `m`m {Zdmrnydu VrZ {hZo
`m OmJr Xwg`m gX`mMr qH$dm A`jmMr {ZdS>
gaH$ma H$aob. hr OmJm H$moU`mhr AZno{jV qH$dm
AMmZH$ CX^dbo`m H$maUmwio [a$ Pmbr, Va Vr
VrZ {h`m`m AmV â`mV òBb.
S>i qH$dm {Z`mZwgma {ZpMV H$a`mV Ambobo
H$mo U Vo h r A{YH$mar S >i bmo H $nmbYrb
A{YH$m`mMr {ZdS> H$aob. hr {ZdS> VmnwaVr qH$dm
H$m`d$nr Agob.
bmoH$nmbMm H$moUVmhr gX` qH$dm A`j hm ggX
qH$dm H$moU`mhr am`m`m {dYmZS>imMm gX`
AgUma Zmhr. VgoM Z`mer g~{YV Agbo`m
H$moU`mhr H$m`mb`mV H$m H$aUma Zmhr. (bmoH$nmbMo
A`j qH$dm gX` `mMo H$m`mb` dJiVm) Vo
A` H$moUVmhr `dgm` H$aUma ZmhrV qH$dm A`
H$moU`mhr `dgm`mMo H$mH$mOhr (pQ>ghr)
H$aUma ZmhrV. `mMmUo H$moUVmhr ZoUyH$ Ho$bobm
gX` qH$dm A`j H$m`^ma gm^mi`mnydu Imbrb
H$Vr H$a`mg ~mYrb Agob.
1) `mAmYr Vmo EImm H$m`mb`mMm H$m`^ma
gm^miV Agob qH$dm Z`mer g~{YV H$m
H$aV Agob, Va `m nXmMm Vmo amOrZmm XoBb
qH$dm
2) Oa Vmo H$moUVmhr `dgm` H$aV Agob, Va
`m `dgm`mer Am{U `m `dgm`m`m
`dWmnZmer Agbobo g~Y Vmo VmoSy>Z Q>mHo$b
qH$dm
3) Oa Vmo H$moU`mhr `dgm`mMr pQ>g H$aV
1) `m H$c_m`m nmoQ>H$c_ VrZ_Yrc VaVwXt`m AYrZ

amhZ A`j qH$dm BVa gX`mg JadVZm`m
H$maUmVd amQ>nVtZr nmR>dco`m gX^mZwgma gdmo
`m`mc`mZo {d{hV {H$òAZwgma Ho$co`m MmH$erAVr
Ahdmc {_im`mZVa nXmd$Z Xya H$aVm òBc.
2) darc nmoQ>H$c_-1 _mUo A`j AWdm BVa
gX`mdarc H$madmB~m~V amQ>nVtZr gdmo
`m`mc`mg gX{^V Ho$co Ag`mg gdmo
`m`mc`mMm Ahdmc òD$Z am>nVtMm AmXoe
{ZKon`V`m H$mcmdYrgmR>r A`jmg AWdm
gX`mg am>nVr `m nXmd$Z {Zc{~V H$$ eH$VmV.
3) darc nmoQ>H$c_-1 _ò H$mhrhr Agco Var am>nVr
Amn`m AmXoemmao A`j AWdm BVa gX`mg
nXmd$Z nwTrc H$maUmVd Xya H$$ eH$VmV
A) Oa `mg `m`mc`mZo {XdmiImoa hUyZ Kmo{fV
Ho$co Agoc Va; qH$dm
~) Amn`m H$m`H$mcmV `mZo Amn`m
H$V`H$jo~mhoarc nJmar ZmoH$ar drH$macr Agoc
Va qH$dm
H$) am>nVt`m _Vo Vmo nXmda H$màV amh`mg
emar[aH$ AWdm _mZ{gH$ AnJdm_wio Anm
R>a`mg;
4) Oa A`j AWdm BVa gX`mZo ^maV gaH$ma qH$dm
am`gaH$ma`m dVrZo H$a`mV Amco`m EImm
H$amamVyZ AWdm g_Pmo`mVyZ cm^ hmoBc Aer
n[a{WVr CX^d`mg qH$dm EImm Zm|XUrH$V
H$nZrMo ^mJYmaH$ Ag`m_wio {_iUm`m
c^mIoarO A` H$mao cm^ H$$Z KoVcm Aem
A`jmZo dm gX`mZo darc nmoQ>H$c_-1 Imcr
JadVZ Ho$co Amho Ago _mZco OmBc.
9. A`j d gX`mZm nXmdYrZVa ZmoH$ar drH$ma`mda
{Z~Y
EH$) cmoH$nmc A`j Am{U BVa gX`nX YmaU H$a`mMo
Wm~`mZVa Vo nwT>rc Zo_UwH$mgmR>r nm AgUma
ZmhrV
1) cmoH$nmc A`jnXr dm gX`nXr \o$a{ZdS>UwH$
2) amQ>nVt`m AmkoZo d ghr{e`mZo H$amd`m`m
Zo_UwH$m Ogo amOZ{VH$ O~m~Xmar, H|$em{gV
22)
23)
24)
25)
15
15
Agob, Va Vmo Vr Wm~dob qH$dm W{JV H$aob

qH$dm
4) bmoH$nmbYrb `mMr H$Vò nma nmS>V
AgVmZm `m`m BVa H$moU`mhr H$Vr qH$dm
H$m`H$mer Agbo`m `j qH$dm A`j
g~Y mi
w o Oa {hVg~Y mMm gKf Cn hmo`mMr
e`Vm Agob, Va Aem gd H$Vr qH$dm
H$m`H$ `m`mer Agbobm Amnbm g~Y Vmo
W{JV H$aob.
g~Y W{JV Ho$`mdahr `m`m `m H$VtMm
qH$dm H$m`H$mMm bmoH$nmbYrb `m`m
H$mH$mOmda {dnarV n[aUm hmo`mMr e`Vm
Agob, Va Aer `$s bmoH$nmbMo H$m H$aUma
Zmhr.
bmoH$nmbYrb Amnbm H$m`^ma gm^mi`mnmgyZ
nmM df} qH$dm d`mMr 70 df} nyU hmoBn`V Vr
`$s bmoH$nmbMo H$mH$mO H$$ eHo$b. `mnH$s Or
Jmo> AmYr KS>ob, `mdoir `mbm Amnbo H$m
gmoS>mdo bmJob.
A) A`j qH$dm gX` dhVmjamV am>nVtZm
CoeZy {b{hbo`m nmVyZ Amnbm amOrZmm am>nVtH$S>o
gmXa H$aob.
~) `m H$m`mVrb VaVwXtZwgma, A`j qH$dm gX`
`mZm `m`m H$mmd$Z Xyahr H$aVm òBb.
A`jmZm ^maVm`m ga`m`mYremEdT>o Am{U
gX`mZm gdm} `m`mb`m`m `m`yVvEdT>o doVZ
{Xbo OmBb.
A`j qH$dm gX` `mZm {Xbo OmUmao ^mo, {Zdmr
doVZ Am{U A` godmeVu `m gaH$maZo {ZpMV
Ho$`mmUo AgVrb. ZoUwH$sZVa A`j qH$dm
gX` `mZm JagmoBMo R>aUmao ~Xb `m gX^mVrb
{Z`mV Ho$bo OmUma ZmhrV.
H|$ gaH$ma qH$dm H$moUVohr am` gaH$ma `m`mH$S>`m
H$moU`mhr nXmda qH$dm gaH$maH$Sy>Z {ZYr {X`m
OmUm`m H$moU`mhr ÙoVrb nXmda, bmoH$nmbMo
A`j qH$dm gX` H$m H$$ eH$Uma ZmhrV.
VgoM ggX qH$dm H$moU`mhr {dYmZS>im`m AJa
XoemMo H$meH$ qH$dm Vg_ O~m~Xm`m;

3) ^maV gaH$ma qH$dm am`gaH$ma `m`mVrc
cm^m`m nXmdarc \o$aZo_UwH$.
4) amQ>nVr qH$dm CnamQ>nVr, cmoH$g^m qH$dm
am`g^m, am`{d{Y_S>i ZVa nm{cH$m qH$dm
nMm`V `m`m {ZdS>UwH$m.
XmoZ) darc nmoQ>H$c_ (1) _ò H$mhrhr Agco Varhr
EImm gX`mg `mMr gX`nXmMm d
A`jnXmMm H$mcmdYr 5 dfmhZ A{YH$ hmoV
Zg`mg Vmo A`j hUyZ Zo_UwH$sg nm amhrc.
Wm{ZH$ dam` gWm`m {ZdS>UwH$sg Côhr amh

eH$Uma ZmhrV.
5. bmoH$nmb Amn`m g{MdmMr {ZdS> Am{U ZoUyH$
H$aob. `m g{Mdmbm ^maV gaH$ma`m g{MdmMm
XOm Agob. bmoH$nmbZo gV Ho$bo`m gd hHy$mMm
IaonUm em~rV H$a`mMm A{YH$ma `mbm Agob.
10. {d{e> n[apWVrV gX`mZo A`jmMr H$mò} nma

nmS>Uo
1) A`jnX ho _`w, amOrZm_m qH$dm A` H$maUmVd
[a$ hmo`m`m gJmV amQ>nVr A{YgyMZomao gdmV
òR> gX`mcm ZdrZ A`j {Z`w$ hmoBn`V`m
H$mcmdYrgmR>r A`j hUyZ H$m_ H$a`mg m{YH$V
H$$ eH$VmV.
2) Oa A`j aOoda Ag`m`m AWdm A` H$maUmVd
Amnco H$m` nma nmS>`mg Ag_W Agoc Va amQ>nVr
hUyZ `m gX^mV A{YgyMZomao m{YH$V Ho$cocm
gdm{YH$ òR> gX`, A`j nwZ: H$m_mda $Oy
hmo`m`m {XZmH$mn`V A`jnXmMr H$mò} nma nmS>rc.
11. cmoH$nmcmMo g{Md, A{YH$mar d H$_Mmar
1) cmoH$nmc gWo`m g{MdmMr Am{U BVa
A{YH$m`mMr Am{U BVa H$_Mm`mMr {Z`w$s
A`jmH$Sy>Z AWdm A`jmZr {ZXo}{eV Ho$cocm A`
gX`mH$Sy>Z qH$dm A{YH$m`mH$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmBc. _m
Ago H$s, H$moU`mhr nXmdarc Zo_UwH$m~m~V V`ma
Ho$co`m {Z`_mV Aem {Z`w`m H|$r` cmoH$godm
Am`moJmer gm_gcV Ho$`mZVaM Ho$`m OmVrc
Aer VaVyX amQ>nVr {Z`_m_ò H$$Z KoD$ eH$VmV.
2) ggXoZo Ho$co`m H$m`mg AYrZ amhZ cmoH$nmcmMo
g{Md A{YH$mar d H$_Mmar `m`m godmeVu
cmoH$nmcmZo `m gX^mV V`ma Ho$co`m {Z`_mdcrZwgma
AgVrc. _m Ago H$s, `m nmoQ>H$c_mVJV V`ma
Ho$co`m doVZ, ^mo, aOm, {Zd{mdoVZ `m ~m~V`m
{Z`_mdcrg amQ>nVtMr g_Vr Amd`H$ Agoc.
16
16

H$aU 3
H$aU 3
bmoH$nmb Am{U `m`m A{YH$m`mMo A{YH$ma

Am{U H$m`}bmoH$nmbMr H$m`}
6. bmoH$nmbMo A{YH$ma Am{U H$m`} ImbrbmUo
AgVrb.
A) ^>mMmam{d`m H$moU`mhr H$m`mImbr gw$
Agbo`m Jwm`m Vnmgmda XoIaoI R>odUo.
~) Aem Jwm`m `mo` VnmgmgmR>r Vnmg A{YH$m`mZm
mJXeZ H$aUo.
H$) gaH$mar H$Mm`m{d gw$ Agbo`m ^>mMmam`m
AmamonmMm Vnmg nyU Pm`mda g~{YV H$Mm`mMr
~mOy EoH$y Z KoV`mZVa `mbm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Uo, H$mmd$Z
Xya H$aUo qH$dm nXmdZVr H$aUo `mnH$s {ejm XoUo.
S>) `m H$m`mImbr òUmar bmoH$mMr JmhmUr H$mb~
nVrZo {ZH$mbr H$mT>br OmVrb, `mH$S>o bj XoUo.
B) ^>mMma{damoYr H$m`Xm, 1988 AVJV WmnZ H$a`mV
Ambo`m {deof `m`mb`mgmoa IQ>bm gw$ H$aUo.
$) ^>mMma{damoYr H$m`Xm, 1988 AVJV WmnZ H$a`mV
Ambo`m {deof `m`mb`mgmoa gw$ Agbo`m
IQ>`mMo H$mH$mO `mo` nVrZo gw$ amhmdo `mH$S>o
bj nwa{dUo.
J) bmoH$nmbMo H$Mmar Am{U A{YH$mar `m`m godmeVu,
godo{df`rMo {Z` Am{U AQ>r, {ZdmrdoVZ Am{U
^mo `m{df`r Cn{Z` V`ma H$aUo.
h) `m H$m`mImbr b{~V Agbo`m H$moU`mhr
IQ>`m`m gX^mV bmoH$nmb`m IS>nrR>mbm no
nmR>{d`mMo A{YH$ma XoUo.
B) ^>mMmam{d AmdmO CR>{dUm`m`m VH$matMr Zm|X
KoUo.
O) bmoH$nmb`m H$moU`mhr A{YH$m`m{d qH$dm
H$Mm`m{d Agbo`m VH$marMr Zm|X KoUo.
I) Vnmg A{YH$mar, BVa A{YH$mar Am{U H$Mmar
`m`m ZoUwH$m H$aUo Am{U Vnmgm`m AmYw{ZH$
emew nVtMo `mZm {ejU XoUo.
b) `m` A{YH$mar, dH$sb Am{U ò> gwnXoeH$
`m`m ZoUwH$m H$aUo.
) `mo` VnmgH$mmgmR>r Amd`H$ Agbobr AmYw{ZH$
gmYZgmJr KoUo.
12. AdofU emIm

H$moU`mhr OZgodH$mZo ^>mMma {V~YH$ A{Y{Z`_
1988 AVJV AnamY Ho$`m`m AmamonmMr MmH$er
H$a`mgmR>r, BVa H$moU`mhr H$m`mV H$mhrhr hQ>co
Agco Varhr, cmoH$nmc gWm AdofU emIoMr
WmnZm H$aoc. (1988 Mm 49 dm A{Y{Z`_) _m
Ago H$s, cmoH$nmc gWo`m AdofU emIoMr {Z{_Vr
hmoBn`V`m H$mimV H|$ gaH$ma Amn`m g~{YV
_mc`mVyZ qH$dm {d^mJmVyZ cmoH$nmcmg `m
A{Y{Z`_mImcr VnmgH$m`mgmR>r Amd`H$ Vmo
A{YH$mar dJ d BVa H$_Mmar dJ CncY H$$Z XoBc.
13. AdofU A{YH$m`mg nmo{cgmMo A{YH$ma AgUo
1) AdofU emIoVrc H$moUVohr AdofU H$m` nmo{cg
CnA{YjH$ qH$dm g_H$j XOm`m A{YH$m`mnojm
H${ZR> A{YH$m`mH$S>o gmondVm òUma Zmhr.
2) AdofU emIo`m AdofU A{YH$m`mZm Aem
Jwm`m Vnmgm`m gX^mV nmo{cg A{YH$m`mZm
AgUmao gd A{YH$ma, H$Vò, {deofm{YH$ma Am{U
Xm{`do cmJy amhVrc.
14. cmoH$nmcm`m {ZXo}emZwgma AdofU A{YH$m`mZo
MmH$er H$aUo
1) `m A{Y{Z`_mImcr EImm H$aUmMr cmoH$nmcmZo
Ver MmH$er H$aUo Amd`H$ Amho qH$dm H$go `m~m~V
dV:Mo g_mYmZ H$a`mMo CoemZo, cmoH$nmc Amn`m
AdofU emIo`m AdofU A{YH$m`mg `m H$aUr
mW{_H$ AdofU H$a`mg qH$dm H$adyZ Ko`mg,
VgoM cmoH$nmcmZo {ZXo{eV Ho$co`m {d{eR>
H$mcmdYrV Ahdmc Xo`mMo {ZXoe XoD$ eHo$c.
2) darc nmoQ>H$c_-1 AZwgma AdofU A{YH$m`mg
AmXoe m Pm`mZVa Vmo Vnmg nyU H$aoc Am{U
Amncm Ahdmc `m nmoQ>H$c_mZwgma {Z{V Ho$co`m
H$mcmdYrV gmXa H$aoc.
17
17

Z) ^> mJmZr Om Ho$bobr gnmr Am{U mbmm `mda
Q>mM AmUUo Am{U `m H$m`mVrb VaVwXtZwgma,
H$mhr H$aUmò Vr O H$aUo.
Amo) H$moU`mhr ^> mJmZo {idbobm ^mS>no admZm, nadmZm,
nadmZJr, H$mQ> qH$dm H$ama a H$aUo qH$dm `mV
~Xb H$aUo `m~m~V`m {e$maer H$aUo. ^>mMmamV
JwVbobr EImXr $, H$nZr, H$mQ>Xma qH$dm A`
H$moUVrhr `$s `mZm H$m`m `mXrV Q>mH$`mMr
{e$mag H$aUo . gmd O {ZH$ A{YH$ma ` Um
bmoH$nmb`m {e$maetMr Ab~OmdUr H$aob qH$dm
H$aUma Zmhr. Oa {VZo Ab~OmdUr Ho$br Zmhr, Va
bmoH$nmb g~{YV C `m`mb`mV OmD$Z g~{YV
gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$ma Ùobm `mo` mJXeH$ gyMZm
C `m`mb`mH$Sy>Z XoD$ eH$Vmo.
n) bmo H $nmb`m Amkm M o nmbZ H$a`mV {db ~
H$aUm`mda `m H$m`mVrb VaVwXtZwgma H$madmB
H$aUo.
`y) H$mo U `mhr mo V mH$Sy > Z H$mo U `mhr d$nm`m
^ > m MmamMr VH $ ma Am`mg {V`m{df`r `m
H$m`mImbr VmVS>rZo `mo` H$Vr H$a`mg ma^
H$aUo.
a) ^ > m MmamMr `mr H$r H$a`mgmR> r Am{U
^>mMmam{d AmdmO CR>{dUm`mZm ~ir R>adbo
OmD$ Zò `mgmR>r gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$ma Ùoer
gmgbV H$$Z `mZm `m`m H$m`nVrV ~Xb
KS>{d`mgmR>r {e$maer H$aUo.
`mnH$s EImXr {e$mag drH$maUo e` Zg`mg
`m{df`r`m Vnerbdma H$maUmgh g~{YV Ùm
XmoZ {h`m`m AmV Amnbm Ahdmb bmoH$nmbH$S>o
gmXa H$aob.
g) ^>mMma{damoYr H$m`mImbr òUm`m JwmgmR>r
{ejoMo YmoaU R>a{dUo Am{U doimodoir `mV gwYmaUm
H$aUo.
Q>) `m H$m`mV ZyX Ho$bobr H$mb`mXm H$gmoerZo
nmibr OmV Ag`mda XoIaoI R>odUo.
C) Ùm`m gMmoQ>r{df`r ImVaOm H$$Z KoUo Am{U
JaOoZwgma g~{YVmZm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Uo, H$mmd$Z Xya
18
18

h)
d)
j)
H$aUo, nXmdZVr H$aUo `mgma`m {ejm XoUo.

bmoH$nmbbm hdr Agbobr XV H$moU`mhr gmdO{ZH$
ÙoH$Sy>Z {idUo.
^>mMmam`m H$Vr Am{U nwamdo gmoa AmUUm`m
gaH$maYrb Am{U gaH$ma~m VH$maXmamZm mogmhZ
Xo`mgmR>r `mo` ~jrg `moOZm V`ma H$aUo.
`m VH$marwio OodT>r a$ gmnS>br Agob qH$dm
OodT>m aH$oMo ZwH$gmZ Q>ibo Agob, `m aH$o`m
Xhm Q>`mnojm ~{jgmMr hr a$ A{YH$ AgVm
H$mm Zò.
ggXo`m H$moU`mhr OmJoda {ZdSy>Z Ambo`m
H$moU`mhr CoXdmamZo AOmmao Omhra Ho$bo`m `m`m
mbmoMr MmH$er H$aUo.
`m H$m`m`m gw`mo` Ab~OmdUrgmR>r Amd`H$
Agbobr `mgmaIrM A` H$m`}.
bmoH$nmb`m A{YH$m`mMo A{YH$ma

7. 1). ^>mMma{damoYr H$m`Xm, 1988 AVJV H$aUmMr
VnmgUr H$aUm`m bmoH$nmb`m A{YH$m`mbm H$moS>
Am$ {H${Zb mo{gOaImbr Vnmg H$aUm`m nmobrg
A{YH$m`mbm Agbobo gd A{YH$ma, VgoM naH$s`
MbZ `dWmnZ H$m`Xm 1999 Am{U {h|eZ
Am$ Zr bmS>[aJ AQ>, 2002 Imbr Ab~OmdUr
gMmbH$mbm Agbobo gd A{YH$mahr AgVrb.
2) Oohm bmoH$nmbMm H$moUVmhr gX` qH$dm A{YH$mar,
`m H$m`mImbr Amnbo A{YH$ma dmnaV Agob,
Vohm H$moS> Am$ {gphb mo{gOa, 1908 AVJV
gw$ Agbo`m IQ>`m~m~V {gphb H$moQ>mb
m Agbobo
gd A{YH$ma `mZm AgVrb. VgoM Imbrb gd
A{YH$mahr `mZm AgVrb.
A) ^maVm`m Hw$R>`mhr ^mJmVrb Hw$R>`mhr
`$sbm hOa hmo`mMm hHy$ H$mT>Uo Am{U
`mMr enWoda VnmgUr H$aUo.
~) H$moU`mhr H$mJXnmMm emoY KoUo Am{U Vr
H$mJXno CnbY H$$Z Xo`mg ^mJ nmS>Uo.
H$) A{$S>ophQ>g`m gmhm`mZo nwamdo m H$aUo.
S>) H$moU`mhr H$m`mb`mVyZ qH$dm `m`mb`mVyZ
gmdO{ZH$ Zm|Xr qH$dm `mMr V {idUo
19
19
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
2
20
B) gmjrXma qH$dm BVa H$mJXnm`m VnmgUrgmR>r

Am`moJ ZoUo Am{U
$) H$m`mV ZyX Ho$bo`m Va H$moU`mhr Jmo>rgmR>r
Am`moJ ZoUo
bmoH$nmbMo gd gX` Am{U VnmgUr A{YH$m`m`m
da`m XOmMo bmoH$nmbMo gd A{YH$mar `mZm VnmgUr
A{YH$m`mMo gd A{YH$ma AgVrb,
bmoH$nmbmZo {Xbo`m AmXoemMr H$moU`mhr bmoH$godH$mZo
nm`r Ho$br Va bmoH$nmbMo IS>nrR> `mbm ghm
{hZo VwJ dmgmn`VMr {ejm qH$dm XS> qH$dm XmohrMr
EH${V {ejm R>moR>mdy eHo$b.
VH$marMm Vnmg gw$ AgVmZm g~{YV gaH$mar
A{YH$mar qH$dm H$Mmar `m`m nXmda Ag`mwio
Vnmgm`m H$mH$mOmda {dnarV n[aUm hmo`mMr
qH$dm g~{YV A{YH$mar IQ>`mer g~{YV nwamdo
AJa H$mJXno Z> H$a`mMr qH$dm `mV o$a~Xb
H$a`mMr e`Vm Ag`mMo qH$dm Vmo gmjrXmamda
X~md Q>mHo$b Ago qH$dm Vmo ^>mMma VgmM gw$
R>do b
o Ago bmoH$nmbmZm dmQ>b,o Va Vo `m H$Mm`mMr
g~{ YV nXmd$Z ~Xbr H$a`mn`VMo H$moUVohr AmXoe
XoD$ eH$Vrb.
Or mbmm ^> mJmZr Odbr Jobr Ag`mMm
Amamon Agob, Vr mbmm Oa bmoH$godH$ bndy
nmhmV Agob, Va `mbm `mnmgyZ amoI`mgmR>r,
g~{ YV A{YH$mar Ùobm, `m H$m`mVJV Vnmgm`m
H$moU`mhr Q>`mda bmoH$nmb AV[a AmXoe H$mTy>
eH$Vmo.
^>mMma{damoYr H$m`Xm 1988 AVJV H$moU`mhr
JwmMm Vnmg gw$ AgVmZm BVa H$moU`mhr
H$m`mImbr `m JwmMm Vnmg H$a`mMm A{YH$ma
bmoH$nmbbm Agob.
H$moU`mhr H$aUmMm Vnmg gw$ AgVmZm, ^>mMma
amoI`mgmR>r gmdO{ZH$ {hVm`m {>H$moZmVyZ
H$moUVrhr {V~YmH$ H$Vr Amd`H$ Ag`mMo
bmoH$nmbmbm dmQ>b,o Va g~{ YV gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$ma
Ùobm `m H$VrMr qH$dm {ZU`mMr Ab~OmdUr
H$a`mMr {e$mag bmoH$nmb H$$ eH$Vmo qH$dm

bmoH$nmbmZo {e$mag Ho$bo`m H$VrMr Ab~OmdUr
H$a`mg gmJy eH$Vmo. Vr gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$ma Ùm
EH$Va hr {e$mag m` H$$ eH$Vo qH$dm {e$mag
Ho$br Jo`mZVa 15 {Xdgm`m AmV Vr {Vbm ZH$ma
XoD$ eH$Vo. {VZo ZH$ma {Xbm, Va bmoH$nmb `mo` `m
C `m`mb`mV OmD$Z g~{ YV Ùobm `mo` AmXoe
Xo`mMr mJUr H$$ eH$Vmo.
8. ^>mMmam`m H$m`mer g~{YV Agbo`m H$aUm`m
Vnmgmò, bmoH$nmb`m IS>nrR>mbm B{S>`Z Q>obrJm$
AQ>`m goeZ 5 AVJV , gXoemMr XodmUKodmU qH$dm
Q>obr$moZmao AmdmOmMo dhZ Vnmg`mMo A{YH$ma AmhoV.
BQ>aZoQ> qH$dm A` H$moU`mhr m`mmao gmYbm Jobobm
gdmX Vnmg`mMm, `mV hVjon H$a`mMm A{YH$mahr
bmoH$nmbbm Amho. m{hVr Am{U VkmZ H$m`Xm, 2000
AVJV Agbobo A{YH$mahr bmoH$nmbbm AgVrb. B{S>`Z
Q>obrJm$ AQ> 1885 AVJVhr VnmgUrMo A{YH$ma
bmoH$nmbbm AgVrb.
gM dmaQ> H$mT>Uo
9. 1. CnbY m{hVr`m AmYmao bmoH$nmbA) `m `$sbm `m H$m`mImbr gg H$mT>bobo Agob
qH$dm ZmoQ>rg nmR>{d`mV Ambobr Agob, Vr `$s
g~{YV VnmgmgmR>r AJa MmH$ergmR>r Amd`H$
qH$dm Cn`w$ Agbobr H$mJXno qH$dm mbmm
qH$dm H$mhr Jmo>r Om H$$ eH$Uma Zmhr, `mda
{ddmg R>ody eHo$b.
1) `mgmR> r g ~ { YV H$aUm`m VnmgmgmR> r
Amd`H$ Agbo`m H$mJXnm`m qH$dm
mbmo`m VnmgmMo A{YH$ma gM dmaQ>`m
AmYmao EImm nmobrg A{YH$m`mbm bmoH$nmb
XoD$ eHo$b. hm nmobrg A{YH$mar nmobrg
{ZarjH$mhZ Imb`m nXmdaMm Zgob. `mbm
Aer mbmm qH$dm H$mJXno R>odbr Jo`mMm
`m OmJo{df`r ge` Agob, Aem BmaVrV
qH$dm OmJoV doe H$aUo Am{U Vnmg H$aUo ho
A{YH$ma `m gM dmaQ>mao `mbm {Xbo OmVrb.
2) H$moS> Am$ {H${Zb mogrOa, 1973 `m
21
21

emoY Ko`m`m Am{U Or{df`H$ VaVwXr,
Cn{d^mJ 1 Yrb H$aUmZm bmJy hmoVrb.
3) Cn{d^mJ
1) AVJV bmJy Ho$bobo gM dmaQ> ho H$moS>
Am$ {H${Zb mogrOa, 1973 `m
goeZ 83 AVJV `m`mb`mZo bmJy Ho$bobo
gM dmaQ>M gObo OmBb.
H$aU 4
H$aU 4
bmoH$nmbMo H$mH$mO
10. 1) Amnbo , Amn`m A{YH$m`m M o Am{U {d{dY
H$aUmgmR>r Zo`mV Ambo`m IS>nrR>mMo H$mH$mO
`dpWV nyU hmdo, `mgmR>r `mda bmoH$nmbMo
{ZÙ Agob.
2) bmoH$nmbmMr H$moUVrhr H$Vr qH$dm H$mH$mO Imbrb
~m~twio a~mVb R>aUma Zmhr.
A) bmoH$nmbYrb EImXr OmJm [a$ AgUo qH$dm
bmoH$nmb`m aMZoV EImXm Xmof AgUo.
~) bmoH$nmbMm gX` hUyZ H$m H$aV Agbo`m
EImm `$s`m ZoUwH$sV Xmof AgUo.
H$) H$aUmbm Pi Z nmo h My eH$Umar
bmoH$nmbYrb EImXr A{Z`{VVm.
3) gd YmoaUmH$ {ZU` S>iM KoBb. `mò {Z`
V`ma H$aUo, H$mH$mOmMo A{YH$ma gwnyX H$aUo Am{U
H$mo ZoyZ XoUo `mMm gmdoe Agob. {Z`m`m
AYrZ amhZ S>i ho H$m H$aob.
4) H$moS> Am$ {H${Zb mo{gOamUo H$moU`mhr
VH$maH$`mMr VH$ma mW{H$ m{hVr Ahdmbm`m
d$nmV Zm|XdyZ KoVbr OmBb. `mgmR>r H$moU`mhr
ew H$mMr qH$dm A { $S>o p hQ>Mr JaO Zgo b .
bmoH$nmb`m H$moU`mhr H$m`mb`mV Vr H$aVm òBb.
VH$mar`m {Z{mm{df`r qH$dm VH$maXmam`m hoV{y df`r
{Zdi eH$m KoD$Z Vr ZmH$maVm òUma Zmhr.
5) H$moU`mhr VH$mar{df`rMm Vnmg `mo` H$maUo Z
Zm|XdVm Vnmg A{YH$m`mbm ~X H$aVm òUma Zmhr.
6) bmoH$nmbmgmoa`m H$moU`mhr IQ>`mMr Omhra
gwZmdUr hmoBb
. Omhra gwZmdUrwio gmdO{ZH$ {hVmbm
A{^`moJ emIm
15. A{^`moJ gMmcH$mMr {Z`w$s
1) `m A{Y{Z`_m`m AVJV m Pmco`m VH$mat`m
gX^mV OZgodH$m{d A{^`moJ Mmc{d`m`m
CoemZo cmoH$nmc A{YgyMZomao A{^`moJ emIoMr
WmnZm H$arc Am{U A{^`moJ gMmcH$mMr d `m`m
ghm`mgmR>r BVa A{YH$m`mMr Am{U H$_Mm`mMr
{Z`w$s H$arc.
2) ^>mMma {V~YH$ A{Y{Z`_ 1988 AVJV XS>Zr`
AnamYm`m AmamonmImcr A{^`moJ gMmcH$,
cmoH$nmcmH$Sy>Z Vgm {ZXo}e {_im`mZVa {deof
`m`mc`mg_moa A{^`moJ Mmc{d`mgmR>r Amd`H$
Vr nmdco CMcoc. (1988 Mm 49 dm A{Y{Z`_)
22
22

~mYm òUmar H$aUo `mbm AndmX AgVrb. `m
H$aUmMr gwZmdUr "BZ H$oam' hmoUma Agob, Va
`mAmYr `mmJMr H$maUo Zm|Xdmdr bmJVrb. Omhra
gwZmdUr hmoUm`m H$aUmMo ph{S>Amo aoH$m{S>J Ho$bo
OmBb. ph{S>Amo aoH$m{S>J`m VrMr qH$V ^$Z
Vr H$moUmbmhr {dH$V KoVm òBb.
H$aU 5
H$aU 5
bmoH$nmbmMr O~m~Xmar
bmoH$nmbm`m A`jmbm qH$dm gX`mbm nXmd$Z Xya
H$aUo
11. 1) bmoH$nmbMm A`j qH$dm gX` `mZm `m`m
nXmd$Z Xya H$a`mMm A{YH$ma $$ am>nVtZmM
Agob. gdm} `m`mb`m`m {e$maerZVa am>nVr
hm {ZU` KoVrb. EImm `$sZo g~{YVm{d
gdm} `m`mb`mV VH$ma XmIb Ho$br Agob Am{U
`m{df`rMm Vnmg nyU Pm`mda g~{YV `$s
Xmofr Ag`mMo AmT>ibo, Va gdm} `m`mb`
Aer {e$mag H$aob. ImbrbnH$s H$moU`mhr H$maUmZo
A`j qH$dm gX`mbm nXmd$Z Xya H$a`mMr
{e$mag gdm} `m`mb` H$$ eHo$b.
A) J a dV U w H $s~b g ~ { YV `$s Xmo f r
AmT>i`mg.
~) emar[aH$ qH$dm mZ{gH$ Xm~`mwio H$m`^ma
gm^mi`mg g~{YV `$s Anm Ag`mMo
AmT>i`mg Am{U
H$) Vr {XdmiImoa Ag`mMm {ZH$mb `m`mb`mZo
{Xbm Ag`mg
S>) bmoH$nmb`m H$m`mb`rZ H$mH$mOmIoarO,
~mhoa`m H$m`mb`mV doVZ KoD$Z H$mH$mO
H$aV Ag`mMo AmT>i`mg.
2) `mnH$s H$moU`mhr H$maUmd$Z gdm} `m`mb`
g~{ YV A`j qH$dm gX` `mZm {Zb{~V H$a`mMr
{e$mag H$$ eHo$b.
3) gdm} `m`mb`mZo {e$mag Ho$`mda am>nVr VmVS>rZo
g~{YV gX` qH$dm A`j `mZm nXmd$Z Xya
H$aVrb.
16. cmoH$nmc gWoMm IM ^maVm`m EH${V {ZYrda

^m[aV AgUo.
1) cmoH$nmc gWoMm gd doVZ, ^mo Am{U A`j, gX`
qH$dm g{Md qH$dm BVa A{YH$mar qH$dm BVa H$_Mmar
`mZm Xo` Agcoco {ZdmrdoVZ `mMm IM ^maVm`m
EH${V {ZYrda ^m[aV Agoc Am{U cmoH$nmcmZo
KoVcoco ewH$ AWdm A` amer `m {ZYrMm ^mJ
~ZVrc.
23
23

4) `m goeZImbr H$a`mV Ambo`m VH$marda gdm}
`m`mb` VH$ma XmIb Pm`mnmgyZ VrZ {h`mV
{ZH$mb XoBb.
5) hr VH$ma ImoQ>r qH$dm Xw> AJa Amm{UH$ hoVyZo
Ho$bobr Ag`mMo AmT>ibo, Va VH$maXmambm XS>
qH$dm EH$ dfmMm VwJdmg qH$dm Xmohr Aer {ejm
gdm} `m`mb` $mdy eHo$b.
bmoH$nmbm`m AmXoem{d `m{MH$m
12. 1) ^maVr` am`KQ>Zo `m H$b 226 Zwgma, bmoH$nmbmZo
qH$dm bmoH$nmbm`m IS>nrR>mZo qH$dm bmoH$nmbm`m
H$mo U `mhr A{YH$m`mZo {Xbo `m H$mo U `mhr
AmXoem{d C `m`mb`mV XmX mJVm òBb.
gdgmYmaUnUo C `m`mbò `m AmXoembm W{JVr
XoD$ eH$V ZmhrV. Varhr Oa `mZr Vgo Ho$boM, Va
g~{YV {ZU`mbm $$ XmoZ {h`mMr W{JVr XoVm
òBb. `mZVa hr W{JVr AmnmoAmnM a hmoBb
Am{U nwhm `m H$aUr W{JVr XoVm òUma Zmhr.
bmoH$nmbmMr {heo~ VnmgUr
13. 1) bmoH$nmbmMr Am{WH$ Am{U H$mH$mO{df`H$ dm{fH$
VnmgUr H$JH$Sy>Z Ho$br OmBb.
2) bmoH$nmb`m dm{fH$ H$mH$mOmMo y`mnZ ggXr`
g{Vr H$aob. g{VrZo Ho$bo`m {e$maer m`
ZgVrb, Va bmoH$nmb Vnerbdma H$maUo ZyX H$$Z
`m gX^mVrb gH${bV Ahdmb ggXobm gmXa H$aob.
`mZVa Vmo Ahdmb ggXo`m Xmohr g^mJhmgmoa
R>odbm OmBb.
bmoH$nmbmMo Ahdmb
14. 1) bmoH$nmbMm A`j Amn`m H$mH$mOm{df`rMm
{d{e> Zw`mVrb EH${V dm{fH$ Ahdmb am>nVtZm
gmXa H$aob.
2) dm{fH$ Ahdmb {im`mZVa am>nVr Amn`m
{Q>nUrgh ggXo`m òH$ g^mJhmgmoa `mMr
V R>odVrb.
3) AmX`m {h`mV m Pmbo`m VH$matMr `mXr
bmoH$nmb Xa {h`mV Amn`m do~gmBQ>da R>odob.
{ZH$mbr H$mT>`mV Ambo`m òH$ H$aUmMr
24
24

Vnerbdma m{hVr, òH$ VH$marVrb $b{Znmr
Am{U Ho $ br Jo b o b r H$madmB qH$dm EImm
H$aUm{df`rMr {Z`mo{OV H$madmB, b{~V H$aUmMr
`mXr, S>im`m ~R>H$sVrb Zm|Xr Am{U H$mH$mO
`m~m~VMr m{hVrhr do~gmBQ>da Agob.
H$aU 6
H$aU 6
bmoH$nmb`m A{YH$m`mMr O~m~Xmar

15. 1) bmoH$nmbMm H$moUVmhr A{YH$mar qH$dm H$Mmar
`m`m{d`m VH$mar Zm|XdyZ Ko`mgmR>r òH$
am`mV EH$m qH$dm `mhZ A{YH$ VH$ma A{YH$mar
ÙmMr C^maUr bmoH$nmb H$aob.
2) `m VH$ma A{YH$ma ÙoV nmM gX` AgVrb. `m
gX`mMr {ZdS> Am{U ZmmH$Zo {gX`r` g{Vr
H$aob. `m {gX`r` g{VrV Imbrb `$tMm
gmdoe Agob.
A) am`m`m C `m`mb`mMo w` `m`mYre
~) am` bmoH$ Am`w$mb`mMo A`j
H$) am` mZdr h$ Am`moJmMo A`j
3) VH$ma A{YH$ma Ùo`m A`jnXr C `m`mb`mMo
{Zdm `m`yVu AgVrb. XmoZ {Zdm emgH$s`
H$Mmar Am{U {gphb gmogm`Q>rMo XmoZ gX`
AgVrb.
4) H$moU`mhr A{YH$mar qH$dm H$Mm`m{d Ambo`m
VH$marMr MmH$er `m VH$ma A{YH$ma Ùogmoa
OmhranUo hmoBb. g~{YV A{YH$m`mbm qH$dm
H$Mm`mbm Amnbr ~mOy mS>`mMr gYr {Xbr
OmBb. VH$ma XmIb Pm`mnmgyZ XmoZ {h`m`m
AmV MmH$er nyU Ho$br OmBb. JadVZ qH$dm
Amm{UH$ Vnmg qH$dm ^>mMma `mgX^mV Oa Vmo
A{YH$mar qH$dm H$Mmar Xmofr Ag`mMo AmT>ibo,
Va hr Ùm `mbm nXmd$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Uo, Xya
H$aUo qH$dm nXmdZVr H$aUo `mgX^mVrb AmXoe XoD$
eHo$b.
5) VH$ma A{YH$ma ÙoZo {Xbo`m A{V {ZU`m{d
^maVr` XS> g{hVo`m H$b 226 AVJV C
`m`mb`mV XmX mJVm òBb
.
MmH$er gX^mVrc `m`m{YH$ma H$jm

17. cmoH$nmcmMr `m`m{YH$ma H$jm
1) `m A{Y{Z`_m`m BVa VaVwXtZm AYrZ amhZ cmoH$nmc
hm OZgodH$m{d H$a`mV Amco`m ^>mMmam`m
Amamonmer g~{YV AWdm `mVyZ CX^dUm`m AWdm
`m`mer g~{YV AgUm`m ~m~VrV nwTrc_mUo
MmH$er H$aoc
A) H|$ gaH$mamV _r Agcocr qH$dm _rnXr
am{hcocr nVYmZmIoarO A` `$s.
~) ggXo`m H$moU`mhr g^mJhmMr gX` Agcocr
qH$dm gX` am{hcocr H$moUVrhr `$s.
H$) H|$ gaH$ma`m H$ma^mamer g~{YV H$moUVmhr
"A' JQ>mVrc A{YH$mar qH$dm g_H$j qH$dm
d[aR> A{YH$mar Omo godoV Agoc qH$dm godoV
am{hcocm Agoc.
S>) ggXo`m H$m`mZo WmnZ Pmco`m qH$dm nyUV:
dm AeV: H|$ gaH$maH$Sy>Z {dmghm`
{_iUm`m qH$dm H|$mMo {ZÙ AgUm`m
gWoMo dm _S>imMo qH$dm _hm_S>imMo,
m{YH$aUmMo qH$dm H$nZrMo qH$dm gWoMo qH$dm
dm`m gWoMo _J Vo H$moU`mhr ZmdmZo kmV
AgmoV, A`j AWdm gX` AWdm nmoQ>H$c_ H$
_ò CoIco`m JQ> A _Yrc A{YH$mar qH$dm
g_H$j A{YH$mar dm d[aR> A{YH$mar.
B) H|$ gaH$maH$Sy>Z gnyUV: qH$dm AeV:
{dmghm` {_iUm`m gWm qH$dm gKQ>Zm qH$dm
`mg _J Vo M{cV H$m`mZwgma Zm|XUrH$V
AgVrc qH$dm ZgVrc VgoM {dXoer `moJXmZ
25
25
{Z`_Z (A{Y{Z`_ 1976) AVJV {ZYr

{_iUm`m qH$dm ZmJ[aH$mH$Sy>Z XoU`m KoUm`m
H$moU`mhr gWm `mMo gMmcH$, `dWmnH$,
g{Md qH$dm BVa A{YH$mar (1976 Mm 49 dm
A{Y{Z`_) _m Ago H$s, cmoH$nmcmg ggXo`m
Xmohr g^mJhm`m gX`m{d `mZo g^mJhmV
Ho$co`m d$`mgX^mV qH$dm `mZo ggXoV
Ho$co`m _VXmZm`m gX^mV qH$dm ^maVr`
am`KQ>Zo`m H$c_-105 nmoQ>H$c_-2 _ò
Z_yX Ho$co`m ggXo`m Hw$R>`mhr g{_Vr`m
H$m_H$mOm`m gX^mV gX`mda Pmco`m
Amamonm`m H$aUmMr MmH$er H$aVm òUma Zmhr.
2) cmoH$nmcmg darc nmoQ>H$c_-1 _ò CoI Agco`m
`$sIoarO H$$Z BVa H$moU`mhr `$s`m dVZmMr
AJa H$`mMr MmH$er Vr `$s ^>mMma {V~YH$
A{Y{Z`_ 1988 AVJV H$a`mV Amco`m
^>mMmam`m Amamonmer g~{YV Agoc Va {VMr
MmH$er H$aVm òBc. (1988 A{Y{Z`_-45)
3) cmoH$nmcmH$S>o `m A{Y{Z`_mImcr `m H$aUm`m
gX^mV VH$ma H$a`mV Amcr Amho Ago H$moUVohr
H$aU MmH$er Am`moJ A{Y{Z`_ 1952 AZwgma
MmH$ergmR>r KoVco OmUma Zmhr. (1952 Mm
A{Y{Z`_-60)
18. cmoH$nmc Wmn`mnydu `m`mc` AWdm g{_Vr
AWdm m{YH$aUmnwT>o MmH$ergmR>r Agco`m H$aUmda
n[aUm_ Z hmoUo
^>mMma {V~YH$ A{Y{Z`_ 1988 AZwgma
cmoH$nmc A{Y{Z`_m`m ma^mnydr qH$dm cmoH$nmc
A{Y{Z`_mVJV MmH$ernydr EImm `m`mc`mnwT>o
ggXo`m g{_VrnwT>o qH$dm A` m{YH$aUmnwT>o `m
H$aUr H$m_H$mO gw$ Amho Ago H$m_H$mO `m
`m`mc`mg_moa, g{_Vrg_moa qH$dm m{YH$aUmg_moa
nyddV gw$ amhrc.
n>rH$aU : eH$m {ZagZmgmR>r `mmao Ago Omhra
H$a`mV òVo H$s `m`mc`, ggXoMr g{_Vr, qH$dm
A` H$moUVohr m{YH$aU `m`mnwT>o gw$ Agco`m
naVw am`KQ>Zo`m H$c_ 105 `m nmoQ>H$c_-2
6) H$mhr H$aUmò bmoH$nmb`m A{YH$m`mbm qH$dm

H$Mm`mbm VH$ma A{YH$ma Ùm {Zb{~Vhr H$$
eHo$b.
7) VH$ma A{YH$ma ÙoMm IM bmoH$nmbbm {Xbm
OmBb.
8) `m H$m`mV ZyX H$a`mV Am`mZwgma, VH$ma
A{YH$ma Ùm IS>nrR>m`m d$nmVhr H$mH$mO
H$$ eHo$b.
bmoH$nmbYrb nmaXeH$Vm
16. bmoH$nmb`m H$mH$mOmV gnyUnUo nmaXeH$Vm
amIbr OmBb. H$moUVrhr VH$ma qH$dm Vnmg
`m`m{df`rMm {ZH$mb Omhra H$a`mV Am`mda
`m{df`r`m gnyU Zm|Xr Am{U Vnerb bmoH$nmb
OmhranUo do~gmBQ>da R>odob.
26
26
AVJV gajU cm^co`m qH$dm `m`mc`mV c{~V

Agco`m H$aUmMm AndmX dJiVm cmoH$nmcm`m
Aem H$aUmMr MmH$er `m A{Y{Z`_mImcr
H$a`m`m A{YH$mamg ~mYm òUma Zmhr.
19. cmoH$nmcm`m IS>nrR>mMr WmnZm
1. A) `m A{Y{Z`_m`m VaVwXtZm AYrZ amhZ
cmoH$nmcm`m `m` A{YH$ma H$joMm dmna `mMr
IS>nrR>ogwm H$$ eH$Vrc.
~) A`jmg C{MV dmQ>oc `mZwgma XmoZ dm A{YH$
gX` Agco`m IS>nrR>mMr WmnZm A`j H$$
eH$Vrc.
H$) òH$ IS>nrR>mV gdgmYmaUnUo {H$_mZ EH$
`m{`H$ gX` Agoc.
S>) Aem IS>nrR>mV A`jmMm g_mdoe Agoc Va
`m IS>nrR>mMo A`jnX A`jmH$S>oM Agoc.
B) Aem IS>nrR>mV Oa EH$ `m{`H$ gX` d
`m{`Ho$Va gX` `mMm g_mdoe Agoc d `mV
A`j Zgoc Va Aem IS>nrR>m`m A`jnXr
`m{`H$ gX` amhrc.
\$) cmoH$nmcmMr IS>nrR>o
gm_m`V: cmoH$nmcmMr IS>nrR>o Zdr {Xr òWo
qH$dm cmoH$nmc AmXoemZo Z_yX H$arc AemM
{R>H$mUr pWV AgVrc.
2. òH$ IS>nrR>m`m `m`m{YH$ma H$joV òUm`m
godmg~Yr cmoH$nmc A{YgyMZm Omar H$aoc.
3. darc nmoQ>H$c_ (XmoZ) _ò H$mhrhr AV^yV Agco
Var A`jmg doimodoir IS>nrR>mMr WmnZm qH$dm
\o$aaMZm H$a`mMm A{YH$ma amhrc.
4. EImm H$aUmMr AWdm ~m~rMr gwZmdUr gw$
AgVmZm EImm Q>`mda Vo VrZ qH$dm A{YH$
gX`m`m IS>nrR>mnwT>o gwZmdUr hmo`m`m d$nmMo
Amho Ago A`jmg qH$dm gX`mg dmQ>`mg Vr ~m~
qH$dm Vo H$aU A`j dV: qH$dm `m`mH$S>o
gX^mgmR>r Am`mZVa `mg C{MV dmQ>oc Aem
IS>nrR>mH$S>o dJ H$aVrc.
27
27
20. IS>nrR>m_ò H$m_H$mOmMo dmQ>n

Oohm IS>nrR>mMr WmnZm Pmcocr Agoc Vohm A`j
doimodoir A{YgyMZomao cmoH$nmcmMo H$m_H$mO
IS>nrR>m_ò dmQy>Z Xo`mMr VaVyX H$aoc VgoM òH$
IS>nrR>mZo hmVmimd`m`m H$aUmMrhr VaVyX H$arc.
21. H$aUo hVmV[aV H$a`mMo A`jmMo A{YH$ma
EImm H$aUm`m hVmVaUm~m~VMm AO
VH$maXmamH$Sy>Z AWdm OZgodH$mH$Sy>Z H$a`mV
Am`mZVa VH$maXmamg AWdm Ogo Agoc Vgo
OZgodH$mg `mMo hUUo EoHy$Z Ko`mMr gYr
{X`mZVa A`j EH$m IS>nrR>mnwT>rc ~m~
{ZH$mcmgmR>r BVa H$moU`mhr IS>nrR>mH$S>o gmondy
eHo$c.
22. {ZU` ~h_VmZo AgUo
XmoZ gX`m`m IS>nrR>mVrc gX`m_ò EImm
_wmda _VôX AgVrc Va Vo Amnco _VôXmMo _wo
A`jmH$S>o _mS>Vrc Am{U Ago _wo A`j dV:
EoHy$Z KoBc qH$dm BVa EH$m dm A{YH$ gX`mnwT>o
gwZmdUrgmR>r nmR>drc Am{U Aem _wm`m H$aUmV
Vo EoHy$Z KoUm`m gX`m`m ~h_VmZo {ZU` KoVcm
OmBc Am{U `mV ho H$aU _wimV EoHy$Z KoUm`m
gX`mMmhr g_mdoe Agoc.
H$aU 7.
H$aU 7
CnXWm{dMo Vnmg Am{U IQ>bo

17. 1) bmo H $nmb`m gmV gX`r` I S >nrR>m`m
nadmZJr{edm` ImbrbnH$s H$moUmhr `$s{d
Vnmg qH$dm IQ>bm gw$ H$aVm òUma Zmhr.
A) nVYmZ Am{U {S>imVrb A` H$moUVmhr
gX`.
~) gdm}M qH$dm CM mmbmMo myVu
H$) H$moUVmhr ggX gX.
23. MmH$er Am{U AdofU g~YmVrc H$m`nVr

1) VH$ma m Pm`mZVa `m H$aUmV H$madmBgmR>r
gH$VXeZr V` Amho qH$dm H$go ho AO_md`mgmR>r
cmoH$nmc mW{_H$ MmH$er H$$ eH$Vrc qH$dm
Amn`m AdofU emIog mW{_H$ AdofU H$a`mMm
{ZXo}e XoD$ eH$Vrc.
2) darc nmoQ>H$c_ 1 _ò .................... hUyZ
MmH$er
qH$dm
mW{_H$
AdofU
.......................... 30 {Xdgm`m AmV nyU
Ho$co OmBc. .............................. Z_yX
H$$Z `mnwT>rc VrZ _{h`m`m ..................
Ho$co OmBc.
3) mW{_H$ AdofU nyU Pm`mZVa .......... m{YH$mar
Amncm Ahdmc cmoH$nmcmg gmXa H$arc.
28
28
4) mW{_H$ MmH$erV {ZU`mV ò`mnydr Am{U

CnH$c_-3 _ò gX{^V Ho$`mZwgma mW{_H$
Ahdmc gmXa Pm`mZVa g~{YV H$aUmV
gH$VXeZr V` Amho qH$dm H$go `mMm {ZU` Ko`mnydr
Zg{JH$ `m`m`m VdmZwgma `mcm `mMo hUUo EoHy$Z
Ko`mMr gYr {Xcr OmBc.
5) EImm VH$margX^mVrc nmoQ>H$c_-1 Zwgma
MmH$erZVaMm mW{_H$ Ahdmc m Pm`mZVa
gH$VXeZr V` Zmhr Ago cmoH$nmcmMo g_mYmZ
Pm`mg VH$marMo H$aU ~X H$a`mV òBc Am{U Vgm
{ZU` VH$maXmamg d OZgodH$mg H$i{d`mV òBc.
6) `m H$aUmV cmoH$nmcmMo _V gH$VXeZr V`
Ag`mMo ~Zoc Am{U Oo H$aU AdofUmgmR>r
nmR>dco OmBc Aem H$aUr AdofU nyU Pm`mZVa
Am{U Xmofmamon n XmIc Ho$co Om`mnydr, `m
OZgodH$m{d Ago AdofU H$a`mV Amcoco Amho
`mMo hUUo Zg{JH$ `m`Vdmer gwgJVnUo EoHy$Z
Ko`mMr gYr `mcm {Xcr OmBc.
7) H$aUmV gH$VXeZr V` Amho Ago cmoH$nmcmMo
g_mYmZ Pm`mZVa `m`mmao Ho$cr OmUmar òH$
MmH$er hr ZmJ[aH$mgmR>r Iwcr Agoc _m, H$mhr
AndmXm_H$ H$aUmV cmoH$nmc coIr H$maUo Zm|XdyZ
~X ImocrV Aem MmH$erMo H$m_H$mO Mmcdy eHo$c.
8) cmoH$nmcmZo EImm VH$mar`m H$aUmV MmH$erMo
H$m_H$mO gw$ Ho$`mg `mZo hr MmH$er e` {VV`m
OcXJVrZo H$$Z VH$ma m Pm`mnmgyZ ghm
_{h`m`m H$mcmdYrV hr MmH$er nyU Ho$cr nm{hOo
A`Wm {dc~mMr H$maUo coIr Zm|XdyZ `m nwT>rc ghm
_{h`m`m dmT>rd _wXVrV Vr MmH$er nyU Ho$cr
nm{hOo.
9) `m OZgodH$m{d nmoQ>H$c_-8 AVJV MmH$er
Ho$cr OmV Amho Aem OZgodH$mg Zg{JH$ `m`
Vdmer gwgJV `mMo hUUo EoHy$Z Ko`mMr gYr {Xcr
OmBc.
10) `m H$aUmV mW{_H$ MmH$er Am{U mW{_H$
AdofU H$aUo `m`m`m {hVm`m >rZo Amd`H$
Zmhr Ago cmoH$nmcmMo _V Agoc Vohm `m ~m~VMr
29
29
H$maUo coIr Zm|XdyZ Aem H$aUr WoQ> AdofU gw$

H$a`mg cmoH$nmc gmJy eHo$c.
11) Ago AdofU nyU Pm`mZVa naVw Xmofmamon n XmIc
H$a`mnydr AdofU A{YH$mar Amn`mH$S>rc
A{^coI gH$VXeZr V` Ag`m`m {ZH$fmgh
cmoH$nmcmnwT>o gmXa H$arc Am{U cmoH$nmc Xmofmamon n
XmIc H$amdo Ago {ZXo}e Xo`mnydr g~{YV OZgodH$mg
`mMo hUUo Zg{JH$ `m` VdmZwgma EoHy$Z Ko`mMr
gYr `mg XoVrc.
12) cmoH$nmcmZo EImm VH$marMr MmH$er Vm{dV
Ho$`mg H$moU`mhr Q>`mda Vmo
A) MmH$erer g~{YV dmQ>Umar Aer H$mJXno
gwa{jVnUo Vm`mV R>od`m~m~V C{MV AmXoe
XoBc. Am{U
~) `m XVEodOmMm AmYma VH$margmR>r Ko`mV
Amcm Aer gmYZgm_Jr d VH$marMr V
g~{YV OZgodH$mg `mMr ~mOy _mS>`mMr gYr
{_imdr hUyZ `m`mH$S>o AJo{fV H$arc.
13) cmoH$nmcm`m gHo$V Wcmda (do~gmBQ>) doimodoir
Am{U {Z`_mdcrV {d{Z{X> Ho$co`m nVrZo
Am_OZVogmR>r cmoH$nmcmnwT>o c{~V Agco`m Am{U
{ZH$mcr H$mT>`mV Amco`m VH$mar`m gò~m~VMr
pWVr X{eV Ho$cr OmBc.
14) cmoH$nmc qH$dm {deof `m`mc` `mZr gw$ Ho$co`m
MmH$er`m {H$òV qH$dm IQ>`m`m H$m_H$mOmV
AS>Wim R>$ eH$Vrc Ago XVEodO d nwamdo
cmoH$nmc amoIyZ Y$ eH$Vrc.
15) A` H$mhr VaVyX Agoc Vr IoarO H$$Z `m
A{Y{Z`_mImcr MmH$er AWdm AdofU
H$a`m~m~V {Z`_mdcrV {d{Z{X> H$a`mV Amco`m
nVrMm Adc~ Ho$cm OmBc.
24. nydJhm_wio ~m{YV hmoUm`m `$sMr ~mOy EoHy$Z
KoVco OmUo
A) Oa cmoH$nmcmnwT>rc H$madmB`m H$moU`mhr
Q>`mda cmoH$nmcmg Ago dmQ>co H$s, g^m`
AmamonrIoarO AmUIr H$moUm `$sMr MmH$er
H$aUo Amd`H$ Amho, qH$dm
3
30
~) AmamonrIoarO H$moUm `$s`m cm{H$H$mcm

nydJh Xy{fVnUm_wio/`m` {ZdmS>mnydu ~mYm
nmohmoM`mMr e`Vm Amho Ago `mMo _V
Pm`mg, cmoH$nmc Aem `$scm `mMo hUUo
_mS>`mMr dmOdr gYr MmH$er Xa`mZ XoBc
VgoM `mcm Amn`m ~MmdmW nwamdm gmXa
H$a`mMr gYr Zg{JH$ `m`m`m Vdmer
gwgJV H$mao XoBc. _m Ago H$s `m H$c_mVrc
H$moU`mhr VaVwXr OoWo gmjrXmam`m
{ddmgmhVoda Z{M Agoc `m gX^mV cmJy
hmoUma ZmhrV.
25. cmoH$nmcmg H$moU`mhr OZgodH$mH$Sy>Z AWdm
`$sH$Sy>Z _m{hVr _mJ{d`mMm A{YH$ma
AgUo
1) `m A{Y{Z`_m`m VaVwXrg AmYrZ amhZ, MmH$er
AWdm AdofUm`m CoemgmR>r, cmoH$nmc qH$dm
`WmpWVr AdofU A{YH$mar, H$moUmhr
OZgodH$mH$Sy>Z AWdm `$sH$Sy>Z Oo `m`m _Vo Aem
MmH$erer dm AdofUmer g~{YV _m{hVr XoD$
eH$VmV qH$dm XVEodO gmXa H$$ eH$VmV, `mZm
Aer _m{hVr Xo`mg qH$dm XVEodO gmXa H$a`mg
gmJy eH$VmV.
26. H$mhr {d{e> H$aUr A{^`moJ Mmcy H$a`mg
cmoH$nmcmg nyU g_VrMr Amd`H$Vm ZgUo
1) cmoH$nmc qH$dm `m`m AdofU emIocm, {Xr {deof
nmocrg A{Y{Z`_ 1946 `m H$c_ 6 E Adò,
VgoM \$mOXmar {H$`mg{hVm 1973 `m H$c_ 197
Adò Am{U ^>mMma {V~YH$ A{Y{Z`_ 1988
`m H$c_ 19 Adò, cmoH$nmcmmao qH$dm `m`m
AdofU emIomao H$moU`mhr OZgodH$m`m {d
Amco`m VH$mar`m MmH$ergmR>r qH$dm {deof
`m`mc`mV `m`m {d VH$ma XmIc H$a`mgmR>r
nydg_VrMr AWdm nadmZJrMr Amd`H$Vm AgUma
Zmhr. (1946 Mm A{Y{Z`_ 46, 1974 Mm
A{Y{Z`_ 2, 1988 Mm A{Y{Z`_ 49).
2) {Xr {deof nmocrg A{Y{Z`_ 1946 `m H$c_ 6 E
_ò, \$mOXmar {H$`m g{hVm 1973 `m H$c_ 19
31
31
_ò d ^>mMma {V~YH$ A{Y{Z`_ 1988 `m

H$c_ 19 _ò H$mhrhr hQ>co Agco Var {deof
`m`mc` cmoH$nmcmZo AWdm `mZo m{YH$V Ho$co`m,
VH$marZVa OZgodH$mZo Ho$co`m AnamYmMr XIc
KoBc.
3) darc nmoQ>H$c_ (1) d (2) _Yrc VaVwXr,
g{dYm{ZH$ VaVwXrZwgma {Z_mU Ho$coco nX YmaU
H$aUm`m Am{U `mcm nXmd$Z hQ>{d`mMr {H$`m
KQ>ZoZo {ZpMV Ho$cocr Amho, Aem `$sZm cmJy
AgUma ZmhrV.
4) darc nmoQH$c_ (1), (2) d (3) _Yrc VaVwXt_wio
KQ>Zo`m H$c_ 311 d 320 `m nmoQ>H$c_ (gr) `m
IS> (3) _Yrc VaVwXt`m gmd{H$Vog H$moU`mhr
H$mao ~mYm nmohmoMUma Zmhr.
27. _r d ggX gX` Zgco`m OZgodH$m`m
MmH$erZVaMr H$madmB
1) MmH$erZVa AWdm AdofUmZVa cmoH$nmcmg `m
OZgodH$mZo ^>mMma {V~YH$ A{Y{Z`_ 1988 `m
H$c_ 17 _Yrc nmoQ>H$c_ (1) `m IS> (H$) AWdm
IS> (3) AVJV AnamY Ho$`mMo >monmrg Amco Va
Vem ~m~VrV cmoH$nmc
A) {deof `m`mc`mV IQcm, XmIc H$aoc Am{U
AhdmcmMr V Amn`m {ZH$fmgh gj_
A{YH$m`mH$So nmR>drc.
~) Aem OZgodH$mg cmJy Agco`m godmeVr_Yrc
{eV^J H$madmBg~Yr`m {Z`_mZwgma gj_
A{YH$m`mZo {eV^J H$madmB gw$ H$amdr Aer
{e\$mag gj_ A{YH$m`mg H$aoc.
H$) AhdmcmMr V `m OZgodH$mg AWdm `m`m
{V{ZYrg XoBc. (1988 Mm A{Y{Z`_ 49)
2) darc nmoQ>H$c_ (1) `m IS> (~) Zwgma cmoH$nmcmZo
Ho$co`m {e\$mag m Pm`mZVa Vrg {Xdgm`m
H$mcmdYrV, `m MwH$ma OZgodH$m{d ^>mMma
{V~YH$ A{Y{Z`_mVJV AnamY Ho$`mMm Amamon
AhdmcmV R>od`mV Amcm Amho, `m`m{d
{eV^Jm`m H$madmBg ma^ H$aoc Am{U MmH$er
AhdmcmZVa CMcco`m nmdcm~c qH$dm H$moUVr
32
32
nmdco CMc`mMm BamXm Amho `m~cMm Ahdmc

cmoH$nmcmH$S>o gmYmaUnUo {eV^J H$madmBg ma^
Pm`mnmgyZ ghm _{h`m`m H$mcmdYrV admZm H$aoc.
28. _r d ggX gX` Agco`m OZgodH$m`m
MmH$erZVaMr H$madmB
1) MmH$erZVa AWdm AdofUmZVa cmoH$nmcmg `m
OZgodH$mZo ^>mMma {V~YH$ A{Y{Z`_ 1988 `m
H$c_ 17 _Yrc nmoQ>H$c_ (1) `m IS> (A) d IS>
(~) AVJV AnamY Ho$`mMo >monmrg Amco Va Vem
~m~VrV cmoH$nmc {deof `m`mc`mV IQ>cm XmIc
H$aoc Am{U AhdmcmMr V Amn`m {ZH$fmgh
gj_ A{YH$m`mH$S>o nmR>drc.
2) cmoH$gôMo gX` d _r `m`m gX^mV cmoH$g^m
A`j Am{U am`gôMo gX` d _r `m`m gX^mV
am`g^m g^mnVr `WmpWVr, g~{YV
OZgodH$m~m~VMm darc nmoQ>H$c_ (1) _Yrc
Ahdmc m Pm`mZVa e` {VV`m cdH$a Vmo
Ahdmc cmoH$gônwT>o AWdm `Wm{WVr, am`gônwT>o
g^mJhmMr ~R>H$ gw$ AgVmZm R>od`mMr `dWm
H$aVrc Am{U cmoH$g^m AWdm `WmpWVr am`g^m
`mMr ~R>H$ gw$ Zgoc Va g~{YV g^mJhmMr,
cmoH$gôMr qH$dm `WmpWVr am`gôMr ~R>H$ nwhm
gw$ Pm`mZVa EH$ AmR>dS>m`m H$mcmdYrV Vgo
H$aVrc.
3) gj_ A{YH$mar cmoH$nmcmZo darc nmoQ>H$c_ (1)
Adò nmR>dco`m AhdmcmMr {M{H$gm H$aVrc
Am{U Agm Ahdmc m Pm`mnmgyZ ZdX
{Xdgm`m AmV cmoH$nmcmg AmnU `m H$aUr
AhdmcmAmYmao H$moUVr H$madmB Ho$cr qH$dm H$a`mMm
BamXm Amho Vo H$idrc.
n>rH$aU : hm ZdX {XdgmMm H$mcmdYr _moOVmZm,
cmoH$g^m qH$dm `WmpWVr am`g^m `mMr ~R>H$ gw$
ZgVmZmMm H$mcmdYr dJicm OmBc.
33
33

H$aU 8
H$aU 8
{Z` V`ma H$a`mMo bmoH$nmbMo A{YH$ma

18. 1) `m H$m`m`m MmH$Q>rV amhZ H$m`mVrb VaVwXtMo
nmbZ H$a`mgmR>r Amd`H$VoZwgma bmoH$nmb {Z`
V`ma H$$ eHo$b. `m gX^mV Vmo ZmoQ>rg Omhra
H$aob.
2) Cn{d^mJ 1) Yrb A{YH$mam{df`r H$moU`mhr
H$maMm nydJh Z ~miJVm gdmgmR>r Ago {Z`
bmJy hmoVrb. VgoM ho {Z` Imbrb ~m~VrV bmJy
nS>Vrb.
A) bmoH$nmbò H$mm`m gmoBg mR>r {d{dY {d^mJ
V`ma H$aUo. CXmhaUmW, Vnmg, IQ>bo, VH$mar
qH$dm JmhmUr dJao.
~) {d{dY A{YH$m`mda doJdoJ`m nmV`mda
{d{dY O~m~Xm`m gmondUo. VgoM H$moU`mhr
VH$mar`m MmH$ergmR>r nVr R>adyZ XoUo. `m
VH$matò bmoH$nmbMo A{YH$mar Am{U H$Mmar
`m`m{d`m VH$matMmhr gmdoe Agob.
H$) Vnmg Am{U MmH$er nyU H$a`mMm H$mbmdYr
{ZpMV H$aUo.
B) bmoH$nmb`m òH$ loUrVrb A{YH$mar Am{U
H$Mmar `m`mgmR>r H$mmMm m{UV ZwZm
V`ma H$aUo.
3) bmoH$nmbZo V`ma Ho$bobo {Z` ggXo`m Xmohr
g^mJhmgmoa R>odyZ `mZr m`Vm {X`mZVa bJoM
bmJy hmoVrb.
cmoH$nmcmMo A{YH$ma
29. PS>Vr d OVr
1) Oa cmoH$nmcmg Ago dmQ>co H$s `m A{Y{Z`_mImcr
AdofU AWdm MmH$erg Cn`w$ R>aoc, MmH$ererAdofUmer g~{YV Agcoco XVEodO EImm
{R>H$mUr XS>dyZ R>od`mV Amco Amho, Vohm Aem gJr
cmoH$nmc Amn`m AdofU emIo`m H$moU`mhr
A{YH$m`mcm VoWo PS>Vr KoD$Z Aer
H$mJXno/XVEodO O H$a`mg m{YH$V H$$
eHo$c.
2) darc nmoQ>H$c_ (1) _Yrc VaVwXr_mUo O H$a`mV
Amcocm XVEodO hm `m A{Y{Z`_mImcrc AdofU
AWdm MH$er`m hoVygmR>r nwamdm R>aoc `m~m~V VgoM
hm XVEodO Amn`m Vm`mV AWdm AmnU m{YH$V
Ho$co`m A{YH$m`m`m Vm`mV R>odUo Amd`H$ Amho.
`m~m~V cmoH$nmcmMo g_mYmZ Pm`mg Vmo Agm
XVEodO Amn`m AWdm Vo `m`m Vm`mV R>od`mg
m{YH$V Ho$co Amho Aem A{YH$m`m`m Vm`mV R>oD$
eHo$c.
_m Ago H$s Oohm Ago XVEodO naV H$a`mMr
Amd`H$Vm Agoc Vohm cmoH$nmc qH$dm m{YH$V
A{YH$mar Aem XVEodOm`m `mo` H$mao gmjm{H$V
Ho$co`m Vr H$mTy>Z Vo naV H$arc.
3) PS>`m`m gX^mV \$mOXmar {H$`m g{hVm 1973
_Yrc VaVwXr `m H$c_mImcrc PS>`mZmhr cmJy
AgVrc _m `m g{hVo`m H$c_ 165 `m nmoQ>H$c_
(5) _Yrc XwVr`m AmYrZ amhZ ""XS>m{YH$mar''
`m eXmEodOr ""cmoH$nmc qH$dm H$moUVmhr m{YH$V''
Ago eX `mV dmnacoco AmhoV Ago g_O`mV òBc.
(1974 Mm A{Y{Z`_-2)
30. H$mhr H$aUmV cmoH$nmcmg {XdmUr `m`mc`mMo
A{YH$ma
1) `m H$c_mVrc VaVwXrg AYrZ amhZ, H$moU`mhr
MmH$er`m hoVygmR>r, nwT>rc gX^mV IQ>co MmcdVmZm
{XdmUr {H$`m g{hVm 1908 AVJV {XdmUr
`m`mc`mg Agcoco A{YH$ma cmoH$nmcmg AgVrc
34
34
H$moU`mhr `$sg hOa amh`mg gmJUo d ^mJ

nmS>Uo Am{U `mMr enWoda VnmgUr H$aUo.
ii) H$moU`mhr H$mJXnmMm emoY Ko`mg d Vo gmXa
H$a`mg gmJUo.
iii) {Vkmnmmao nwamdm drH$maUo.
iv) H$moU`mhr `m`mc`mVyZ AWdm H$MoarVyZ H$moUVohr
gmdO{ZH$ A{^coImMr _mJUr H$aUo.
v) gmjrXmam`m AWdm H$mJXnm`m VnmgUrgmR>r
AmXoe Omar H$aUo. _m Ago H$s gmjrXmam`m
gX^mV Oohm cmoH$nmcm`m _Vo gmjrXma
cmoH$nmcmnwT>rc H$madmBgmR>r CnpWV amh`m`m
n[apWVrV Zmhr Ago Agoc VohmM Agm AmXoe
~Omdcm OmBc,
vi) Am{U BVa `WmpWVr {d{hV ~m~r.
2) cmoH$nmcmnwT>o gw$ Agcoco H$moUVohr H$m_H$mO ho
^maVr` XS> {dYmZm`m H$c_ 193 AVJV
""`m`mc`rZ H$m_H$mO'' _mZco OmBc. (1960 Mm
A{Y{Z`_ 45)
n>rH$aU `m H$c_m`m CoemgmR>r OZgodH$ `m
gkoMm AW ^maVr` XS> {dYmZm`m H$c_ 21 _ò
{Xco`m AWm_mUo Agoc.
31. Ad_mZm~c {ejm H$a`mMm A{YH$ma
1) cmoH$nmcmg C `m`mc`m_mUo Amn`m
Ad_mZm`m gX^mV `m`m{YH$ma H$jm amhrc. Vmo Vr
dmnarc d `mg Vem e$s Am{U A{YH$ma
`m`mc`mMm Ad_mZ A{Y{Z`_ 1971 `m
VaVwXrZwgma Imcrc ~XcmZm AYrZ amhZ m
hmoVrc- (1971 Mm A{Y{Z`_-70)
A) `m A{Y{Z`_mV C `m`mc` Agm gX^
Agoc Vohm `mV cmoH$nmcm~m~Vhr gX^
Ag`mMo g_Oco OmBc.
~) C$ A{Y{Z`_m`m H$c_ 15 _Yrc "_hm
A{Yd$m' `m nXm~m~VMm gX^ hm cmoH$nmcmZo
{d{Z{X> Ho$co`m {dYr A{YH$m`m~m~VMm gX^
Amho, Ago g_Oco OmBc. _m Ago H$s Aem
H$aUmMr gwZmdUr A`jmZo WmnZ Ho$co`m
nmM gX`m`m {deof IS>nrR>mg_moa hmoBc.
i)
35
35
32. H|$gaH$ma`m A{YH$m`mMr godm dmna`mMm

cmoH$nmcmMm A{YH$ma
1) cmoH$nmc `mcm H$amd`m`m H$moU`mhr MmH$er`m
CoemgmR>r H|$ gaH$ma AWdm H$moU`mhr
A{YH$m`m`m qH$dm AdofU gWo`m godm,
`WmpWVr, dmn$ eHo$c.
2) MmH$erer g~{YV Aem H$moU`mhr ~m~rMo AdofU
H$aVmZm `m A{YH$mar d AdofU gWmMr godm
cmoH$nmcmZo darc nmoQ>H$c_ (1) AZwgma dmnamV
KoVcr Amho. {Vcm nwT>rc A{YH$ma AgVrc
A) H$moU`mhr `$sg CnpWV amh`mg gmJUo,
qH$dm ^mJ nmS>Uo Am{U `mMr VnmgUr H$aUo.
~) XVEodO emoY`mg Am{U gmXa H$a`mg gmJUo,
VgoM
H$) H$moU`mhr H$MoarVyZ gmdO{ZH$ XVEodO AWdm
`mMr V _mJ{dUo.
3) `m A{YH$mar AWdm AdofU gWo`m godm darc
nmoQ>H$c_ (1) Zwgma cmoH$nmcmZo dmnamV KoV`m
AgVrc `m A{YH$m`mZr AWdm AdofU gWmZr
`m MmH$erg~YmVrc Ahdmc cmoH$nmcmg `mgmR>r
cmoH$nmcmZo Zo_yZ {Xco`m _wXVrV gmXa H$amd`mMm
Amho.
33. _mc_moda Vmnwa`m d$nmV Q>mM AmUUo
1) cmoH$nmcmg qH$dm `mZo MmH$ergmR>r m{YH$V
Ho$co`m AdofU A{YH$m`mg `m`m Vm`mVrc
gmYZgm_Jr`m AmYmao `mcm {ddmg R>od`mg
dmOdr H$maU Ag`mMo dmQ>`mg Aem H$maUmMr
coIr Zm|X H$$Z
A) EImm `$sH$S>o ^>mMmam`m _mJmZo {_idcocr
{_iH$V Amho,
~) Aem `$sda ^>mMmam`m H$aUmer g~{YV
AnamY Ho$`mMm Amamon Amho,
H$) Or {_iH$V cmoH$nmcmnwT>rc ^>mMma {damoYr
VH$mar`m H$m_H$mOmer g~{YV Agoc Am{U
AnamYmmao m Ho$cocr Agoc d Or XS>dyZ
R>odcr Om`mMr, hVmV[aV Ho$cr Om`mMr qH$dm
36
36
Aem H$mao {dhodmQ> cmdcr Om`mMr e`Vm

Amho H$s `m_wio cmoH$nmcmnwT>rc H$madmB`m
~m~VrV Aer {_iH$V O H$a`m`m H$m`mV
~mYm òD$ eHo$c, Aem gJr cmoH$nmc Aer
{_iH$V 90 {Xdgmnojm A{YH$ Zmhr Aem
H$mcmdYrgmR>r Vmnwa`m d$nmV Am`H$a
A{Y{Z`_-1961 `m Xwg`m n[a{e>mV VaVyX
Ho$co`m nVrZo AQ>H$mdyZ R>oD$ eHo$c Am{U
Aem H$madmBV cmoH$nmc hm C$ A{Y{Z`_m`m
n[a{e>mVrc {Z`_ 1 `m nmoQ>{Z`_-B _mUo
A{YH$mar Ag`mMo _mZco OmBc.
2) C$ nmoQ>H$c_-1 _ò Z_yX Ho$co`m nVrZo
_mc_moda Q>mM AmU`mZVa cmoH$nmc, VmH$mi
Amn`m AmXoemMr V `m`m Vm`mVrc gmYZgm_Jrgh grc~X cImoQ>mV {d{hV nVrZo {deof
`m`mc`mH$S>o admZm H$arc Am{U Vo `m`mc` `mg
`mo` dmQ>oc `m H$mimgmR>r gmYZgm_Jr Amn`m
Vm`mV R>odyZ _mc_moda Q>mM AmU`m`m {ZU`mMr
_wXV dmT>drc.
3) darc nmoQ>H$c_-1 AVJV AQ>H$mdyZ R>odco`m
_mc_modarc Q>mM hr `m nmoQ>H$c_mVJV _wXVr`m
g_mrZVa qH$dm {deof `m`mc`mV nmoQ>H$c_-2
Adò {Xco`m AmXoemVrc _wXVr`m g_mrZVa
A_cmV Ag`mMo Wm~oc.
4) _m nmoQ>H$c_-1 d 2 _Yrc VaVwXrZwgma AQ>H$mdyZ
R>od`mV Amco`m _mc_moMm Cn`moJ Ko`mg
{hVg~Yr `$sZm H$moU`mhr H$mao _mmd AgUma
Zmhr.
n>rH$aU : `m H$c_m`m CoemgmR>r {hVg~Yr
`$s hUOo H$moU`mhr Wmda _mc_mog {hVg~Y
Ag`mMm Xmdm gmJUmar `$s Am{U Xmdm
gmJ`mMm A{YH$ma Agco`m gd `$s.
34. _mc_modarc Q>mM H$m`_ H$aUo
1) H$c_-33 `m nmoQ>H$c_-EH$ Adò H$moU`mhr
_mc_moda VmnwaVr Q>mM AmU`mZVa 30 {Xdgm`m
AmV cmoH$nmc Amn`m A{^`moJ emIog {ZXo}e XoD$Z
{deof `m`mc`mnwT>o g~{YV OZgodH$m{d`m
IQ>`mMo H$m_H$mO nyU hmoBn`V`m H$mimgmR>r Aem
37
37
_mc_modarc Q>mM H$m`_ H$a`mgmR>r {dZVr AO

H$a`mMm {ZXoe XoBc.
2) Aem H$mao VmnwaVr Q>mM AmUcocr _mc_mm ^>
_mJmZo gnm{XV Ho$cr Amho Ago {deof `m`mc`mMo _V
Pm`mg g~{YV OZgodH$m{d {deof `m`mc`mnwT>o
gw$ Agcocr H$madmB nyU hmoBn`V`m H$mimgmR>r
_mc_modarc Q>mM H$m`_ H$a`mMm AmXoe {deof
`m`mc` XoD$ eHo$c.
3) Oa g~{YV OZgodH$mMr `m`mda R>od`mV Amco`m
AmamonmVyZ _w$Vm H$a`mV Amcr Va Aem n[a{WVrV
g~{YV _mc_mm {deof `m`mc`m`m AmXoemg
AYrZ amhZ, `m _mc_modarc Q>mMo`m H$mcmdYrV
{V`mnmgyZ g{MV Pmco`m cm^mgh `m OZgodH$mg
naV Xo`mV òBc.
4) Oa Aem OZgodH$mg ^>mMma {V~YH$ A{Y{Z`_
1988 `m AVJV ^>mMmam`m AmamonmImcr Xmofr
R>adyZ {ejm H$a`mV Am`mg, Q>mM AmUcocr
_mc_mm ~H$ AWdm {dmr` gWm `m`m Xo`
Agco`m Am{U `mO `mMm {hVg~Y dJiVm BVa
gd h$ a~mVc R>$Z H|$gaH$ma`m _mcH$sMrM
g_Oco OmBc.
n>rH$aU : darc nmoQ>H$c_m`m CoemgmR>r ~H$,
H$O Am{U {dmr` gWm `mZm ~H$ d {dmr` gWm`m
H$OmMr dgwcr, A{Y{Z`_ 1993 `m H$c_ 2 _Yrc
IS> S>Jh (S>r.Or.EM.) _Yrc `mòV {Xcoco AW
cmJy AgVrc. (1993 Mm A{Y{Z`_-5)
35. ^>mMmam`m Amamonmer g~{YV Aem OZgodH$mMr
~Xcr AWdm {Zc~ZmMr {e\$mag H$a`mMm
cmoH$nmcmMm A{YH$mar
1) Oohm cmoH$nmcmg CncY nwam`m`m AmYmao
gH$VXeZr AmamonmV V` AmT>iyZ Am`mg
A) H$c_-17 _Yrc nmoQ>H$c_ EH$`m IS> H$ Am{U
S> _ò Z_yX Ho$cocm OZgodH$ MmH$er Xa`mZ
`m nXmda am{h`mg MmH$erda {VHy$c n[aUm_
hmoBc qH$dm
~) darc CnIS> A _ò Z_yX Ho$cocm OZgodH$
nwamdm Z> H$a`mMr qH$dm nwam`mV H$moU`mhr
H$mao N>oS>N>mS> H$a`mMr qH$dm gmjrXmamda
nS>XU AmU`mMr e`Vm Amho. `m~m~V
38
38
cmoH$nmcmMo g_mYmZ Pm`mg cmoH$nmc H|$

gaH$maH$S>o Aem OZgodH$m`m `m nXmd$Z
Amn`m AmXoemV {d{Z{X> Ho$co`m
H$mcmdYrgmR>r ~XcrMr AWdm {Zc~ZmMr
{e\$mag H$$ eHo$c.
2) H|$ gaH$ma gm_m`V: cmoH$nmcmZo nmoQ>H$c_-EH$
AZwgma Ho$cocr {e\$mag drH$marc. _m
AndmXm_H$ n[apWVr emgH$s` >m Vgo H$aUo
`dhm` Zgoc Vohm `mMr H$maUo coIr Zm|XdyZ Aer
{e\$mag ZmH$m$ eHo$c.
36. MmH$er Xa`mZ H$mJXno Z> H$a`mg {V~Y
H$a`mMo {ZXoe Xo`mMm cmoH$nmcmMm
A{YH$ma
`m A{Y{Z`_mImcrc H$mò nma nmS>VmZm cmoH$nmc
nwT>rc H$mao H$mJXno V`ma H$a`mMr AWdm Vm`mV
R>od`mMr O~m~Xmar `m`mda Amho Aem
OZgodH$mZm C{MV gyMZm XoD$Z
A) Aer H$mJXno AWdm A{^coI Z> hmo`mnmgyZ
AWdm Iam~ hmo`mnmgyZ dmM{d`mg qH$dm
~) Aem H$mJXnmV qH$dm A{^coImV \o$a\$ma
H$a`mg qH$dm Vr XS>dyZ R>od`mg {V~Y
H$a`mMo qH$dm
H$) OZgodH$mg `mZo ^> _mJmZo gnm{XV Ho$cocr
gnmr hVmV[aV AWdm {dcJ H$a`mg _ZmB
H$a`mMo AmXoe XoBc.
37. `mXmZmMo A{YH$ma
cmoH$nmc gdgmYmaU AWdm {deof coIr AmXoemmao
Am{U Aem AmXoemVrc eVu Am{U _`mXm`m AYrZ
amhZ `mcm Xo`mV Amcoco emgH$s` AWdm {dmr`
A{YH$ma `m AmXoemV {d{Z{X> Agco`m gX`mZm
qH$dm A{YH$m`mZm qH$dm H$_Mm`mZm dmnaVm òVrc,
Agm {ZXoe XoD$ eHo$c.
39
39

H$aU 9
H$aU 9
g`m Xya H$aUo

19. 1) `m H$m`m`m VaVwXtMr Ab~OmdUr H$a`mV
AS>MU òV Agob, Va bmoH$nmbZo {e$mag Ho$`mda
H|$ gaH$ma `m H$m`m`m VaVwXter {dgJV Zgbobm
AmXoe H$mTy>Z Vr AS>MU Xya H$aob. hm H$m`Xm bmJy
hmoD$Z XmoZ df} CbQ>`mZVa Aem H$mao AmXoe
H$mT>bm OmUma Zmhr.
2) `m goeZImbr H$mT>bobm òH$ AmXoe ggXo`m
Xmohr g^mJhmgmoa R>odbm OmBb.
{deof `m`mcò
38. H|$ gaH$mamam {deof `m`mcò A{Ygy{MV H$aUo
1) ^>mMma {V~YH$ A{Y{Z`_ 1988 AVJV qH$dm `m
A{Y{Z`_mVJV CX^dUm`m H$aUm~m~VMo IQ>co
Mmc{d`mgmR>r d `mda {ZU` Xo`mgmR>r H|$ gaH$ma
cmoH$nmcmZo {e\$mag Ho$`mZwgma VohT>m gòMr
{deof `m`mcò WmnZ H$arc. (1988 Mm
A{Y{Z`_-49)
2) darc nmoQ>H$c_-1 Adò WmnZ H$a`mV Amcocr
{deof `m`mcò `m`mg_moa XmIc H$a`mV Amcoco
IQ>co XmIc Pmco`m {XZmH$mnmgyZ EH$ dfm`m AmV
{ZH$mcr {ZKmdoV `mMr {ZpMV VOdrO H$aVrc
_m Ago H$s, EH$m dfm`m H$mcmdYrV `m IQ>`mMm
{ZH$mc cmJy eH$Uma Zmhr Aem pWVrV {deof
`m`mc` {dc~mMr H$maUo coIr Z_yX H$$Z nwT>rc VrZ
_{h`m`m H$mcmdYrV IQ>`mMo H$m_H$mO nyU H$arc
qH$dm `mZVahr doimodoir H$maUo coIr Z_yX H$$Z
òH$doir VrZ _{h`mnojm A{YH$ Zmhr BVH$s
_wXVdmT> KoD$Z _m Aem EHy$U _wXVdmT>rgh EHy$U 2
dfmnojm A{YH$ Zmhr BV`m H$mcmdYrV IQ>`mMo
H$m_H$mO nwao H$arc.
39. `m A{Y{Z`_mImcr qH$dm \$mOXmar {H$`mg{hVm
1973 _ò H$mhrhr hQ>co Agco Var `m
A{Y{Z`_mImcrc
AnamYm`m
EImm
MmH$erXa`mZ AWdm AdofUmXa`mZ qH$dm A`
H$madmBXa`mZ cmoH$nmcm`m AdofU A{YH$m`mZo
`m A{Y{Z`_mImcr MmH$er AWdm AdofUmgX^mV
hdm AgUmam EImXm nwamdm EImm am`mVrc EImm
{R>H$mUr {_i`mMr e`Vm Amho Ago Amnco _V
Ag`mMm AO MmH$er AWdm AdofU A{YH$m`mZo
{deof `m`mc`mg Ho$`mg Am{U Agm nwamdm `m
A{Y{Z`_mImcrc Jwm~m~V`m gX^mVrc MmH$er
AWdm AdofUmgmR>r qH$dm A` H$madmBgmR>r
Amd`H$ Ag`m~m~V {deof `m`mc`mMo g_mYmZ
Pm`mg {deof `m`mc` `m am`mVrc Aem
4
40
{dZVrMr XIc Ko`mg gj_ Agco`m `m`mc`mg

AWdm A{YH$m`mg {dZVrn nmR>dyZ
EH$) `m H$aUmVrc V` d n[a{WVr `mMr
VnmgUr H$aUo.
XmoZ) {deof `m`mc`mZo Aem {dZVrnmV {d{Z{X>
Ho$cocr H$madmB H$aUo, Am{U
VrZ) Aem H$mao Zm|X{dcocm AWdm O_m Ho$coco gd
nwamdo, ho {dZVrn nmR>{dUm`m {deof
`m`mc`mH$S>o admZm H$aUo.
Mma) Ago {dZVrn H|$X gaH$maZo Vo admZm
H$a`mgmR>r H|$ gaH$maZo {d{hV Ho$co`m
nVrZwgma admZm Ho$co OmBc.
nmM) darc nmoQ>H$c_-1 AVJV Zm|X{d`mV Amcocr
{ZdoXZo AWdm XVEodO AWdm m Pmco`m
dVy `m MmH$er AWdm AdofUmXa`mZ O_m
H$a`mV Amcocm nwamdm g_O`mV òVrc.
H$aU 10
H$aU 10.
cmoH$nmc gWoMo A`j, gX` Am{U A{YH$mar `m`m

{damoYmVrc VH$mar
40. cmoH$nmc A`j d gX`m{damoYmVrc VH$mar
cmoH$nmcmZo MmH$er Z H$aUo
1) cmoH$nmc gWoMo A`j qH$dm BVa gX` `m`m
{damoYmV H$a`mV Amco`m VH$matMr MmH$er
cmoH$nmc gWm H$aUma Zmhr.
2) cmoH$nmc gWo`m A`jm{d qH$dm BVa
gX`m{d VH$ma H$amd`mMr Pm`mg VH$maXmamZo Vr
am>nVtH$S>o AOmmao Ho$cr nm{hOo.
3) am>nVtZm Aem VH$ma AOmV ^>mMma dm
ôX^mdm~m~V V` AmT>i`mg Vmo AO am>nVr,
Aem VH$matMr MmH$er H$a`m~m~V {d{hV H$a`mV
Amco`m nVrZo ^maVm`m ga`m`mYremH$S>o gX{^V
H$aVrc.
4) ^maVm`m ga`m`mYremZr gX^mda Ho$co`m
_VXeZm`m AmYmao cmoH$nmc A`j dm
gX`m{d`m H$madmB~m~V {ZU` KoVrc, Am{U
Aem _VXeZm`m AmYmao, g~{YV cmoH$nmc
A`j qH$dm gX`mZo ôX^mdmMo dVZ Ho$coco
^>mMmamMm Vnmg Am{U `m`mb`rZ H$mH$mO doioda

nyU H$aUo
20. 1) òH$ Vnmg A{YH$m`mZo `m`mH$S>o Ambo`m
H$aUmMm Vnmg ghm {h`m`m AmV nyU H$a`mMr
Amd`H$Vm Amho. nU Amd`H$VoZgw ma bmoH$nmb`m
IS>nrR>mH$Sy>Z Vmo hr doi dmT>dyZ KoD$ eHo$b. m
H$moU`mhr n[apWVrV VnmgmMm H$mbmdYr 18
{h`mnojm A{YH$ AgUma Zmhr.
2) ^>mMma {V~YH$ H$m`mImbr XmIb Pmbo`m
òH$ H$aUmMo `m`mb`rZ H$mH$mO 12 {h`mV
nyU hmo`mgmR>r {deof `m`mbò H$gmoerZo `Z
H$aVrb.
3) `m`mb`rZ H$mH$mO ObX JVrZo hmdo, `mgmR>r
bmoH$nmb Xadfu Aem H$aUmgmR>r {H$Vr {deof
`m`mb`mMr Amd`H$Vm Amho, `mMm AmT>mdm KoVrb.
`mZwgma VodT>m gòZo {deof `m`mbò V`ma
H$a`mMr {e$mag bmoH$nmb gaH$mabm H$aVrb.
bmoH$nmbMr hr {e$mag gaH$mada ~YZH$maH$ Agob.
4) C `m`mb`m M o `m`y V u g ~ { YV C
`m`mb`mò VodT>mM gòMr IS>nrR>o V`ma
41
41
Ag`mMo AWdm Vmo ^>mMmamV JwVcm Ag`m~m~V

am>VtMo g_mYmZ Pm`mg, Aem n[apWVrV, H$c_
AmR>`m nmoQ>H$c_ (1) _ò H$mhrhr hQ>co Agco
Var, am>nVr `m A`jmg qH$dm `m gX`mg
nXmd$Z Xya H$aVrc Am{U `m`m{d ^>mMmam`m
AmamonmImcr IQ>cm â`mMr H$madmB gw$ H$a`mMm
AmXoe XoVrc.
41. cmoH$nmc gWo`m A{YH$m`m{d VH$mar
1) cmoH$nmc gWoMo A{YH$mar dm H$_Mmar AWdm
cmoH$nmcm`m {ZÙmImcrc d cmoH$nmcmer gc
AdofU gWm `m`m{d, ^>mMma {V~YH$
A{Y{Z`_ 1988 AVJV XS>Zr` AgUm`m
AnamYm~c, H$a`mV Amcocr AmamonmMr AWdm
A`m`mMr VH$ma `mda `m H$c_mVrc VaVwXr_mUo
H$m`dmhr Ho$cr OmBc. (1988 Mm A{Y{Z`_ 49)
2) Aer VH$ma AWdm Amamon H$a`mV òD$Z Vr m
Pm`mnmgyZ Vrg {Xdgm`m H$mcmdYrV cmoH$nmc `m
H$aUmVrc MmH$er nyU H$aoc.
3) cmoH$nmc gWoMo A{YH$mar, H$_Mmar, `m`m
{ZÙmImcrc AWdm gc AdofU gWm `m`m
{damoYmVrc VH$marV dm AmamonmV, CncY nwam`m`m
AmYmao, cmoH$nmcmg gH$V XeZr V` AmT>iyZ
Am`mZVa
A) Agm A{YH$mar, H$_Mmar, Aer AdofU gWm
`mZm MmH$er`m H$mimV `m nXmda R>od`m_wio
`m MmH$erda {VHy$c n[aUm_ hmoBc, qH$dm
~) cmoH$nmcmMm A{YH$mar AWdm H$_Mmar AWdm
`m`m {ZÙmImcrc dm gc AdofU gWm
`m`mH$Sy>Z nwamdm Z> Ho$cm Om`mMr, nwam`mMr
ZmgYyg Ho$cr Om`mMr qH$dm gmjrXmamda XS>nU
AmUco Om`mMr e`Vm Amho, Va Aem gJr
cmoH$nmc, AmXoemmao cmoH$nmcmMm Agm
A{YH$mar, Agm H$_Mmar `mZm godoVyZ {Zc{~V
H$aoc qH$dm `m`mer gc dm {ZÙmImcrc
AdofU gWoH$Sy>Z AdofUmMo A{YH$ma d
O~m~Xm`m H$mTyZ KoBc.
4) MmH$erAVr, Aem H$aUmV ^>mMma {V~YH$
A{Y{Z`_ 1988 AVJV AnamY AWdm A`m`
H$aVrb. `m H$m`mImbrb H$aUmMr {VWo gwZmdUr

hmoBb. òH$ H$aUmMr gwZmdUr e` {VV`m
bdH$a hmoD$Z OmVrV OmV ghm {h`mV H$mH$mO
nyU hmdo, `mgmR>r ho Ho$bo OmBb.
5) {deof `m`mb`mMo `m`mYre Am{U C `m`mb`mZo
`m H$m`mAVJV V`ma Ho$bobr d[a> IS>nrR>o $$
`m H$m`mVJV òUm`m H$aUmMoM H$mH$mO
nmhmVrb.
42
42
KS>cm Ag`m~m~V gH$VXeZr nwamdm Ag`mMo

cmoH$nmcmMo g_mYmZ Pm`mg, Aer MmH$er nyU
Pm`mnmgyZ nYam {Xdgm`m AmV, cmoH$nmc Agm
A{YH$mar, H$_Mmar qH$dm {ZÙmImcrc dm gc
gWm `m`m {d IQ>cm â`mMm AmXoe XoBc
VgoM g~{YV A{YH$m`m{d {eV^Jm`m
H$madmBg gwdmV H$aoc,
_m Ago H$s, Agm H$moUVmhr AmXoe g~{YV
A{YH$mar, H$_Mmar, `$s AWdm `mZm `mMr ~mOy
_mS>`mMr gYr Xo`mnydr H$mT>cm OmUma Zmhr.
H$aU 11
H$aU 11.
42. {deof `m`mc`mmao ZwH$gmZrMo {ZYmaU d `mMr

ânmB
EImm OZgodH$mg ^>mMma {V~YH$ A{Y{Z`_
1988 AVJV XS>Zr` AnamYm~c {deof
`m`mc`mZo {ejm R>moR>mdcr Ag`mg, `mdoir
M{cV Agco`m BVa A{Y{Z`_mV H$mhrhr hQ>co
Agco Var, {deof `m`mc`, Aem OZgodH$mg `m
{ZU`m~c dm H$Vr~c, Oo gXhoVyZo Ho$coco ZhVo
Aem AnamYm~c C$ A{Y{Z`_mImcr {ejm Pmcr
Amho, Aem H$Vr_wio dm {ZU`m_wio Pmcoco gaH$mar
I{O`mMr Or hmZr Pmcr Amho {VMo _y`mH$Z H$aUo
e` Ag`mg, {VMr dgwcr g~{YV OZgodH$mH$Sy>Z
H$a`mMm AmXoe XoD$ eHo$c. _m Ago H$s, {deof
`m`mc`, coIr Zm|Xdco`m H$maUmgh, Aem
{ZH$fmV Amco H$s `m AnamYm~c OZgodH$mg
{deof `m`mc`mZo {ejm gwZmdcr Amho, `m`mer
g~{YV {ZU` qH$dm {ZU`m_mJo Hw$UmMm Var cm^
hmdm `m>rZo H$mhr H$maWmZ aMcoco Amho, Va Aem
n[a{WVrV g~{YV {ZU`mMo cm^ `mZm {_imco
AmhoV Aem cm^mWrH$Sy>Z `m `m _mUmV dgwcr
H$$ eHo$c.
VH$maH$V} qH$dm AmdmO CR>{dUmao

21. 1) gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$ma ÙoV Pmbo`m qH$dm hmoV
Agbo`m ^>mMmamMr m{hVr Agbo`m H$moU`mhr
gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$m`mbm qH$dm H$moU`mhr `$sbm
^>mMmamMr m{hVr JmonZr` ar`m bmoH$nmbmH$S>o
nmR>{d`mgmR>r mogmhZ {Xbo OmBb. `m m{hVr`m
AmYmao MmH$er H$adyZ KoUo ho bmoH$nmbmMo H$V`
Agob. JaO ^mg`mg `m m{hVr`m AmYmao ^>mMma
{V~YH$ H$m`mImbr Vnmghr Ho$bm OmBb.
2) VH$maH$`mZm qH$dm AmdmO CR>{dUm`mZm emar[aH$
BOm qH$dm emgH$s` N>i `mnmgyZ gnyU gajU
XoUo ho bmoH$nmbmMo H$V` Agob. VH$maH$`mMr
BN>m Agob, Va Aem H$ma`m VH$maH$`mMr
AmoiI nyUnUo Jw R>odbr OmBb.
3) hm hoVy nyU hmo`mgmR>r g~{YV VH$maH$`mbm gajU
Xo `mgmR> r gw a jm ` Um Z m gy M Zm Xo U o qH$dm
VH$maH$`mMm emgH$s` N>i Wm~{d`mgmR>r AemM
H$mao A` EImm A{YH$ma Ùobm gyMZm XoUo
hohr bmoH$nmbmMo H$V`M Agob.
4) `m goeZYrb H$aUmMm Vnmg ObX JVrZo H$$Z
AmXoe {Xbo OmVrb. VH$ma Am`mnmgyZ EH$
{h`m`m H$mbmdYrV {VMo {ZagZ Ho$bo OmBb.
emar[aH$ N>i H$aUr VmVS>rZo H$madmB Ho$br OmBb.
5) Oo VH$maH$V} emar[aH$ qH$dm emgH$s` N>imMo
~ir R>aV AmhoV, `m`m VH$matMm Vnmg A`V
ObX JVrZo Ho$bm OmBb. VH$ma Am`mnmgyZ VrZ
{h`mV Vnmg nyU Ho$bm OmBb.
43
43

H$aU 12.
H$aU 12
43. {dm, coIo d coIm narjU
cmoH$nmc gWm òH$ Am{WH$ dfu, {d{hV Ho$co`m
Z_w`mV Am{U H$mcmdYrV, Amn`m AmJm_r Am{WH$
dfmMm AWgH$n, AXm{OV O_m d IMm`m
Vnercmgh V`ma H$aoc Am{U Vmo _m{hVrgmR>r H|$
gaH$maH$S>o AJo{fV H$arc.
44. H|$ gaH$maH$Sy>Z AZwXmZo
H|$ gaH$ma, ggXoZo `m g~YmV H$m`mmao C{MV
VaVwXr Am{U {ZYr {Z{Vr Ho$`mZVa, cmoH$nmc
gWog A`j d gX` `m`m doVZ ^`mgmR>r AXm
H$aUo Amd`H$ Agcocr amer, VgoM cmoH$nmc
gWoMo A{YH$mar, H$_Mmar `mZm Xo` Agcoco doVZ,
^mo, Am{U {ZdmrdoVZ `mgh emgH$s` IMmgmR>r
amer `mH$[aVm AZwXmZ Xo`mMr `dWm H|$ gaH$ma
H$aoc.
45. dm{fH$ co`mMo nH$
1) H|$ gaH$maZo ^maVm`m _hm-coIm {Z`H$mer
gm_gcV H$$Z {d{hV Ho$co`m Z_w`mV, cmoH$nmc
Amn`m co`mMr d BVa A{^coImMr Zm|X R>odrc
VgoM co`mMo dm{fH$ nH$ V`ma H$aoc.
2) ^maVm`m _hmcoIm {Z`H$mH$Sy>Z, `mZo {ZpMV
Ho$co`m H$mcmdYrV, cmoH$nmc gWo`m coIm-Zm|XrMo
coIm-narjU Ho$co OmBc.
3) ^maVm`m _hmcoIm {Z`H$mg qH$dm `m
A{Y{Z`_mZwgma cmoH$nmc gWo`m coImnarjUm`m
g~YmV `mZo {Z`w$ Ho$co`m H$moUmhr `$sg, Aem
coIm-narjUm`m gX^mV, ^maVm`m _hmcoIm
{Z`H$mg gaH$ma`m coIm-narjUmgX^mV Oo
A{YH$ma, h$ Am{U {deofm{YH$ma gm_m`V: AgVmV
Vo Vgo AgVrc, {edm` {deofH$$Z cmoH$nmc
gWo`m H$moU`mhr H$m`mc`mMr VnmgUr H$a`mMo
Am{U {hemo~mMr nwVHo$, coIo, Xo`Ho$ d BVa H$mJXno
VnmgUrgmR>r hOa H$a`mg gmJ`mMo A{YH$ma
AgVrc.
4) ^maVm`m _hm-coIm {Z`H$mZo, AWdm `mZo `mgmR>r
{Z`w$ Ho$co`m `$sZo coImnarjU Ahdmcmgh
_m{UV Ho$coco cmoH$nmcmMo coIo Xa dfu H|$
^> bmoH$godH$mZm {ejm Am{U VwJdmg

{ejm
22. 1) H$moU`mhr gaH$mar H$Mm`m{d XmIb Pmbo`m
VH$marMm Vnmg nyU Pm`mda bmoH$nmb EH$ Va `m
H$Mm`m`m {damoYmV `m`mb`rZ H$mH$mOmbm
gwdmV H$aob qH$dm {ejm Xo`mgmR>rMo H$mH$mO
gw$ H$aob qH$dm Xmohr Jmo>r EH$mM doir gw$ Ho$`m
OmVrb.
2) `m goeZMm hoVy nyU H$a`mgmR>r {Zdm `m`mYre
qH$dm {Zdm gaH$mar AJa ImgJr H$Mmar ({gphb
ghQ>) qH$dm Vg A` H$moUmMrhr `m` A{YH$mar
hUyZ bmoH$nmb {ZdS> H$aob. `mbm {Z`mZwgma
AQ>r Am{U eVu bmJy Ho$`m OmVrb.
3) `m` A{YH$m`m M o I S >nrR> Aem gaH$mar
A{YH$m`mMr MmH$er H$aob. `m AmYr `m
A{YH$m`mbm `mMr ~mOy mS>`mMr Am{U H$maUo
Xo`mMr nyU gYr {Xbr OmBb. MmH$erd$Z {ZH$f
H$mT>`mda IS>nrR> `m H$Mm`mbm {ejm m`Mr
H$m Am{U m`Mr Ag`mg H$moUVr {ejm m`Mr
`mMm {ZU ` Ko B b . bmo H $nmb H$m`mVrb
VaVwXrZwgma, `m {ejobm bmoH$nmbZo Zobo`m d[a>
A{YH$m`mZr gVr {X`mdaM Vr AbmV AmUbr
OmBb.
4) Aem H$mao m` Ho$bo`m {e$maer drH$maUo ZoUyH$
H$aUm`m A{YH$ma Ùoda ~YZH$maH$ Agob.
VwJdmg
23. 1) ^>mMmamMo H$moUVohr H$` {g Pm`mda {H$mZ
ghm {h`mMr VwJdmgmMr {ejm {Xbr OmBb.
Vgo M H$aUm`m d$nmZw g ma, hr {ejm
OR>onon`Vhr dmT>dbr OmD$ eHo$b.
2) g~{YV `$s Oa C nXmda H$màV Agob, Va Vo
bjmV KoD$Z {deof `m`mb` `mbm A{YH$ H$S>H$
{ejm R>moR>mdob.
3) `m JwmMm EImm `dgm`mbm $m`Xm Pmbm Agob,
Va `m H$m`mVJV Am{U ^>mMma {V~YH$
H$m`mVJV Xo`mV òUm`m BVa {ejmIoarO OZVobm
44
44
gaH$maH$S>o admZm Ho$co OmVrc Am{U H|$ gaH$ma Vo

ggXo`m g^mJhmnwT>o _mS>`mMr `dWm H$arc.
46. H|$ gaH$macm {ddaUo B. gmXa H$aUo
1) cmoH$nmc gWm, H|$ gaH$macm, H|$ gaH$ma`m
{dZVrZwgma R>aco`m doir, R>adyZ {Xco`m Z_w`mV
Am{U {d{hV nVrZo, cmoH$nmc gWo`m `m`
A{YH$ma H$joVrc H$moU`mhr ~m~rer g~{YV Agm
Vnerc, H|$ gaH$ma _mJdrc `mZwgma doimodoir
gmXa H$aoc.
Pmbo`m VmoQ>m`m nmMnQ> XS> g~{YV `dgm`

qH$dm Cmo J mH$Sy > Z dgy b Ho $ bm OmB b . `m
`dgm`m`m mbmoVyZ hm XS> dgyb Ho$bm OmBb.
VgoM `m `dgm`m`m `dWmnH$s` gMmbH$m`m
d`{$H$ mbmoVyZhr Vmo dgyb H$$Z KoVbm OmBb.
Amamonr`m d`{$H$ mbmoVyZ AmH$mabobm XS>
dgyb H$aUo e` Zgob, Va hm {ZU` KoVbm OmBb.
4) Oa EImXr H$nZr qH$dm {VMm EImXm A{YH$mar
qH$dm gMmbH$ `mZm ^>mMma{damoYr H$m`mImbr
Xmofr R>a{d`mV Ambo, Va Vr H$nZr Am{U `m
H$nZr`m H$moU`mhr moQ>aZo moQ> Ho$bo`m A`
gd H$n`m `mMm gmdoe H$m`m `mXrV Ho$bm
OmBb Am{U ^{d`mV H$moUVohr gaH$mar H$m qH$dm
H$mQ> `mZm {Xbo OmUma Zmhr.
5) EImm gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$m`mbm ^>mMma{damoYr
H$m`mImbr Xmo f r R> a {d`mV Ambo , Va `m
H$Mm`mbm `m`m H$m`mb`mVyZ Xya H$a`mV òBb
.
2) cmoH$nmc gWm, Xadfu, `mdoir {d{hV H$a`mV

Amco`m Z_w`mV d {d{hV doir, EH$ dm{fH$ Ahdmc
V`ma H$aoc, `mV `m`m _mJrc dfmVrc H$m`mMr
_m{hVr Agoc, Am{U Aem Ahdmcm`m Vr H|$
gaH$maH$S>o AJo{fV H$a`mV òVrc.
3) darc nmoQ>H$c_ (2) AZwgma m Pmco`m
AhdmcmMr V H|$ gaH$maV\o$, m Pm`mZVa e`
{VV`m cdH$a, ggXo`m g^mJhmnwT>o R>odcr OmBc.
24. `m H$m`mVJV H$moU`mhr A{YH$m`mda bmoH$nmbmZo

XS> AmH$mabm, Va Vmo XS> `m A{YH$m`m`m doVZmVyZ
dgyb H$$Z KoVbm OmBb. `m AmXoemMo nmbZ
H$aUo ho `m {d^mJm`m doVZmMo H$m H$aUm`m
qH$dm doVZmMo {dVaU H$aUm`m A{YH$m`mMo H$V`
Agob. `mZo `m H$V`mV H$gya Ho$br, Va Vmo XS>
â`mg Vmo O~m~Xma R>aob.
H$aU 13
H$aU 13.
47. gnmr Omhra H$aUo

1) `m A{Y{Z`_mV VaVyX Ho$`m_mUo d `m nVrZo
òH$ OZgodH$ Amn`m gnmrMr d Xm{`dmMr
_m{hVr Omhra H$aoc.
2) OZgodH$, `mZo Amn`m nXmMr enW KoV`mZVa
Am{U Vgo {Vkmn Ho$`mZVa Vrg {Xdgm`m
_wXVr`m AmV, Amn`m gj_ A{YH$m`mH$S>o nwT>rc
g~YmVrc _m{hVr gmXa H$aoc
A) `m gnmrMo g~{YV OZgodH$, `mMr nZr d
Adc{~V Anò EH${VnUo AWdm dVnUo,
VH$ma {ZdmaU Ùm

25. 1) H$m`Xm bmJy Pm`mZVa òH$ gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$ma
Ùm bdH$amV bdH$a EH$ {d{e> gZX V`ma
H$aob. gZX V`ma H$a`mMm hm H$mbmdYr EH$
dfmhZ A{YH$ m AgUma Zmhr.
2) òH$ ZmJ[aH$m`m gZXoVyZ gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$ma
Ùm ZmJ[aH$mVr Agbo`m `m`m O~m~Xm`mMr
`mXr Omhra H$aob. `m O~m~Xm`m Vo H$moU`m {d{e>
H$mbmdYrV nyU H$aUma AmhoV, Vohr `mV ZyX Ho$bo
OmBb. gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$ma ÙoZo Omhra Ho$bo`m
45
45
_mcH$ AWdm cm^mWu AmhoV Aer gnmr, VgoM

~) `m`mdarc, `m`m nZrdarc d Adc{~V
An`mdarc XoUr/Xm{`do.
3) darc nmoQH$c_, (2) _ò CoI Agco`m gnmrMm
d Xo`mMm Vnerc, `m A{Z{Y`_m`m ma^m`m doir
OZgodH$ AgUm`mZo Amn`m gj_ A{YH$m`mH$S>o
hm A{Y{Z`_ A_cmV Am`mnmgyZ 30 {Xdgm`m
AmV gmXa Ho$cm nm{hOo.
3)
4)
4) òH$ OZgodH$ Xadfu 31 Owcnydu `m`mH$S>o darc

nmoQ>H$c_ (2) AVJV Agco`m gnmrMo d Xo`mMo
`m dfu`m 31 _mM amoOr Agco`m n[apWVrZw$n
{ddaU Amn`m gj_ A{YH$m`mH$S>o gmXa H$aoc.
5)
5) darc nmoQ>H$c_ (2) qH$dm (3) AZwgma Ho$cocr

{ddaUo d nmoQ>H$c_ (4) AZwgma Ho$coco dm{fH$
{ddaU gj_ A{YH$m`mH$S>o {d{hV Z_w`mV Am{U
{d{hV Ho$co`m nVrZo gmXa H$a`mV Amco nm{hOo.
6) òH$ H$m`mc` Am{U {d^mJm`m gj_ A{YH$m`mZo
Aer {ddaUno Amn`m H$m`mc`m`m AWdm
{d^mJm`m gHo$V Wimda `m dfu`m 31
AmJQ>nydu {g Ho$cr OmVrc `mMr {ZpMVr H$amdr.
n>rH$aU : `m H$c_m`m CoemgmR>r "Adc{~V
Anò' hUOo OZgodH$mMr _wco AWdm _wcr `mZm
dV:Mo CnmMo dV gmYZ Zmhr d Or
M[aVmWmgmR>r OZgodH$mdaM Adc~yZ AmhoV Vr Agm
AW Ko`mV `mdm.
48. {d{e> H$aUmV ^> _mJmZo gnmr O_{d`mMo
JhrV YaUo
A) Oa EImm OZgodH$mZo hoVwV: AWdm g_WZr`
Zgco`m H$maUmVd Amncr gnmr Omhra H$a`mV
H$gya Ho$cr, qH$dm
~) Aem gnmr~c {Xem^yc H$aUmar _m{hVr {Xcr qH$dm
`m`mH$S>o Omhra Z Ho$cocr qH$dm {O`m~c
{Xem^yc H$aUmar _m{hVr {Xcr Amho Aer gnmr
Ag`mMo AmT>iyZ Am`mg, Aer gnmr, A`Wm
{g Pm`mIoarO, `m OZgodH$m`m _mcH$sMr
Ag`mMo JhrV Yaco OmBc VgoM `mZo Vr gnmr ^>
_mJmZo O_{d`mMo JhrV Yaco OmBc.
_m Ago H$s, Aem H$aUmV {d{Z{X> Ho$co`m {H$_mZ
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
46
46
O~m~Xm`m nyU H$a`mMr O~m~Xmar H$moU`m

A{YH$m`mda Agob, Vohr `mV n> Ho$bobo Agob.
Oa EImm gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$ma ÙoZo dfâm`m
H$mbmdYrV Amnbr ZmJ[aH$mMr gZX V`ma Ho$br
Zmhr, Va `m`mer gmgbV H$$Z bmoH$nmb
dV Aer gZX V`ma H$aob Am{U {V`mVrb
O~m~Xm`m nyU H$aUo `m Ùoda ~YZH$maH$ Agob.
ZmJ[aH$m`m gZXoMr Ab~OmdUr H$a`mgmR>r
CnbY moVmMm òH$ gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$ma Ùm
AmT>mdm KoBb
. `mZVa gaH$maH$Sy>Z `mZm `m moVmMm
nwadR>m Ho$bm OmBb.
òH$ gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$ma Ùm EH$m A{YH$m`mMr
ZoUyH$ H$aob. `mbm gmdO{ZH$ VH$ma {ZdmaU
A{YH$mar hQ>bo OmBb.
gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$ma Ùo`m H$m`mb`mVrb gdm{YH$
ò> A{YH$m`mMr gmdO{ZH$ VH$ma {ZdmaU
A{YH$mar hUyZ ZoUyH$ Ho$br OmBb.
VH$ma {im`mnmgyZ Vrg {Xdgm`m AmV {VMo
{ZamH$aU H$aUo ho gmd O {ZH$ VH $ ma {ZdmaU
A{YH$m`mMo H$V` Agob.
VH$ma {im`mnmgyZ Vrg {Xdgm`m AmV {VMo
{ZamH$aU H$aUo gmd O {ZH$ VH $ ma {ZdmaU
A{YH$m`mbm Z O`mg Vr VH$ma bmoH$nmbmH$S>o
nmR>dbr OmBb.
VH$ma {ZdmaU A{YH$m`mMo hUUo EoHy$Z KoD$Z
{db~ Pmbo`m òH$ {XdgmgmR>r VH$ma {ZdmaU
A{YH$m`mda bmoH$nmb XS> AmH$maob. hm XS> amoO
500 n`mhZ A{YH$ Zgob. VgoM XS>mMr EHy$U
a$ 50 hOma n`mhZ A{YH$ Zgob. XS>m`m
aH$oMr dgwbr VH$ma {ZdmaU A{YH$m`m`m doVZmVyZ
H$$Z KoVbr OmBb.
VH$ma {ZdmaU A{YH$m`mbm XS> H$a`mIoarO VH$ma
{ZdmaU A{YH$m`mbm {d^mJmVJV {ejm H$a`mMr
gyMZm bmoH$nmb g~{YV A{YH$m`mZm XoBb.
`mo` gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$mar Ùobm bmoH$nmbmZo R>adyZ
{Xbo`m doioV VH$marMm {ZnQ>mam H$a`mMr gyMZm
bmoH$nmb H$aob.
_`mXon`V`m gnmr`m ~m~VrV Aem OZgodH$mg

_m\$s Xo`mMm A{YH$ma gj_ A{YH$m`mg Agoc.
12) òH$ gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$mar Ùm `mZr V`ma

Ho$bo`m ZmJ[aH$m`m gZXoMm dfmVyZ {H$mZ EH$Xm
Var AmT>mdm KoBb Am{U narjU H$$Z gwYmaUm
H$aob. bmoH$nmb`m {V{ZYr`m CnpWVrV Omhra
gm {H$òmao ho narjU Ho$bo OmBb.
13) Amn`m AmXoemV ZyX Ho$bobo ~Xb ZmJ[aH$m`m
gZXoV ZyX H$a`mMr gyMZm bmoH$nmb g~{YV
gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$ma Ùobm XoBb. hm AmXoe
{im`mnmgyZ Vrg {XdgmV g~{YV Ùm Vo ~Xb
H$aob.
bmoH$nmb`m IS>nrR>m`m {H$mZ VrZ gX`mZr `m
~Xbmbm m`Vm XoUo A{Zdm` Amho.
14) bmoH$nmbMm {H$mZ EH$ Var A{YH$mar òH$ {OmV
Agob. Vmo `m `m ^mJmVrb bmoH$mH$Sy>Z Ambo`m
VH$mar drH$maob. `mbm d[a> `m`mgZ VH$ma
A{YH$mar (A{nboQ> {Jhg Am{$ga) Ago hQ>bo
OmBb. `m {R>H$mUr H|$ gaH$maMr AZoH$ H$m`mbò
AgVrb, Aem {R>H$mUr Amd`H$VoZwgma EH$mhZ
A{YH$ d[a> `m`mgZ VH$ma A{YH$mar AgVrb.
15) òH$ d[a> `m`mgZ VH$ma A{YH$m`mMo Xa ghm
{h`mZr gmm{OH$ boIm narjU hmoBb. `mdoir
Vmo bmoH$mZm gmmoam OmBb Am{U `m`m H$mH$mOmer
g~{YV m{hVr Am{U AmH$S>odmar gmXa H$aob.
bmoH$m`m MmH$emZm Cmao XoBb. bmoH$m`m gyMZmMm
{dMma H$$Z Amn`m H$mH$mOmV Vmo gwYmaUm H$aob.
`m OZgwZmdUrbm bmoH$nmbMm EImXm d[a> A{YH$mar
CnpWV amhrb.
16) ZmJ[aH$m`m VH$matMo {ZybZ Pm`m{edm` qH$dm
d[a> `m`mgZ VH$ma A{YH$m`mZo EImXo H$aU
ZmH$ma`m{edm` d[a> `m`mgZ VH$ma A{YH$mar
H$moUVohr H$aU ~X H$aUma Zmhr.
47
47

H$aU 14
H$aU 14
49. ZmJ[aH$mMr gZX
1) A) H|$ gaH$maMo òH$ _mc`, {d^mJ, Am{U
H$m`mc` VgoM ggXo`m H$m`mZo WmnZ Pmcoco
_S>i, _hm_S>i, m{YH$aU, AWdm H$nZr
AWdm gWm AWdm dm`m gWm _J Vr
H$moU`mhr `m`mZo kmV Agmo Am{U H|$ gaH$maMo
gnyU AWdm AeV: {dmghm` cm^cocr Am{U
~) BVa òH$ gWm qH$dm `VtMr gKQ>Zm
(M{cV H$m`mZwgma Agmo dm Zgmo) VgoM
gaH$maH$Sy>Z nyUV: AWghm` {_iUmar AWdm
{dXoer XoUJr {d{Z`_ A{Y{Z`_mImcr XoU`m
{_iUmar VgoM ZmJ[aH$mH$Sy>Z KoUmar gWm, `mZr
`m A{Y{Z`_m`m ma^mZVa EH$ dfm`m
_wXVr`m AmV ZmJ[aH$mMr gZX `m ZmdmZo
AmoiIcm OmUmam OmhraZm_m V`ma d {g
H$aoc.
bmoH$nmbMm AWgH$n
26. 1) bmoH$nmbMm gd IM H$gmo{bS>Qo >So > $S> Am$ B{S>`mH$Sy>Z
KoVbm OmBb.
2) bmoH$nmb`m AWgH$nmbm S>i A{V m`Vm
XoBb. ^maV gaH$ma`m EHy$U Cnm`m 0.25
Q>`mnojm Vo H$r Agob.
3) bmoH$nmbbm IMmgmR>r H$moU`mhr gaH$mar EOgrH$Sy>Z
Am{W H $ qH$dm emgH$s` m`Vm Ko `mMr
Amd`H$Vm Zmhr.
2) darc nmoQ>H$c_ (1) _ò Z_yX H$a`mV Amco`m

ZmJ[aH$m`m gZXomao ZmJ[aH$mZm nwT>rc ~m~tMr h_r
{_ioc
A) `m g~{YV _mc` AWdm {d^mJ AWdm _S>i
AWdm _hm_S>i, AWdm gWm AWdm
m{YH$aU, AWdm H$nZr AWdm dm`m gWm
AWdm `$sMr gWm AWdm `m nmoQ>H$c_mV
CoI Ho$co`m {ddV gWm.
~) Aem h_rMr nyVVm H$a`mMr O~m~Xmar Agcocm
A{YH$mar Am{U
H$) Aem gWo`m C{Q> nyVugmR>r godm nyVVoer
g~{YV H$mcmdYr VgoM BVa Vnerc `m gZXoV
n> H$a`mV òBc.
3) H|$ gaH$maMo òH$ _mc` AWdm {d^mJ AWdm
H$m`mc` qH$dm H$moUVrhr gWm qH$dm _S>i, qH$dm
_hm_S>i qH$dm m{YH$aU {H$dm H$nZr qH$dm gWm
qH$dm dm`m gWm qH$dm BVa gWm `$sMr gKQ>Zm
qH$dm {dV gWm `mZr `mMo {OWo {OWo H$m`mc`
Agoc Aem òH$ {OmV {H$_mZ EH$ VH$ma {ZdmaU
A{YH$mar {Z`w$ Ho$cm nm{hOo.
48
48
4) nmoQ>H$c_ (1) _Yrc gX{^V H|$ gaH$maMo òH$

_mc` qH$dm {d^mJ qH$dm H$m`mc` qH$dm H$moUVrhr
gWm qH$dm _S>i qH$dm _hm_S>i qH$dm m{YH$aU
qH$dm H$nZr qH$dm gWm qH$dm dm`m gWm, qH$dm
BVa gWm qH$dm `$sMr gKQ>Zm qH$dm {dV gWm
ho `m`m ZmJ[aH$m`m gZXoMo dfmVyZ {H$_mZ EH$Xm
nwZ{dcmoH$Z d \o$aaMZm H$aVrc.
H$aU 15
H$aU 15.
AnamY Am{U emVr

50. ImoQ>m VH$mar~c A{^`moJ Am{U OZgodH$mg
ZwH$gmZ ânmB
1) `m A{Y{Z`_mV H$mhr hQ>co Agco Var Omo H$moUr `m
A{Y{Z`_mVJV jwH$ qH$dm ^m_H$ VH$mar H$arc
`mg AnamYr em~rV Pm`mg XmoZ dfmnojm H$_r Zmhr
naVw nmM dfmn`V dmT>dy eHo$c BV`m _wXVrMr
H$mamdmgmMr {ejm Am{U 25,000 n`mnojm H$_r
Zmhr naVw 2 cmImn`V dmTy> eHo$c BV`m aH$_oMm XS>
hmoBc.
2) darc nmoQ>H$c_ (1) AVJV KSco`m AnamYmMr
XIc {deof `m`mc`m`{V[a$ BVa `m`mc` KoUma
Zmhr.
3) `m `$s {d ImoS>gmi Am{U \$moc VH$ma H$a`mV
Amcr Amho Aem `$s IoarO BVa H$moUrhr darc
nmoQ>H$c_ (1) AVJV XmIc Ho$co`m JwmMr XIc
{deof `m`mc` KoUma Zmhr.
4) darc nmoQ>H$c_ (1) AVJV Mmc{dcm OmUmam
A{^`moJ hm gaH$mar A{^`moJmH$SyZ Mmc{dcm OmBc
Am{U Aem A{^`moJmer g~{YV gd IM H|$ gaH$ma
H$arc.
5) `m A{Y{Z`_mImcr ImoQ>r VH$ma Ho$co`m `$s
(dV `$s, gWm, `$sMr gKQ>Zm qH$dm {dV
gWm (Zm|XUrH$V Agmo AWdm Zgmo) ) Aer `$s
{VZo `m OZgodH$m{d ImoQ>r VH$ma Ho$cr hmoVr `m
OZgodH$mg `mcm IQ>`m{Z{_m Pmco`m IMmnmoQ>r
VgoM ZwH$gmZ ânmB hUyZ {deof `m`mc` R>adrc
BVH$s ânmB XoUo ~YZH$maH$ amhrc.
51. gWm, gKQ>Zm `mZr Ho$cocr ImoQ>r VH$ma
mbmoda Q>mM AmUyZ Am{U Vr O H$aUo. VgoM ^>

gaH$mar A{YH$m`mH$Sy>Z ZwH$gmZrMr ânmB H$$Z KoUo
27. 1) ^>mMma {V~YH$ H$m`mImbr EImXm bmoH$godH$
Xmofr Ag`mMo {deof `m`mb`mbm AmT>i`mg
`m `$sMr mbmm Am{U gnmr `mZo ^> mJmZo
{i{d`mMo `m`mb` mZob.
2) `m mbmm qH$dm gnmr ^> mJmZo {i{dbr
Jo`mMo {deof `m`mb`mgmoa n> hmoBb, `m gd
gnmr`m Am{U mbmo`m OrMo AmXoe {deof
`m`mb` gV H$aob.
3) g~{YV ^>mMmar bmoH$godH$m`m `m H$`mwio BVa
H$moU`mhr `$sMr hmZr qH$dm am>r` gnmrMr
hmZr Pmbr Amho H$m, `mMm Vnmghr {deof `m`mb`
H$aob. `m`m ^>mMmar H$`mwio Pmbo`m ZwH$gmZrMr
gnyU ânmB Xo`mMo AmXoehr `m`mb` `mbm XoBb.
`m`m ^>mMmar H$`mV gh^mJr Agbo`m gdmdaM
hm XS> ~gdbm OmBb Am{U `m aH$oMr dgwbr
gdmH$Sy>Z H$$Z KoVbr OmBb.
4) Vnmg A{YH$m`mbm ^>mMmamMr MmH$er H$aVmZm
EImXr mbmm qH$dm gnmr ^> mJmZo Odbr
Jo`mMo AmT>ibo, Va Vmo `m mbmoda qH$dm
gnmrda Q>mM AmUy eH$Vmo. `mwio Vnmg nyU
Pm`mda hr mbmm qH$dm gnmr O H$aUo
ghOe` hmoBb. EImm H$aUmV AmamonrMr `m
AmamonmYyZ gwQ>H$m Pmbr, Va hr Q>mM AmUbobr
mbmm qH$dm gnmr `mbm naV Ho$br OmBb.
49
49
1) OoWo H$c_ 50 Imcr H$moU`mhr gWoZo AWdm

`$s`m gKQ>ZoZo qH$dm {dV gWoZo (_J Vmo
Zm|XUrH$V Agmo dm Zgmo) `m`m mao Agm AnamY
KS>cm Agoc `m g_`r Aem gWoMr `{$`m
gKQ>ZoMr qH$dm {dV gWoMr gX` Agcocr
òH$ `$s Or Aem gWm, gKQ>Zm qH$dm {dV
gWm `m`m H$ma^mamV AWdm `dhmamg qH$dm
`dhma CnH$_ H$m` qH$dm gWo`m qH$dm `$s`m
gKQ>Zo`m qH$dm {dV gWo`m H$ma^mamg O~m~Xma
Agcocr òH$ `$s Agm AnamY Ho$`m~c Xmofr
Ag`mMo _mZco OmBc Am{U `mZwgma Hw$R>`mhr
H$ma`m H$m`Xoera H$madmBg Am{U {ejog nm
amhrc. _m Ago H$s Oa EImm `$sZo gXah AnamY
`m`m _m{hVr{edm` KS>cm qH$dm gXa AnamY KS>V
AgVmZm `mZo Aem VhoMm AnamY KSy> Zò hUyZ
nwaoem OmJ$H$VoMo dVZ Ho$co Ag`mMo {g Ho$co Va
`m A{Y{Z`_mV VaVyX Ho$cocr H$moUVrhr {ejm
nmoQ>H$c_ (1) _Yrc AnamYm~c Xo`mgmR>r `mcm
Xmofr YaVm òUma Zmhr.
2) darc nmoQ>H$c_ (1) _ò H$mhrhr hQ>co Agco Var
OoWo `m A{Y{Z`_mImcr gWm, AWdm `$sMr
gKQ>Zm, AWdm {dV gWm (Vr Zm|XUrH$V Agmo dm
Zgmo) `m`mH$Sy>Z AnamY KS>cm Agoc Am{U Agm
AnamY gWo`m `$s`m gKQ>Zo`m qH$dm {dV
gWo`m EImm gMmcH$, `dWmnH$, g{Md qH$dm
Aem gmogm`Q>r`m BVa A{YH$mar `m`m
hcJOunUm_wio qH$dm `m`m g_VrZo qH$dm gJZ_VmZo
Agm AnamY Pmcm Ag`mMo {g Pm`mg Agm
gMmcH$, `dWmnH$, g{Md AWdm BVa A{YH$mar
hohr Aem AnamYm~c Xmofr Ag`mMo _mZco OmBc
Am{U `m~c H$madmB d {ejog nm AgVrc.
H$aU 16
H$aU 16
gH$sU
52. OZgodH$mZo gXhoVyZo Ho$co`m H$Vr~c gajU
H$moU`mhr OZgodH$mZo gXhoVyZo Ho$co`m Hw$R>`mhr
H$Vr~c AWdm `mMo A{YH$V H$m` nma nmS>`m`m
hoVyZo, `m`m A{YH$mamMm dmna H$a`m`m hoVyZo
Ho$co`m H$`m~c `m A{Y{Z`_mVJV `m`m {d
bmoH$godH$mMr mbmm{df`H$ {ZdoXZno

28. 1) hm H$m`Xm bmJy Pm`mnmgyZ VrZ {h`m`m AmV
Am{U `mZVa Xadfu 30 OyZ`m AmV òH$
bmoH$godH$ Amn`m gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$ma Ùo`m
wImH$S>o qH$dm `m H$m`mVrb {Z`mV ZyX Ho$bo`m
A{YH$mar ÙoH$S>o bmoH$nmbmZo {ZpMV Ho$bo`m
5
50
H$moUVmhr Xmdm, A{^`moJ AWdm BVa H$m`Xoera

H$madmB H$aVm òUma Zmhr.
R>am{dH$ Zw`mV Amnbr mbmm, H$O} AmXtMr

m{hVr ^$Z XoBb. `m`m Hw$Qw>~mVrb `$t`m
CnmMo moV, VgoM `m`m mbmm Am{U H$O}
`mMo Vnerbhr Vmo gmXa H$aob.
n>rH$aU `m goeZò ZyX H$a`mV Ambobo
bmoH$godH$mMo Hw$Qw>~r` hUOo `mMm OmoS>rXma, `mMr
wbo, nmbH$ Am{U `m`mda Adb~yZ Agbo`m
A` `$s.
2) hr m{hVr `m dfu`m 31 AmJQ>nydu do~gmBQ>da
Q>mH$br Omdr, `mH$S>o òH$ gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$ma
ÙoMm wI bj XoBb.
3) Oa H$moU`mhr bmoH$godH$mZo Amn`m mbmo`m
m{hVrV ZyX Z Ho$bobr mbmm `m`mH$S>o
Ag`mMo AmT>ibo, Va bmoH$nmb Vr O H$aVrb.
4) mbmo`m m{hVrV ZyX Z Ho$bobr Aer EImXr
mbmm bmoH$godH$m`m Vm`mV Ag`mMo qH$dm
Vmo Vr dmnaV Ag`mMo AmT>ibo, Va `mZo Vr
`m`m mbH$sMr Zg`mMo {g H$aon`V Vr
`m`mM mbH$sMr Ag`mMo JhrV Yabo OmBb.
53. BVamZr gXhoVyZo Ho$co`m H$Vr~c A{^`moJ

cmoH$nmc AWdm `mMo A{YH$mar, H$_Mmar, gWm
AWdm H$moUVrhr `$s `mZr `m A{Y{Z`_mImcr
gXhoVyZo Ho$co`m AWdm H$amd`mMm BamXm Agco`m
H$Vr~c, `m`m{d H$moUVmhr Xmdm A{^`moJ
AWdm BVa H$m`Xoera H$madmB cmJy Ho$cr OmUma Zmhr.
54. cmoH$nmc gWoMo A{YH$mar d H$_Mmar OZgodH$
AgUo
cmoH$nmc gWoMo A`j, gX` A{YH$mar Am{U BVa
H$_Mmar ho `m A{Y{Z`_m`m H$moU`mhr VaVwXt`m
gX^mV H$Vr H$aV AgVrc Vohm ^maVr` XS>
{dYmZmMm H$c_ 21 _Yrc AWm_mUo OZgodH$
Ag`mMo _mZco OmBc. (1860 Mm A{Y{Z`_-45)
55. `m`m{YH$ma H$jo`m _`mXm
`m A[Y{Z`_mVJV AWdm A{Y{Z`_mmao cmoH$nmcmg
`m ~m~t~m~V A{YH$ma Xo`mV Amcm Amho `m ~m~r
H$moU`mhr {XdmUr `m`mc`mcm `m` A{YH$ma H$j
AgUma Zmhr.
56. `m A{Y{Z`_mMm daMT> n[aUm_
`m A{Y{Z`_mImcrc VaVwXter {dgJV Agco`m
Am{U `m A{Y{Z`_mIoarO BVa A{Y{Z`_mV
Agco`m VaVwXr qH$dm `m A{Y{Z`_mIoarO A`
H$moU`mhr A{Y{Z`_mdò Omar Pmcocm A{^coI
`m`mnojm daMT> ^md `m A{Y{Z`_mVrc VaVwXtMm
amhrc.
57. `m A{Y{Z`_mVrc VaVwXr BVa A{Y{Z`_m`{V[a$
AgUo
`m A{Y{Z`_mVrc VaVwXr `m M{cV AgUm`m
H$moU`mhr H$m`m`m `{V[a$ A{YH$ AgVrc
Am{U `m H$m`m`m {damoYmV AgUma ZmhrV.
58. {d{eQ> H$m`mV gwYmaUm
`m A{Y{Z`_m`m Xwg`m n[a{e>mV gy{MV H$a`mV
Amco`m H$m`mV VoWo {d{Z{X> Ho$co`m nVrZo
gwYmaUm Ho$`m OmVrc.
51
51
59. {Z`_ ~Z{d`mMm A{YH$ma

1) H|$ gaH$ma `m A{Y{Z`_m`m VaVwXt`m
A_c~OmdUrgmR>r
emgH$s`
amOnmVrc
A{YgyMZomao {Z`_ ~Zdy eHo$c.
2) {deofH$$Z Am{U M{cV A{YH$mam`m gmd{H$Vog
~mYm Z hmoVm Aem {Z`_mmao nwT>rc gd AWdm
H$moU`mhr ~m~t`m gX^mV VaVwXr H$aVm òVrc
A) H$c_-4 `m nmoQ>H$c_-5 AVJV {Z`w$
Ho$co`m emoY g{_Vt`m gX`m`m Zm_gyMr`m
{ZdS>rMr nV Am{U gX`mZm Xo` AgUmao ewH$
d ^mo.
~) H$c_-8 `m nmoQ>H$c_-EH$ Adò, A`j
AWdm H$moU`mhr gX`mg nXmd$Z Xya
H$a`mgmR>r `m`m MmH$erMr nV.
H$) H$c_-11 `m nmoQ>H$c_-EH$ AVJV H|$r`
cmoH$godm Am`moJmer gm_gcV H$$Z âmd`mMo
nX qH$dm nXo.
S>) H$c_-30 `m nmoQ>H$c_-EH$ Am{U IS> 6
Adò `m ~m~rV cmoH$nmcmg {XdmUr
`m`mc`mMo A{YH$ma AgVrc Aem ~m~r.
B) H$c_-33 `m nmoQ>H$c_-2 AZwgma Q>mM
AmU`mMm AmXoe gmYZ gm_Jrgh {deof
`m`mc`mH$S>o nmR>{d`mMr nV.
\$) H$c_-39 `m nmoQ>H$c_-2 AZwgma nmR>dmd`mMo
{dZVrn admZm H$a`mMr nV.
J) H$c_-40 `m nmoQ>H$c_-3 Adò ^maVm`m
ga`m`mYremH$So gX^ nmR>{d`mMr nVr.
h) H$c_-43 AZwgma cmoH$nmc gWoH$S>rc
AXm{OV O_m IM XmI{dUmam Am{WH$ dfmMm
AWgH$n `mV H$amd`mMm Amho Vmo Z_wZm d
AWgH$n V`ma H$a`mMm H$mcmdYr.
B) H$c_ 45 `m nmoQ>H$c_ (1) AZwgma, coIo d
BVa g~{YV A{^coI.
O) H$c_ 46 `m nmoQ>H$c_ (1) AZwgma V`ma
H$amd`m`m {ddaUmMm d nH$mMm Z_wZm Am{U
V`ma H$a`mMr nV.
52
52
d) H$c_ 46 `m nmoQ>H$c_ (2) AZwgma _mJrc

dfmVrc H$m`mMm Jmofdmam XoUmam dm{fH$mMm Z_wZm
Am{U Vmo V`ma H$a`mMo doimnH$.
c) OZgodH$mZo H$c_ 47 `m nmoQ>H$c_ (5) AVJV
âmd`m`m dm{fH$ {ddaUnmMm Z_wZm.
_) H$c_ 48 AVJV OZgodH$mg gnmr`m gX^mV
_m{hVr Z gmXa H$a`m~m~V gj_ A{YH$m`mZo
gyQ> md`m`m qH$dm j_m H$amd`m`m gnmrMr
{H$_mZ _y` _`mXm.
Z) {dhrV H$amd`mMr AWdm Ho$cr OmBc Aer BVa
H$moUVrhr ~m~.
60. {Z`_mdcr ~Z{d`mMm cmoH$nmcmMm A{YH$ma
1) `m A{Y{Z`_mVrc VaVwXrg d `m AVJV ~Z{d`mV
Amco`m {Z`_mg AmYrZ amhZ, cmoH$nmc, emgH$s`
amOnmmVrc A{YgyMZomam, `m A{Y{Z`_m`m
VaVwXt`m H$m`dmhrgmR>r {Z`_mdcr V`ma H$$
eHo$c.
2) {deofoH$$Z Am{U M{cV A{YH$mam`m
gmd{H$Vocm ~mYm òD$ Z XoVm, Aem {Z`_mdcrV
nwT>rcnH$s gd AWdm H$moU`mhr ~m~ter g~{YV
VaVwXr AgVrc
A) H$c_ 11 `m nmoQ>H$c_ (2) Adò A`jm`m
_OwarMr Amd`H$Vm AgUm`m, cmoH$nmc
gWo`m g{Mdm`m d BVa A{YH$m`m`m Am{U
H$_Mmar dJm`m godmeVu Am{U `m`m doVZ,
^mo, aOm qH$dm {ZdmrdoVZ `m`mer g~Y
Agco`m ~m~r.
~) H$c_ 10 `m nmoQ>H$c_ (1) `m IS> (\$)
Adò cmoH$nmc gWo`m IS>nrR>m`m ~R>H$s`m
OmJm.
H$) H$c_ 23 `m nmoQ>H$c_ (13) AZwgma cmoH$nmc
gWo`m gHo$V Wimda, c{~V qH$dm {ZH$mcr
H$mT>`mV Amco`m gd VH$matMr pWVr,
`m`mer g~{YV H$mJXn d nwam`mgh X{eV
H$a`mMr nVr.
S>) H$c_ 23 `m nmoQ>H$c_ (15) AVJV MmH$er
53
53
AWdm AdofU H$a`mMr nV d {H$`m.

B) `m A{Y{Z`_mImcr {d{Z{X> H$aUo Amd`H$
Agcocr AWdm {d{Z{X> H$amd`mMr BVa
H$moUVrhr ~m~.
61. {Z`_ d {Z`_mdcr nQ>cmda R>odUo
`m A{Y{Z`_mVJV H$a`mV Amcoco {Z`_ d
{Z`_mdcr, ~Z{d`mV Am`mZVa e` {VV`m
cdH$a ggXo`m òH$ g^mJhm`m nQ>cmda, `mMo
g gw$ AgVmZm, {Xdgm`m EHy$U _wXVrV, Or EH$m
qH$dm XmoZ (gm`m) Xa`mZ _wXV gn`mnydu qH$dm
Cnamoo{IV `mZVa`m gmV, Xmohr g^mJhmZr {Z`_
AWdm {Z`_mdcrV XwVr H$a`m~m~V g_Vr
Xedcr qH$dm Ago {Z`_ dm {Z`_mdcr ~Zdco OmD$
ZòV Agm {ZU` KoVcm Va Ago ~Xccoco {Z`_ `m
gmZVa cmJy hmoVrc qH$dm `WmpWVr cmJy hmo`mMo
Wm~Vrc, VWm{n Aem EImm ~Xcm_wio qH$dm {Z`_
a H$a`m`m {ZU`m_wio Aem {Z`_ d
{Z`_mdcrAVJV Vnydu KS>co`m H$moU`mhr
~m~r`m dYVoda H$moUVmhr n[aUm_ hmoUma Zmhr.
62. AS>MUtMo {ZdmaU H$a`mMo A{YH$ma
1) `m A{Y{Z`_m`m VaVwXt`m A_c~OmdUr~m~V
H$mhr AS>MUr CX^d`mg, H|$ gaH$ma, emgH$s`
amOnmV H$m{eV Ho$co`m AmXoemao, `m
A{Y{Z`_m`m VaVwXter {dgJV ZmhrV Aem VaVwXr,
`m AS>MUr`m {ZdmaUmW Amd`H$ dmQ>Vrc Aem
VaVwXr H$aoc.
_m Ago H$s `m A{Y{Z`_m`m ma^mnmgyZ XmoZ
dfm`m _wXVrZVa `m H$c_mAVJV H$moUVmhr AmXoe
H$mT>cm OmUma Zmhr.
2) `m H$c_mAZwgma H$mT>cm OmUmam òH$ AmXoe, Vmo
H$mT>cm Jo`mZVa, e` {VV`m cdH$a, ggXo`m
òH$ g^mJhmnwT>o R>odcm Jocm nm{hOo.
54
54

H$aU 17
BVa H$m`mVrb VaVwXr bmJy H$aUo Am{U `m`mV ~Xb
H$aUo
29. 1) ^>mMma {V~YH$ H$m`mVrb goeZ 19 (1)
Am{U 19 (2) a H$a`mV òVrb.
2) {Xr noeb nmobrg EQ>pbe|Q> AQ>, Mm goeZ
6 (A) `m H$m`mImbrb `m`mb`rZ H$mH$mOmbm
bmJy hmoUma ZmhrV.
3) `m H$m`mImbrb H$mo U `mhr `m`mb`rZ
H$mH$mOmbm {H${Zb mo{gOa H$moS>Mo goeZ 197
bmJy hmoUma Zmhr.
4) ^>mMma{V~YH$ H$m`mImbrb JwmZm {H${Zb
mo{gOa H$moS>`m goeZ 105 (gr) Vo 105 (Eb)
n`V`m VaVwXr bmJy hmoVrb.
5) {H${Zb mo{gOa H$moS>`m goeZ 389 (3) `m
VaVwXr ^>mMma {V~YH$ H$m`mImbrb JwmZm
bmJy hmoUma ZmhrV.
6) {H${Zb mo{gOa H$moS>`m goeZ 377 Am{U 378
Imbr `m{MH$m XmIb H$a`mMm h$ bmoH$nmb
~Omdy eHo$b.
7) {H${Zb mo{gOa H$moS>`m goeZ 372 Imbr
VH$maXmahr `m{MH$m XmIb H$a`mMm h$ ~Omdy
eHo$b.
8) {H${Zb mo{gOa H$moS>`m goeZ 397 AVJV
H$moUVrhr VaVyX Agbr Varhr ^>mMma{damoYr
H$m`mImbrb JwmgX^mV {deof `m`mb`mMo
H$mH$mO gw$ Agob, Va H$moUVohr `m`mb` `m
JwmgX^mVrb H$moU`mhr Zm|Xr mJdUma Zmhr.
9) ^>mMma{damoYr H$m`mImbrb H$moU`mhr H$aUr
H$moU`mhr H$m`mImbr VnmgH$m gw$ H$a`mgmR>r
qH$dm `m`mb`rZ H$mH$mO gw$ H$a`mgmR>r
H$moUVrhr nadmZJr `mdr bmJV Agob, Va g~{YV
H$aUr EH$Xm H$m bmoH$nmbmZo VnmgmMr nadmZJr
{Xbr, H$s `m gd nadmZ`m Ko`mMr JaO CaUma
Zmhr.
10) Zr bmS>[aJ AQ>, 2002 ò H$moU`mhr VaVwXr
Ag`m Varhr ^>mMma{damoYr H$m`mImbrb
H$aUm`m VnmgmgmR>r bmoH$nmbmbm {imbobo
55
55

bmoH$nmbmMo A{YH$ma A~m{YVM amhVrb.
11) Zr bmS>[aJ AQ>, 2002 ò H$moU`mhr VaVwXr
Ag`m Varhr ^>mMma{damoYr H$m`mImbrb
H$aUm`m H$mH$mOmMo {deof `m`mb`mMo A{YH$ma
johr AgoM A~m{YV amhVrb.
12) B{S>`Z Q>obrJm$ AQ>`m goeZ 5 AVJV
bmoH$nmbm`m `mo` IS>nrR>mbmhr Jm A{YH$ma
` UmM mZ`mV ò B b . `m Z m g X o e m`m
XodmUKodmUrV hVjon H$aUo qH$dm {V`mda XoIaoI
R>do Uo ho A{YH$ma AgVrb. gXeo dhZmgmR>r Q>b
o r$moZ,
BQ>aZoQ> qH$dm B{S>`Z Q>obrJm$ AQ> Am{U m{hVr
Am{U VkmZ H$m`Xm, 2000 Imbr òUmao H$moUVohr
m` `mgmR>r dmnabo Jobo Varhr bmoH$nmbbm `m
gX^mV darb A{YH$ma {iVrb. B{S>`Z Q>obrJm$
AQ>, 1885 AVJV AQ>r Am{U {Z`m`m AYrZ
amhZ ho Ho$bo OmBb.
13) ^>mMma{damoYr H$m`m`m goeZ 4 (4) ò
ImbrbmUo XwVr Ho$br OmBb.
H$moS> Am$ {H${Zb mo{gOa, 1973 ò H$moU`mhr
VaVwXr Ag`m Varhr XZ{ XZ nmVirdarb `m`mb`rZ
H$mH$mO {deof `m`mYre nmh eHo$b. VgoM
H$moU`mhr H$maUmgmR>r Vmo ho H$mH$mO W{JV R>do Uma
Zmhr. Varhr `m`m Vo, `mo` `m`XmZmgmR>r
Amd`H$ dmQ>`mwio Am{U BVa H$mhr H$maUmZr
`mbm H$mH$mO W{JV R>od`mMr JaO ^mgbrM,
Va Vmo `mgmR>rMr boIr H$maUo ZyX H$aob.
H$aU 18
gH$sU VaVwXr
MwH$s`m qH$dm ~ZmdQ> VH$matgmR>r {ejm
30. 1) `m H$m`mV H$moU`mhr VaVwXr Ag`m Varhr
EImmZo `m H$m`mImbr Ho$bobr VH$ma {ZamYma
Am{U nwam`m{edm` Ho$`mMo AmT>ibo Am{U
bmoH$nmbmbm Vr VH$ma $$ EImm A{YH$m`mMm
qH$dm A{YH$ma ÙoMm N>i H$a`mgmR>r Ho$`mMo
AmT>ibo, Va bmoH$nmb `mbm `mo` dmQ>ob VodT>m
XS> `mbm H$aob. nU H$moU`mhr n[apWVrV hm XS>
56
56
2)
3)
31. 1)
2)
57
57
EH$ bmImnojm A{YH$ AgUma Zmhr.

VgoM VH$maH$`mMr ~mOy EoHy$Z KoV`m{edm` {ejm
{Xbr OmUma Zmhr.
VgoM EImm H$aUmV $V ^>mMmamMm Amamon
{g Pmbm Zgob, Va m H$maUmZo VH$maH$`mbm
`m VaVwXrImbr {ejm Ho$br OmUma Zmhr.
bmo H $nmb`m EImm A{YH$m`m{d qH$dm
H$Mm`m{d ImoQ>r VH$ma Ho$`mMo AmT>ibo, Va
bmoH$nmb VH$maH$`mbm XS> Am{U VrZ {h`mn`V
gm`m H$XoMr {ejm XoD$ eHo$b.
bS> aoho`y AQ>Imbrb WH$~mH$s hUyZ Aem
XS>mMr a$ dgyb Ho$br OmBb.
`m H$m`mImbr EImXr VH$ma qH$dm Amamon XmIb
H$a`mV Ambm, H$s H$moU`mhr n[apWVrV Vmo mJo
KoVm òUma Zmhr.
^>mMma amoI`mgmR>r VaVwXr
Amn`m H$m`mb`rZ jVoV Or H$mo H$aUo e`
Amho, Aem H$maMr H$moU`mhr `$sMr, H$nZrMr
qH$dm gKQ>ZoMr H$mo, H$n qH$dm go H$moUVmhr
gaH$mar A{YH$mar dV H$mo hUyZ drH$maUma
Zmhr.
gd H$mQ>o, gmdO{ZH$-ImOJr ^mJrXmar, {dH$s,
^mS>onQQ>mZo XoUo qH$dm H$moU`mhr H$maMr XoUJr
AJa XmZ ho gmao `dhma gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$mar qH$dm
gmdO{ZH$ A{YH$ma Ùm nyU nmaXeH$Vm R>odyZ
H$aob. ho `dhma VmVS>rZo H$amd`mMo ZgVrb, Va
gmdO{ZH$ {Z{dXm /{bbmd / ~mobr `m mJmZoM
Ho$bo OmVrb. `mdoir Aem H$mao ho `dhma H$aVm
n{hco n[a{e>
(nhm H$c_ 3(5))
_r, A. ~. ......................, cmoH$nmc gWoMm
A`j hUyZ (qH$dm gX` hUyZ)
Bdagmj/Jm^r`nydH$ enW KoVmo H$s _r {dYrmam
Wm{nV ^maVr` g{dYmZmer Iar {ZR>m ~miJrZ, H$s
_r lmnydH$ Am{U _m`m gdmo}m_ j_VoZwgma,
kmZmZwgma d `m`mZwgma _m`m nXm`m O~m~Xm`m
H$moUVohr ^` Z ~miJVm, H$moUmdahr _ohoaZOa Z
XmIdVm Am{U H$moUmVrhr cmo^ dm AmH$g Z R>odVm
nma nmS>rZ.
Xwgao n[a{e>
(nhm H$c_ 58)
H$mhr H$m`mV gwYmaUm
^mJ 1
{Xr {deof nmocrg AmWmnZm A{Y{Z`_ 1946 _ò
gwYmaUm, (1946 Mm 25 dm A{Y{Z`_)
H$c_ 6 A _ò gwYmaUm,
H$c_ 6 A _ò, ""{Xr {deof nmocrg AmWmnZm''
`m eXmEodOr, ""cmoH$nmc A{Y{Z`_ 2011 _ò
A`Wm VaVyX Agco`m IoarO H$$Z, {Xr {deof
nmocrg AmWmnZm'' Ago eX Kmc`mV `mdoV.
^mJ 2
MmH$er Am`moJ A{Y{Z`_ 1952 _ò gwYmaUm
(1952 Mm A{Y{Z`_ 60)
H$c_ 3 _ò gwYmaUm,
H$c_ 3 nmoQ>H$c_ (1) _ò ""C{MV emgZ'' `m
eXmEodOr, H$gmEodOr Am{U AmH$S>mEodOr
""cmoH$nmc A{Y{Z`_ 2011 _ò A`Wm VaVyX
Ag`mIoarO H$$Z, C{MV emgZ'' Ago eX
g_m{d> H$a`mV `mdoV.
^mJ 3
^>mMma {V~YH$ A{Y{Z`_, 1988 _ò gwYmaUm
(1988 Mm A{Y{Z`_ 49)
1) H$c_ 13 _ò gwYmaUm,
58
58
H$c_ 13 nmoQ>H$c_ (2) _ò ""gmV dfo}'' `m

eXmEodOr ""Xhm dfo}'' ho eX g_m{d> H$a`mV
`mdoV./~Xc`mV `mdoV.
H$c_ 14 _ò ""gmV dfo}'' `m eXmEodOr ""Xhm
dfo}'' ho eX g_m{d> H$a`mV `mdoV.
H$c_ 19 _ò ""Ho$di nyd g_VrZoM'' `m eXmZVa
Ag`mIoarO H$$Z'' Ago eX g_m{d> H$a`mV
`mdoV.
^mJ 4
\$mOXmar {H$`m g{hVm 1973 _ò gwYmaUm
(1974 Mm A{Y{Z`_ 2)
H$c_ 197 _ò gwYmaUm,
H$c_ 197 _ò ""Ho$di nyd g_VrZoM'' `m eXmZVa
Agoc `m IoarO H$$Z'' ho eX g_m{d> H$a`mV
`mdoV.
59
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