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rJ.I Pa3He KyJIType Ha TJIy JyrocJlaBHje yTHcHyJIe cy 1..('1parOBe H Ha BpTHO-apXHTeKTOHCKO CTBapaJIaI11TBO. IIpeMa HC1pa)KHBa}f,HMa C. M H JI H H K OB H ha (1983), BpTHa KyJITypa y Cp6HjH ce pa3BHjaJIa y neT OCHOBHHX HCTOpHjCKHXnepHO~a: 1. IIepHO~ Cpe~lf>eBeKOBHeCpnCKe ~p)KaBe, O~ 10. BeKa,~O naJ{a EeorpaJ{a no~ TypCKy BJIaCT,1521. rO~HHe; 2. IIepHO~ TypcKe ~OMHHaQHje, O~ 1521. ~O 1804. rO~HHe; 3. IIepHO~ 06HOBJbeHe CpnCKe ~p)KaBe, O~ 1804. ~O 1914. rO~HHe; 4. IIepHO~ H3MeJly ~Ba CBeTCKapaTa, O~ 1914. ~O 1941. rO~HHe; 5. IIepHO~ 3a BpeMe H nocJle II CBeTCKOrpaTa, O~ 1941. rOl1HHe l10 l1aHaC.

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"...3e.neHH.nO, KaO yp6aHHcTHqKH ljJaKTOp, y qHTaBOM rpaJ(CKOM l1pOCTOpy l1peOB.na1}yje; H3BHpyje ca CBHX CTpaHa, H3 BpTOBa, rpo6Jba, peqHHx o68JJa Ol1epBa)J(eHHX llpBOpeJ(HMa, y OpraHcKoj Be3H C OKO.nHOM l1pHpOJ(OM..." (.L{o 6 pO B H h, 1950).

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Y nepHo~y Cpe~}f,eBeKOBHeCpnCKeJJp)KaBe, K~ Ha npeCTO ~OJIa3H ~HHacTHja HeMa}f,Hha, nO'fH}f,e HHTeH3HBHa rp~}f,a MaHaCTHpa, ~Bopaua H JIeT}f,HKOBaua, y OKBHpy KOjHX cy nO~H3aHH BpTOBH JIeKOBHTOr 6HJba, nOBpT}f,auH H MeCTa 3a O~MOp H Me~HTHpa}f,e, ca nOHeKHM BpTHO-apXHTeKTOHCKHM eJIeMeHTOM(KJIYna, neproJIa, 'feCMa H ~p.). H3BaH 3H~HHa npOCTHpaJIe cy ce MaHaCTHpCKelIIyMe, BOh}f,auH H JIHB~e. npe~CTaBe O Cpe~}f,eBeKOBHHM CpnCKHM BpTOBHMa Mory ce 3ana3HTH H Ha npH3OpHMa 3~HOr CJIHKapCTBa, HKOHOCTaCHMa,HKOHaMa H ~p. To cy Haj'felIlhe 6HJIe npe~CTaBe H3 paja, pajcKor BpTa H pajcKor HaCeJba, ca )KHBHM H He)KHBHM eJIeMeHTHMa BpTHe apxHTeKType. Haj'felIlhe cy 6HJIH npe~CTaBJbeHH ~eaJIHH npH3OpH npe~eJIa. Y BpeMe KyJIMHHauHje CpnCKe ~p)KaBe y 14. BeKy ocehao ce jaK BH3aHTHjcKH yTHuaj y Cp6HjH. CTOra ce MO)KenpeTnOCTaBHTH ~a je ypet)e}f,e ~BOpOBaH rp~OBa 6HJIO CJIH'fHO BH3aHTHjcKOM (M H JI H H K OB H h, 1983). HH nocJIe npOnaCTH CpCnKOr uapCTBa He npecTaje HHTepeC 3a ypet)eJfJeM rp~OBa. 3a BpeMe ~eCnOTa CTeBaHa BHCOKOr, O~ 1402. ~o 1427. rO~HHe, 3HaTHO ce H CBeCTpaHO ypet)yje Eeorp~, KOjH nocTaje y3Op rpat)aHCKe Ky JIType.

3eJIeHJlJtO npeOBJIaJ)yje y CJIHUH rp~a, aJlH HajBehH ,[\eo 3ay3HMajy ,[\OMahHBpTOBH. OHH cy Orpa.t)eHH BHCOKHM3H,[\OBHMaH npe,[\CTaBJbajy CaCBHMHHTHMHH npOCTOp. JaBHOr 3eJIeHHJIa y TypCKHM HaCeJbHMa HMa BpJtO MaJIO,yrJIaBHOM y npO'IeJby uaMHja, HJIH y3 HeKe jaBHe o6jeKTe, Ha rpO6JbHMa, ,[\y)K nOTOKa H peKa. HapO'IHTO aTpKaTHBHH npe,[\eJIH H3BaH HaCeJba CJIy)KHJIH cy 3a H3JIeTe -Te$epH'le, KOjH cy npHBJIa'IHJIH CBOjOM CBe)KHHOM. BOllOMH JIenHM nOrJIellOM. K~o ce CnpCKO CTaHOBHHWTBO MOpaJIO noHaWaTH y CKJIa.l{yca TypCKHM MeHTaJlHTeTOM, TO cy HM BpTOBH6HJIH CJIH1fHHTypCKHM. KapaKTepHCTH1fHH eJIeMeHTH BpTa cy 6HJlH Ha.l{CTpeWH~e ca JI030M, CTOJIOM H KJIynaMa (BeJbaK), COJIHTepHO BHCOKO):IpBO, WHWaHa )KHB~a 0):1WHMWHpa Ha yJIa3y y BPT, ay ueHTpaJIHOM ):IeJIy -JIeje H UBeTHe pa6aTHe, OHBH1feHe 6eJIo OKpe1feHHMKaMeHHM 06JIyTUHMa. CpnCKH BpT ce nOCTeneHO OTBapa npeMa yJI~H H cyce):1y H nocTaje MeCTO oKynJbaJba cyce):1aH npHjaTeJba. O 3Ha1fajy BpTa H BpTHe yMeTHocTH y TOMnepHO):1yrOBOpH H TypCKH nyTonHcau H3 cpe):1HHeXVII BeKa, EBJIHja q e JI e 6 Hj a (1667), KOjH, H3Mel)y OCTaJlOr,HaBO):1H:.l18y TOM6eOrp8.l1CKOM " IIIeXepy HM8 MHOro .l1HBHHX 68II/'lH Koje cy "p8BH py)KH'l1b8l!H H p8jCKH BpTOBH". OBaj BpCHH nyTonHCau H BepHHK Ka)Ke):laCaMO"Bje'lHH TBOp8l! 3H8 6poj l!BjeTOB8, .nHCTOB8 H CT868Jl8y OBOM IIIeXepy". Ka,na je Beh peq 0 qyBeHoM nyTonHcQy EBJIHjH qeJIe6HjH BaJba pehH ;:{aje OH caM 0 Deorpa,ny ocTaBHo 3anHce HO roToBo y TO BpeMe CBHM BehHM BapomHMa Cp6Hje. ,[(01< y nHpoTy ;:{HBH;:{BopHmTHMa, BHHorpace ;:{HMaH 6amTaMa y JarOlJ.HHH yoqaBa orpal)eHe 6amTe ca 60CTaHOM.y Y)KHQaMa, I<paj pel<e 'BeTH}f,e, nope;:{ BHHOrpa,na H 6amqH, nOMH}f,e H PY)KHq}f,al<e.

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WeTaJlHWTe. Ta.I(a cy 6HJIH 3acal)eHH QPHH 6OpOBH, KOjH ce H ;Lta'faC Ty HaJla3e. Te HCTe rO;LtHHe, npeMa 3anHcHHKy rpa;LtCKe OnWTHHe O;Lt Maja 1887. rO;LtHHe, je EeOrpa;LtCKa 3. OnWTHHa H3;LtejcTBoBaJla ;Lta ce 3a noTpe6e nO;LtH3aH>a napKOBa H3Ba;LtH H3 HapO;LtHHX wyMa neT XHJba;Lta "MJIa;LtHQa" H CnJIaBOBHMa cnywTH HH3 CaBy y Eeorpa;Lt. O;Lt THX Ca;LtHMQaje;LtaH ;LteOje 3aCaJ')eH Ha BeJIHKOM KaJIeMer;LtaHy, ;LtpyrH ;LteO Ha TeK nO;LtHrHyToM cKBepy BeJIHKe nHja1!e (;LtaHaC ri1pK Ha CTy;LteHTCKOM Tpry), a TpehH ;Lteo je 3acaI)eH Ha je;LtHoj napQeJIH Ha MaJlOM KaJleMer;LtaHy, Ha ;LtaJbe WKOJIOBa}f,e. Ka;Ltacy 1890. rO;LtHHe BojHe BJIaCTH npe;LtaJIe BeJIHKH KaJIeMer;LtaH Ha ynpaBy EeOrpa;LtCKoj OnWTHHH noqHJbe JberOBO nJIaHCKO ypet)e}f,e H ;LtaJbe nO;LtH3a}f,e napKa. II3 TOr nepHO;Lta je OCTaJIa rpyna O;Lt30-TaK npHMepaKa ;LtHBJbHX KeCTeHOBa, KOjH OKpy)Kyjy cKyJInTypy "PH6apa" CHMe PocaHJXHha, KaO H ;LtpBOpe;Lt JIHna, KOjH BO;LtHO;LtCaBCKOr WeTaJlHWTa ;LtOMaJlor KaJIeMer;LtaHa. y TO BpeMe je KaJleMer;LtaH HMaO CBOj )KHBOT H CTaJlHe 3aHHMJbHBOCTH. He;LteJbOM H npa3HHKOM je 3a nOCeTHOQe CBHpaJIa "BojeHa 6aH,l{a". O;Ltp)KaBa}f,eKOHQepaTa y ;LtO6pOTBOpHe CBpXe 6HJIa je OMHJbeHa 3a6aBa rpaJ')aHa. O TOMe nHWe apXHTeKTa B. T p H n K OB H h (1907), KOjH Ka)Ke ;Lta ce ;LtpywTBeHH )KHBOT npeHOCH y rpa;LtCKH napK. Kao ayTop KacHHjer, H3Be;LteHOr npojeKTa BeJIHKOr KaJleMer;LtaHa, peWeHOr yrJIaBHOM y nejca)KHOM CTHJIy, CMaTpa ce apXHTeKTa MHJIaH K an eTa HOB H h. ,[(OK je BeJIHKH KaJleMer;LtaH noqeo ;Lta ce ypel)yje O;LtMaXno O;LtJIacKy TypaKa, MaJlH KaJleMer;LtaH je H ;LtaJbe 6HO 3anyWTeHa JIe~HHa. KpajeM 19. BeKa, ynope;LtO ca pa3BojeM yp6aHHcTHqKe Ky JIType y Cp6HjH, Ka;Lta ~p)KaBHa ynpaBa H CTaHOBHHWTBO nOKa3yjy CBe BHWe HHTepeCa 3a nO~H3a}f,e jaBHOr rpa;LtCKOr 3eJIeHHJIa, noce6Hy na)K}f,y npHBJIaqH H.!{eja O paCnHCHBa}f,y KOHKypca 3a ypel)e}f,e napKa MaJIH KaJIeMer~aH. O TOM KOHKypCy, KOjH je paCnHCaH 1898. rO;LtHHe, nHWe je;LtaH O;Lt HarpaJ')eHHX yqecHHKa, ,[(HMHTpHje T. JIeKo H ;Ltaje KPHTHqKH OCBpT He CaMO Ha KOHKypC, Beh H Ha qHTaBy yp6aHHcTHqKy npO6JIeMaTHKy Eeorpa;Lta (JI e K 0,1899). IlporpaMKORKypCaje HCTeKaO noTpe6y yHoWeH>a HOBHX ca;Ltp)Kaja y Taj ;LteOKaJleMer;LtaHa, KOjH 6HynoT-

ny}f,aBaJlH H3pa3HTO llIeTaJlHllIHH KapaKTep BeJIHKOr KaJIeMer~aHa. JIeKo y CBOMKPHTHqKOM OCBpTy yKa3yje Ha 3Haqaj 6e~eMa KaO KOMnO3HQHOHOreJIeMeHTa H HarJIaIIlaBa Ba)KHOCT peJbe<l>a, KaO npHpO~He KOMnOHeHTe, y CTBapalf>y KOMnO3H1(Hje.Ha Taj HaqHH ce MO)Ke 3aKJbyqHTH ~a je ~aHallI}f,H peJbe<l>nOCJIe~HQa BepTHKaJIHOr nJIaHHpa}f,a, Ka](O ra je JIeKo 3aMHCJIHO. JIeKoBo O6pa3JIO)Ke}f,eCBOr KOHKypcHor npojeKTa MO)Kece CMaTpaTH Met)y npBHM CpnCKHMo6jaBJbHBaHHM p~OBHMa O KOMnO3HQHjH napKOBa, KaO HO 3Haqajy CTBapa}f,a THX npOCTOpa, 3a qHje ypet)e}f,e Tpe6a Tpa)KHTH Haj6oJbe pellIe}f,e nyTeM jaBHor KOHKypCa. Ypet)e}f,e OBOr ~eJIa napKa je 6HJIO nOBepeHO OnllITHHCKOM apXHTeKTH JeJIHCaBeTH Ha q H h, Koja je H3 HeKOJIHKOKOHKypCHHX pellIeJba ycBojHJIa HeKe eJIeMeHTe ypet)elf>a, aJIHje 3a H3BOt)e}f,enpeTe)KHO CJIy)KHJIO JIeKoBo KOHKypCHOpellIe}f,e. ~O I CBeTCKOr paTa Ha OBOMnpocTopy je 6HO opra. HH3OBaH3a6aBHH napK ca pa3HHM aTpaKQHja.Ma 3a OMJIa. ~HHy, KaO H nPBH 6HOCKOnno~ llIaTpOM. Ynope~o ca pa3BojeM KaJIeMer~aHCKOr napKa ypet)yjy ce y Eeorp~y H :npyrH ~eJIOBH rp~a. TaKO ce nope~ BeJIHKe nHjaQe HCnpe~ KaneTaH MHllIHHOr 3~a}f,a 1886. rO~HHe noqHlbe, no O~JIyQH EeOrp~CKe OnllITHHe, ~a <l>opMHpa "M a JI H nap K". Je~aH ~eo C~HHQa, H3BaI)eHHx H3 npHpO~HOr nO~MJI~Ka OnllITeHapO~HHX llIyMa, je noqeTKoM HOBeM6pa 1886. rO~HHe npHCneO y Eeorp~ peKOM CaBOM, H 3acal)eH je Te rO):{HHe, a ~pyrH ~eo je ~o6HjeH H3 npBe yHHBep3HTeTCKe 6oTaHHqKe 6allITe Ha ~yHaBy. O~ OBe npBe c~}{,e je OCTaJlO )KHBOy Ty ~Be CTape JIHne, ~Ba QPBeHa KeCTeHa H je~Ha co<l>opa ca npCHHM O6HMOM~e6JIa 2,90 M. OBaj napK je noTnyHo 3aBpllIeH 1889. rO~HHe. KaKO je y jaBHocTH 6HJIa H3pa)KeHa )KeJba~a ce y }f,eMy nO~HrHe CnOMeHHKJOCH<l>y naHqHhy, no TOMe je napK KacHHje Ha3HBaH "naHqHheB napK". ~eje O CTBapa}f,y npBe Eo T a H H q K e 6 aIIl T e y Eeorp~y 3aqeJIe cy ce jOllI 1853. rO~HHe ~OJIaCKOM JOcH<l>a naHqHha 3a npo<l>ecopa JIH1(eja. 1874. rO~HHe BeJIHKoj llIKOJIH je ~O~eJbeH npOCTOp H3Meby ~yHaBa H ~yHaBcKe yJIH1(e Ha ~ophoJIy H p~OBH Ha nO~H3alf>y 6aII1Te cy oTnoqeJIH. npOCTOp je Orpal)eH, no~HrHyTa

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Ynope):1O ca HacTajaJbeM napKOBa y Eeorpa):1y no'leJIo je H nOJJH3aJbe yJ[H'fHHX ):IpBOpe):1a, 0 'lHjeM O):1p)1\aBa1by cy ce CTapaJIH CaMH CTaHOBHHUH THX yJ[HUa. n p B H ):I p BOp e ):I nO):1H:rHyT je y A 6 au H C K 0 j 'l a p III H j H ():1aHaC yJIHUa HapO):1HOr <l>poHTa). HaCTaO je H3Mel1y 1845-1850. rO):1HHe. Y Jboj cy ca 06e CTpaHe 6HJIH 3aCaJ)eHH ja6J[aHOBH, aJlH KaJ:Ia cy 6HJIH y nyHoj CHa3H nOCe'feHH cy 1889. :rO):1HHe. He 3Ha ce no 'lHjOj Hape):16H je oBaj ):IpBOpe):1 6HO nOCe'feH. IIocJIe OBO:r nO):1H:rHyT je ):IBOCTpaHH ):I p BOp e ):I KaHaJ:ICKHX TOnOJIa 0):1 "K He )K e B or K OH a K a" y Ton'fH):lepy ):10 "MOCTapa". IIO):1HrHyT je 3aTHM H ):IpBOpe):1 ja6J[aHOBa 0):1 "MocTapa" ):10 "JIOH):lOHa", y yJIH~H KHe3a MHJlOWa, Kojaje nO'feTKOM llIe3):1e()eTHX H Ce):1aM):IeCeTHX rO):1HHa npOlllJIOr BeKa y ):IeJIy 0):1 HeMaJbHHe yJIHUe ):10 "JIOH):lOHa" 6HJIa OMHJbeHO llIeTaJlHllITe CTapHX EeOrpaJ)aHa, CBe ):I0K Ty yJIOry HHje npey3eo HOBOnO):1HrHYTH napK Ha KaJleMer):1aHy (M H III H h, 1970). H3 "CpnCKOr ):IHeBHHKa" 0):120. MapTa 1860. :rO):1HHe ca3HajeMo 3a nO'leTaK nO):1H3aJba ):1 BOp e ):1 KeCTeHOBa p a O):1"JIOH):1O Ha"):10 "Te pa3Hj a", KojHje):1O "Tepa3Hja" 6HO je):1HOcTpyKH, a TY ce llIHpHO Y ):IBa pe):1a. AJIH H OH je, KaO H JberOBH npeTXO):1HH~H, ):I0)KHBeO HCTY CY):16HHY. IIOCe'feHje Beh 1911. :rO):1HHepaJ:IHHOBe peryJIaQHje yJ[H~e. OKO 1863. rO~HHe BO~HJla ce y Beorp~y 'lHTaBa aKuHja OKO nO~H3a}f,a ~pBeha no 6eOrp~CKHM y JlHUaMa, O qeMy HaM rOBOpH je~Ha 6eJleWKa o6jaBJbeHa y "B~OB~aHy" 23. <l>e6pyapa 1863. rO~HHe: " PaCaJ)eHa ppBa no yJ]Hl.(aMa CaMO POK oppacy MHOro he yJ]en1U8BaTH Ha1Ue yJ]Hl.(e H p8BaTH BapO1UH H3rJ1ep KOjH je H OHaKO no npHpOPHOM lbe3HH6M noJ]O)Kajy BPJ]O J]en. ,l(a6H ce OprojHJ]a H 6oJbe OPp)K8J1a H caqyB8J1a, ynp8BHTeJbCTBO BapO1UH je HapePHJ]O pa HX CBaKH HCnpep cBoje KYhe, pyhaHa HJ]H nJ]al.(apy)KaH 6ype 38J1eBaT H y PO6pOM cTalbyoPP)K8BaTH orpapyoKo lbHX YBeK he ce OppePHTH H O63HaHHTH BpeMe K8.l(a HX Tpe6a 38J1eBaTH, a KOjH He 6H noCJ]y1Uao Hapep6yoBY; Ka3HHhe ce no 3aKoHy H nJ]aTHhe 1UTe1Y aKO 6H PpBO yrHHyJ]O". HeKOJIHKO rO~HHa KacHHje cy no~HrHyTH ~pBOpe~H H y MHOrHM ~pyrHM yJIHUaMa y ueHTpaJIHOM ~eJIy TpMa (MaKeJ{OHCKa, <:I>paHUYCKa yJl. OKO l{BeTHor Tpra), a TaKol)e H ~eCeTaK yJIHUa 3an~HOr Bpaqapa, y KojHMa

cy Hajqewhe 3aCaJ)eHe JIHne, na ce H ):1aHaCno HeKa JIHna, CTapOCTH OKO CTO ne):1eCeT rO):1HHa, MO)Ke ):1aHaJ)e Ha OBHM npOCTOpHMa (M...H W H h, 1970). Y npBoj ):1e"eHHjH KacHHje cy nO):1HrHyTH ):1pBOpeNf H y MHOrHM ):1pyrHM yJI~aMa y "eHTpaJlHOM ):1eJIy rp3,l]a (MaKe):1OHCKa, <I>paH"ycKa yJI. OKO QBeTHOr Tpra), a TaKol)e H ):1eCeTa!(yJI~a 3an3,l]HOr Bpaqapa, y K{)jHMa cy 6HJIe Hajqewhe 3aCaJ)eHe JIHne, na ce H ):1aHaC no HeKa JIHna, CTapOCTH OKO CTOne):1eCeT rO):1HHa, MO)Ke ):1a HaJ)e Ha OBHM npOCTOpHMa (M H W H h, 1970). Y npBoj ):1e"eHHjH OBOr BeKa nO):1HrHyT je H ):1BOCTpyKH ):1pBOpe):1 KHe3 MHJIOWeBoj y JI~H ca Beh O):1pay CJIHM JIHnaMa, KaO H "eHTpaJlHH ):1BOCTpYKH ):1pBOpe):1, OKO 1906. rO):1HHe, Y YJIH"HnpOJIeTepCKHX 6pHr3,l]a, Koja je Tpe6aJ1a ):1anOCTaHe WeTaJlHWTe. llope):1 napKOBa H ):1pBOpe):1a, KpajeM npoIliJIor BeKa, Y OKBHpY peKOHCTPY~Hje H ypel)elf>a rp3,l]OBa nO'IH}f,y ):1a ce cTBapajy H ):1pyrH O6JIH"H jaBHHx 3eJIeHHX nOBpWHHa, KaO WTO cy C K Be pO B H Ha KojHMa cy ce Hajqewhe 4>opMHpaJIa CnOpTCKa HrpaJIHIIlTa H ):1pyre 3eJIeHe nOBpWHHe HCnpe):1 jaBHHx rpaJ)eBHHa. TaKO HaM apXHTeKTa B. T p H n K OB H h 1907. rO):1HHe y CBOM. KPHTHqKOM CKBepOBa: "EHJla je .l1aKJle Te)KH.a .l1a ce CTBapa}f,eM 6aWTeHCKHX nOCTpojeH.a Ha THM MeCTHMa O6J1H)K}f,eM CTaHOBHHWTBy npy)KH npHJlHKa .l1a .l1O6Hjy BHWe CBeTJlOCTH, BHWe 'lHCTOr Ba3.l1YXa 3a.l1yweBHo H TeJleCHO OCHa)Ke}f,e H.erOBO, .l1a nO.l1MJla.naK HMa MeCTa H npOCTOpa 3a H3BOt)etbe CBOjHX Hrapa, .l1a}f,HMa y 'lHCTOM Ba3.l1YXY KpenH .l1YWY H TeJlO cBoje. EHJla je HaMeHa CTBOpHTH no KOjy 6a3y H3MeJ)y npawH.aBHX yJl~a H Y YJlH'lHOj Mpe)KH nOCTHhH KaKBY npOMeHY Koja rO.l1H OKY". OCBPTY ):1aje o6jaw}f,e}f,e rJIaBHe CBpXe THX

KpajeM npBe~eueHHje 080r BeKa Y ~HTPY EeorPMa cy H3BpWeHH 06HMHH PMOBH Ha If>eroBoj peKOHCTPYKUHjH, npeMa 3aMHCJlH If>paHl{YCKOr apXHTeKTe JIe)Kea. TMa je Ha Tepa3HjaMa l{eHTpaJIHO If>opMHpaH CKBep H KOJlOBO3H ~Ba CMepa. Tepa3Hje CY H3ry6HJle Y cBoje CTape nO3HaTe KeCTeHOBeH KaMeHy 'fecMy Koja je cTajaJIa XO~ XOTeJIa'.MOCKBe'.. QBeTHH napTepH Ha l{eH-

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)Xa OBa )XBa napKa " .l(ajy BH.l(aH .l(OKa3 .l(a ce y I1aH'feBy jOLU H3 paHHjer .l(o6a H Ha OBe CTBapH MHC.nH.nO. Ype/JeHa l10 .l(aHaLU]f,oj MoryhHocTH .l(OCTa 6pH)KJbHBO H ca pa3yMeBa]f,eM} HapO.l(Ha 6aLUTa CBOjHM 3e.neHH.nOM, 1.(BeheM H .l(pBeheM l1py)Ka I1aH'feB1.(HMa x.na)1a H CBe)Ker 3paKa, a M.na.l(e)KH je.l(HO MeCTO BHLUe 3a pa30HO.l(y H l1pOBOJt'. ~aJbe, OH HanOMH}f,e )Xa cy napKOBH 6HJIH OnpeMJbeHH HrpaJIHmTHMa 3a MaJly )Xeuy, .'za laun tenis" H )Xp. H h (1922) TaKol)e roBopH o H. M H JI y T H. HOB

)XpBope)XHMa, KOjH ".l(OHeK.ne y6.na)KaBajy HecHocHy BpyhHHY; HjOLU y.nel1LUaBajy BapoLUH. O.l(.l(eCeTaK rO.l(HHa OBaMO je.l(aH .l(eo l1aH'feBa'fKHX y.nH1.(a 3aca1)e]f,e .l(pBope. .l(OM, Kao H Tpr KpaJba I1e1pa, y.nH1.(a BojBO.l(e I1yrHHKa HMa HajcTapHja .l(pBa. Pa3yMe ce BapoLU Mopa .l(pBOpe.l(e H .l(aJbe l10ny]f,aBaTH, HoBe y.nHl(C 3aca/JHBaTH .l(pBOpe.l(H. Ma".

JOIU 1866. rO;:{KHe cKynIUTKHcKO npe;:{CTaBHK,{KO TeJIOrpa;:{a C e H T e ;:{OHeJIO O;:{JIyKy ;:{ace <l>opMKpaK je ype;:{H "H a po;:{ Ha]) a IU T a", KaO MeCTO3a IUeT}f,y K peKpeauKjy CTaHOBHHKaCeHTe. Y Ty CBpXy je H3;:{BojeHo 49 KaT. jyTapa :!eMJbe y MaJlOM PKTy H paCnHCaH KOHKypC 3a H3pa;:{y npojeKTa. CJIe;:{ehe rO;:{HHeje Beh npHXBaheH nJIaH MeCHOr 6aIUTOBaHa KHe3U C1)epeHUa, a npOCT()p je Beh CMa}f,eH Ha 34 KaT. jyTpa. npOCTOp je Orpa~eH KaHaJlOM, a npBe Ca;:{HKUe cy npeCa~eHe H3 06JIH)K}f,e IUyMe H paCa;:{HH](a "KpCTaK". O;:{a](JIecy Ca;:{HHUe HajcTapKjKx XpaCTOBa ;:{OHeTe He 3Ha ce Ta1fHO,aJlH HajBepoBaTHHje ;:{anOTK'{y 0;:{OCTaTaKa He](a;:{aIU}f,HX,jOIU y Cpe):t}f,eMBe](y OnKCaHKX xpaCTOBHX IUyMa, Koje cy KacHHje HC](p1feHepa;:{H ;:{06HjaJba nOJbOnpHBpe;:{HOr 3eMJbKIUTa. Y nepHO;:{y H3M~t)y 18?5-1876. rO):tKHe carpa~eH je yrocTHTeJbCKH 06jeKaT H HapO~Ha ])aIUTa nocTaje rpa;:{CKOIUeTaJlHIUTe. rO;:{KHe 1893. HapO~Ha 6aIUTa je ):t06HJIa HOBe ca;:{p)Kaje. H3rpat)eHO je BeIUTa1f](Oje3epo y CeBepHOM ~eJIy nap](a, Ha nOBpIUKHH O~ je~Hor KaT. jyTpa. Y TO](y 3HMe Ha 3aJIet)eHOMje3epy 11>0pMHpaJIO )(JIH3aJIHIUTe, ce noce6Ho 3a ):teuy, a nOce6HO 3a o):tpaCJIe.Ha MecTy ~aHaIUlber paCa;:{HH)(a"C1)JIOpareHeT" nocTojaJIaje CTa](JIapa ca TOnJIHM JIejaMa 3a npOH3Bo~lby uBeha, KaKO 3a noTpe6e HapO):tHe 6aIUTe, TaKO K 3a rpa~aHCTBO. nOCJIe npBOr CBeTCKOrpaTa, Ta,naIU}f,H 6aIUTOBaH Galle Viktor npey3HMa ynpaBJbalbe Han pa~OBHMa y ])aIUTH. nO~HrHyTa rOCTHOHHUaO~ ):tpBeTa,yCJ1e~](paT. ](Or cnoja Ha eJIe](TpK1fHHM HHcTaJlauHjaMa H3rOpeJIaje ~O TeMeJba. To ce ~OrO;:{HJIOy nepHo~y K3Me~y 1928 . 1936. rO~HHe. HeIUTO 3ananHKje je Carpat)eHa HOBa, a npOCTOp HCnpe~ }f,e Je peIUeH napTepHO ca OpHaMeHTaJIHHM peIUelbeM 0;:{IUHMIUHpa. OKO OBOr y](paCHOr napTe. pa <l>opMHpaHO IUeTaJIHIUTe H HrpaJIHIUTe 3a TeHKC (B je ap r a, 1976). HapO;:{Ha ])aIUTa je HapO'{HTO 6HJIa noceheHa 3a BpeMe ):tp)KaBHHXnpa3HH)(a K 3a BpeMe T3B. "HapO;:{HKX CBe'{aHOCTH". npHJIH](OM ](OHUepaTa y My3H1fKOMnaBHJbOHy HapO;:{je cTajao H3Me~y ):tpBeha K no TpaBK, na je rJIaBHK 6aIUTOBaH Galle O~JIy1fHO;:{a npOIUKpK nap)(. Ha ~06HjeHoM npocTopy ](aCHKje je ype~eHo ~e'{Kje KrpaJ1HIUTe, a Ha paC)(pCHKUK nyTeBa 06JIHKOBaHa BeJ1K](a pOH;:{eJ1a uBeheM K OpHaMeHTHMa O~ IUHMIUHpa. ca nOJIO)Kaj nap](a y HenOCpe):tHOJ 6J1H3HHK ueHTpa rpa,na, CanOBpIUKHOMO):t17,7 xa, ynyhyjeHa3HaTHoBehy 6pKry K noTpe6e y JIara}f,a y OBy napKOBC)(y noBpIUHHy.

Y C BeT O 3 ape By je ca 'iyBaHa HHTepeCaHTHa 3eJIeHa nOBpWHHa no~HrHyTa KpajeM npOWJIOr neKa nap K ne ~ar OW K e aK a~e M Hj e. HaHHHQHjaTHBy H no HaQPTy npo<l>.CpeTeHa M. AUK ha, ynpaBHTeJba Y'iHTeJbCKe WKOJIe y TMaW}i,oj JarO~HHH 3anO'ieTO je 1898. rO~HHe ypel)HBa}i,e oKyhHHQe Y'iHTeJbCKe lIIKOJIe. TaKO je npOCTOp O~ 1,5 xa npeTBOpeH y napK. Y OKBHpy napKa nO'ieJIO ce H ca OCHHBa}i,eM npBHX y'iHOHHQa y CJIO6O~HOM npocTopy, Koje cy 6HJIe npBe TaKBe y Cp6HjH, a BepOBaTHOH je~He O~ npBHX y EBpOnH. OKO y'iHOHHQa 6HJIe cy 3acal)eHe rpyne ~pBeha Koje cy npy)KaJIe noTpe6Hy ceHKy H 3aKJIOHO~ cyHQa, a 6HJIe cy orpal)eHe )KHBOMOrpa,IlOMO~ )K6yHacTHx BpCTa. ODaj WKOJICKHBPT npe~CTaBJbaO je H H3y3eTaH ap6opeTyM, 3acal)eH ca npeKO 300 DpCTa ~pBeha H .wH6Jba, KaKO .l)oMahHX TaKO H er3OTa ca CKOpOCnHX KOHTHHeHaTa. CaM AUHh y CDOjOjK}i,H3H "nOJbCKa y'fHOHHQa .xHrHjeHcKo ne.l)arOllIKa ycTaHoBa" (1924) ynoTDp.l)H KOpHCTH p~a y flOJbCKHM y'iHOHHQaMa Ka)Ke: "jep he THMe npO)(yJKHTH ce6H JKHBOTH )(yJKe OCT8THKpenKH. 'lHJ1HH B83)(8 OpHH 38 p8J(, 8 CBeH8 KOpHCTcBoje nOpO)(H. Ife HOKOJ1HHe"(A U H h, 1924). Y npOWJIOCTHje Y )K HUe 6HJIO MHOrO nHWe y 3eJIeHHJIy HerO .l)aHaC.):{a je rpa,II 6HO OKHheH 6a1lITaMa y py)KH'i}i,aQHMa ca3HajeMo H3 nyTonHca EBJIHje qeJIe. 6Hje, KojHje npoJIa3ehH 1660. ro~. KPO3Y)KHQe, 3anHCaO: "CnycTHBUlH ce T8'lHO)(BHje XHJb8)(eKOp8K8jyroH. CTO'lHO HCTO'lHOO)( Tdr8 rp8)(8, HH3 nyTeB8 ycje'leHe y H BpJ1eTHecTHjeHe, y npOC1p8HOj p8l(HHIfH J1eJKH Kp8C8H H H8npe)(8H Ulexep, C8 TBP)(O 3H)(8HHM Ky/t8Ma, npH3eMHHM H H8 cnp8T. OHe cy H8HH38He je)(H8 H3H8)( )(pyre H OKHheHe c o6je c1pB.He pHjeKe neTHIDe BHHOrp8)(HM8, 6aUl'i8MB. H pyJKHlfH.8l(Hlila". Ho KacHHjHM aKTHnHocTHMa y norJIe~y no~H3a}i,a 3eJIeHHJIa H nO1lIyMJbaBa}i,a OKOJIHHe rpa,Ila OCTaJIH cy 3anHcH. KpajeM 19. DeKa H3 "CaMoyKor pyKonHca" MHJIaHa Pa,IlODHha,neKapa no npO(1>ecHjH,ca3HajeMo .l)a je y DpeMe TypaKa y Y)KHQy no 6a1lITaMa 6HJIO .l)OCTa Doha, Koje je nOCJIe TypcKor paTa 1876. rO))HHe 6HJIO nOCe'feHO,1lITO HMaJIOBeJIHKe nOCJIe))HQe CTBapa}i,e je Ha epo3Hje. Be JI H K H nap K nope~ neTH}i,e, Ha 3a6y'ijy ynpaDo je .l)eJIo PHCTe Te1lIHha, 1lITO HaM roBopH H "Ca. MOyKH pyKonHc", a KacHHje H KOcTa Y pO III e B H h (1920), HaBO~ehH .l)a ce nJIaHHHCKo .l)pyllITBO CTapaJIO o nollIyMJbaBa}i,y, Kao HO nO~H3a}i,y H O~p)KaBal-by napKoBa, yJIen1lIaDa}i,y BapO1lIH,pa3DHja}i,y Jby6aBH 3a npHpo. ))OMKO))cBOjHx 'iJIaHOBa. Y K par y j e B Q y, nocTojH pa3BHjeHa Tpa,IlHQHja HerOBa}i,a H KyJIType 'iyDa}i,a jaBHor 3eJIeHHJIa, Kao H ypel)HBa}i,a BpTOBa.To je ))OHeKJIe H pa3yMJbHBO, jep ce KparyjeDaQ pa3BHo Ha MecTy OnacaHOM 1lIyMaMa y KOjH. Ma je 6HJIO nTHQa Kparyja, no KojHMa je H ))O6HO HMe. HeKH napKoBH H ))pBOpe~H ~aTHpajy jO1lI H3 TypcKor nepHO))a. Ka,II je KparyjeBaQ 6HO npecToHHQa TeK OCJIo. 6ol)eHe Cp6Hje, H3Mel)y 1818. H 1842. rO.l)HHe, KHe3 MH. JIOWje OKOcBor ~Bopa nO.l)HraO 'iHTaB nojac wyMe, ))a 6H 6ap ))OHeKJIenpeHeo aM6HjeHT cBor pO))HOr ~Hyha. H npeKO nyTa JXBOpa TO BpeMe je <l>opMHpaH y "M a JI H nap K", Kora ca,Ila yKpa1lIaBajy cKynHHe cKyJI. nTypa, ):\eJIaHa1lIHX HcTaKHyTHx Bajapa AyrycTHH'iHha H naJIaBH'iHHHja, y cBOjCTBy cnoMeHHKa naJIHM 1lIyMa. ))HHQHMa y npBoM H ))pyroM cBeTcKoM paTy.

283

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pauHhy (pa):l Bajapa nOpt]a JOBaHOBHha) J{06HO Ca):Ialll",H Ha3HB "ByKOB napK" (C TO j a HOB H h, 1959). Ha MecTy J{aHaIlIH>er napKa 6HJIO je BOjHO Be)J(6aJIHllITe, 3aTHM XHnOJ{pOM, a nOCJIe npeMelllTa",a XHnOJ{pOMa Ha "QapeBY hynpHjy" Ty je 6HJIO HrpaJIHllITe C..[{. "CpnCKH Ma'i". HOBOnOJ{HrHyTH napK je 3al{p)J(aO HBH'iHe aJIeje l{HBJber KeCTeHa, Koje cy OKpy)J(HBaJIe l{0Ta):Ialll",e HrpaJIHllITe. 113BpllleHa je l{eJIHMH'iHa peKOHCTpyKQHja CTa3a H. nony",aBa",e HOBHM Cal{HHM MaTepHjaJIOM. rOl{HHe 1946. H3BpllleHa je nOHOBHa peKOHCTpYKQHja, KaJ{a je H3rpat)eHO l{e'iHje HrpaJIHllITe H 3rpa):la ".[{OM H3BHt]a'ia". .[{0 l{aHaC oBaj napKje 3a):1p)J(aOOCHOBHe eJIeMeHTe, KOjH CY ce He3HaTHO Me",aJIH nOBpeMeHO 3aXBaTHMa. npeMa B. T p n K OB H h y (1983), HCTOBpeMeHO ca

H3rpa):l",OM C Tap or l{ BOp a Ha .[{el{H",y BpllleHO je nJIaHHpa",e 3eMJbHllITa H ypet]HBaH je napKOBCKH npoCTOp, OBH Pa):IOBH cy H3BOt]eHH OJ{ 1928.l{0 1934. rOl{HHe. KoH<l>HrypaQHja 3eMJbHllITa H3HCKHBaJIa je pellle",e ca TepaCaMa npeMa H}{ejaMa EJ{yapl{a AHl{pea, KOjH je ypel{HO MHOra napHCKa llIeTaJIHllITa H 6HO l{HpeKTOp BepcajCKOr napKa. HaQPTe 3a HeKe Ol{ napKOBCKHX TepaCal{aO je HHKOJI~ K pa C HOB. KOMnJIeKC J{BOpOBa Ha .[{el{H",y 3ay3HMa noBplllHHy Ol{ OKO CTO XeKTapa. OKO 30 XeKTapa 'iHHe napKOBCKe nOBplllHHe. napK ce TepaCaCTO, a 3aTHM CTpMO cnylllTa Ka Ton'iH}{epy,a Ha HCTO'iHOj CTpaHH, ce npOCTHpe BeJIHKa TpaBHa nOBplllHHa, ca 6JIarHM na):lOM npeMa 6a3eHy. napK je CTHJICKH pellleH Ha l{Ba Ha'iHHa. Tepace cy pellleHe no y30py Ha BepcajcKH napK, a OCTaJIH l{eO y CJI060l{HOM, eHrJIeCKOM CTHJIy. BOraT <l>OHl{ peTKHX 'ieTHHapCKHX H JIHCTOna):lHHX BpCTa l{pBeha H llIH6Jba Cat)eHHX y rpynHMH'iHOM pacnOpel{y, ca OCTaBJbaH>eM TpaBHHX nOBplllHHa pa3JIH'iHTHX BeJIH'iHHa. Y napKy je npHcyTaH H 3HaTaH 6poj er30Ta, 'iHja QeHTpaJ1Ha A3Hja (na):lHHe XHMaJIaja), je nocToj6HHa KHHa, JanaH H

3acTaBy, BHCHHe 16 M. Ha nJIaToy cy Kpy)KHO H3pat)eHa Ce}{HllITa, jep ce O}{aB}{enpy)Ka }{HBaH nor JIe}{ Ha CnOMeHHK, KaO H 6JIH)Ky H }{aJby OKOJIHHy. nO HaupTHMa MelllTpOBHha nOCTaBJbeHHcy }{y)K npHJIa3HOr CTeneHHllITa -cTy6oBH O}{ ja6JIaHHqKor ra6pa H Ha "'HMa 6pOH3aHe eJIeKTpHqHe 6aKJbe. CnOMeHHK je HaBH}{OB}{aH 1938. rO}{HHe cBeqaHo ocBeheH H H3BpllleH npeHOC KOCTHjy He3HaHOr jyHaKa H3 CTapOr rpo6a y KpHnTy HOBOr CnOMeH-May3OJIeja. Te rO}{HHe cy O6aBJbeHH H OCTaJlHpaJ{OBH Ha ypet)e",y ",erOBe OKOJIHHe()l( H B a HOB H h, 1968). Y OBOM nepHO}{y y MHOrHM CpnCKHM rpaJ{OBHMa H BapOlllHMa }{OlllJIO je }{O <l>opMHpa",a napKOBa, KOjH H }{aHaC npe}{CTaBJbajy Bpe}{HO HaCJIel1eBpTHe H nejca)KHe yMeTHocTH Ha TJIy Cp6Hje: napKOBH y CoM6opy, Cy6oTH1(H,BplllQY, OKOMHOrHX}{Bopaua BojBOt)aHCKeBJIaCTeJIe, KaO H y 6pOjHHM Ea",aMa, Koje cy no CBOjOj npHpO}{HOj OKOJIHHH H CTOBpeHHM napKODHMa npe}{",aqHJIe y 6OraTcTDy 3eJIeHHJIa H QBeha. M3rpaJ{lba napKa y ne h H noqeJIaje 1929. rO}{HHe no npojeKTy nej3a)KHCTe K pc T H h a, Ha MecTy Kaparaq, Ha KOMeje y npOlllJIOCTH 6HJIO TypCKO rpo6Jbe. napK je 3a BpeMe paTa 6HO npHJIHqHO olllTeheH, aJlH je nQCJIe paTa peK(jHCTl"YHCaH H y H>eMy Carpat)eHO DelllTaqKo je3epO. Y nehH ce HaJla3H jolll je}{aH nejca)KHO Dpe}{aH "CnOMeHHK", KOjH }{aTHpa ca noqeTKa ODOr DeKa, a TO je "P aj H he D a 6 alll T a". OHa npe}{CTaDJba 6oTaHHqKH papHTeT. 1904. roJfHHe noqeJIO je nO}{H3a",e TOr "napKa" y 6alllTH nOpO}{HQe PajHh, Ha JIeDoj O6aJIH EHCTpHQe. M3Met)y }{Da CDeTCKa paTa ODa 6alllTa je }{O6HJIa npH3HaH>eKaO Hajypet)eHHja H 6oraTHja npHDaTHa 6oTaHHqKa 6alllTa (C H MOB H h, .1:{., 1966). 3a rpaJ{ q a q a K 3HaqajHa je 1933. roJ{., KaJ{ je OCHOBaH nPBH napK, KOjH ce Ha HCTOMMecTy oqyBao H }{O }{aHaC. .1:{HpeKQHjallIyMa y qaqKy H3paJ{HJIa je nJIaH 3a nO}{H3albe napKa Ha }{eJIy 3eMJbHllITa OH}{alll",er JIO3HOr paCaJ{HHKa.nJIaH je 6HO KOM6HHauHja nejca)KHOr H reOMeTpjcKor CTHJIa. CBH apXHTeKTOHCKH o6jeKTH H3 TOr }{o6a HMajy 3aje}{HHqKy ocy, ca npOCTpaHHM QDeTHHM napTepOM y reoMeTpHjcKH pellleHOM }{eJIy napKa. 3a BpeMe II CBeTCKOrpaTa napK je jaKo OlllTeheHO}{ CTpaHe oKynaTopa;:~HaC oBaj napx3ay3HManoBpIllHHy O}{4 xa. HacJIalba ce Ha llIeTaJlHllITe "rpaJ{CKH 6e}{eM" H 3eJIeHe nOBplllHHe IllKOJIe H MHcTHTyTa 3a DohapCTBO,na npe}{CTaBJba3HaqajHo MeCTO3a O}{MOP TpaHCBep3aJIHOKpeH TaH>eCTaHOBHHKarpaJ{a, llITOMy }{aje KapaKTep CKBepa. nOqeTKoM OBOr BeKa y n Hp O T y ce ypel1yje C a p JI a K, KOjH je }{O Ta,l{a 6HO BHHOrpaJ{apCKO-paTapCKH npOCTOp. nOCJIe y6HcTBa AJIeKCaH}{pa 06peHODHha }{OHOCHce O}{JIyKa O npeTDapa",y CeBepHOr }{eJIa CapJIaKa y napK. M3BpllleHa je caJ{",a y npoJIehe 1904. rO}{HHe yr JIaBHOMBohaKa: opaxa, ja6yKe HJIH }{y}{a. MCTe rO}{HHe je HanpaBJbeH H nJIaTO 3a HrpaHKy, na cy O}{ TaJ{a nHpOhaHQH noqeJIH }{a y npa3HHqHe H JIeT"'e }{aHe qelllhe TaMO O}{JIa3e(n Hp H h, 1965). 3a nHpOT je peryJIauHja peKe HHllIaBe, H3Be}{eHa 1926. rO}{HHe,jolllje}{aH 3HaqajaH nO}{yxDaT. Ynope}{O ca peryJIauHjoMH3rpat)eHje H Kej 1933. rO}{HHe. CajeJ{He H ca }{pyre CTpaHe peKe 3aCat)eHH cy }{BOCTpyKH }{pBOpe}{H JIHna H THMe je 3a CTaHOBHHKenHpOTa CTBOpeHOMeCTO 3a npjaTHy llIeT",y H O}{MOp.(n Hp H h, 1965). rpaJ{ nOCMaTpaHca CapJIaXa, npOBaJlHje H npqeBQa H3rJIeJ{a KaO }{a je yTOHyO y 3eJIeHHJIO, Kojer qHHe

CeBepHa AMepHKa. Ty ce HaJIa3H H KOHQepTHa TepaCa, H3rpat)eHa OJ{ KaMeHa H OHBH'ieHa neprOJIOM. Ha CJI060l{HOM npocTopy TepaCe nOCTaBJbeHa je 6pOH3aHa <l>Hrypa "BHOJIHHHCT", pa):l Bajapa TOMe PocaJmHha. KOHUepTHa TepaCa je OpKy)J(eHa rycTHM 3aCa):lHMa pa3HOr J{pBeha, TaKO l{a ce npHMehyje CaMO H3 HenOCpel{He 6JIH3HHe. Y napKy cy npHcyTHe MHor06pojHe cKyJInType HalllHX n03HaTHX cKyJInTOpa: "MylllKH TOp30", pa):l Bajapa Pa):Iayllla, "neTaO" -pa):l BajapaKaJIHHa, MoHyMeHTaJIHe cKyJlnType y 6pOH3H, lJ,eJIa I1BaHa MelllTpOBHha ("CBHHra", "MHJIOlll 06HJIHh", "nOBjecT XpBaTa"). Ha nojeJ{HHHM HcTaKHyTHM MeCTHMa napKa noCTaBJbeHO je HeKOJIHKO KJIaCH'iHHX rJIa3HpaHHX Ba3a nocyl{a, KaO H BeJIHKHX 3eMJbaHHX aHTH'iKHX Ca 06e CTpaHe KaMeHe orpa):le nHTOCa.

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YJIa3a Y .[{BOp nOCTaBJbeHe cy l{Be l{eKOpaTHBHe 6pOH3aHeBa3e, pa):lOBH I1BaHa Me III T po B H ha. <l>opMa Ba3a je KJIaCH'iHa, a nJIaCTH'iHH YKpaC Ha "'HMa je peJbe<l>HH <l>PH3 KOjH CHM60JIH'iHO npHKa3Yje 60raTCTBO H cHary. Ca 06aBJbaH>eM 3aBplllHHx pa):lOBa Ha c no Me H May 3 0 JI e j y Ha AB a JI H, l{eJIy I1BaHa Me III T po B H ha, 3anO'ieTO je H ca ypet]e",eM OKOJIHHe cnoMeHHKa. Y cHMeTpaJIH cnoMeHHKa H3rpat)eH je nJIaTO, 06JIO)J(eH ja6JIaHH'iKHM KaMeHOM. Y ",eroBoj Cpel{HHH, npe'iHHKa 17 M nOCTaBJbeH je 'ieTBpTacT KaMeHH 6JIOK ca cTy60M 3a

285

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nO){aTaKa 0 HOBHM 3eJIeHHM nOBpWHHaMa Beorpa){a, KaO H KOJIH'lHHCKHM nOKa3aTeJbHMa, KOjH ce O){HOCeKaKO Ha 3eJIeHHJIO, TaKO H Ha Ka){pOBCKy CTpyKTypy OBe pa){He OpraHH3aI(Hje. O){ nocTojehHx 06jeKaTa y Beorpa){y npBeHCTBO ce

J{'iije peKOHCTPYKUHjH HajBeher rpa){CKOr napKa -KaJIeMer){aHY , a ){aJbe H OCTaJIHM 3eJIeHHM nOBpWHHaMa y rpa){y. 3a BpeMe II CBeTCKOr paTa K a JI e Mer ){ a H je npeTpneo 3HaTHa owTehe}ba, a CTOTHHe npHMepaKa CTapor ){pBeha, KaO H ){eO TBpt)aBe 6HJIH cy yHHwTeHH 60M6ap){OBa}beM. Y 3Ha'IajHHje pa){OBe nOCJIe paTa, KOjH CY npe){y3eTH Ha OBOM npocTopy cna){a ac<l>aJITHpaH>e CTa3a 1950. rO){HHe, 3aTHM 1956. H 1957. rO){HHe yKJIa}baH>e .. KaHa){CKHX TOnOJIa, KOJe cy CMeTaJIe ){pyrHM Bpe){HHJHM BpCTaMa, KaO H ){OnyHa 3aCa){HMa nepeHa, nOpe){ rJIaBHHX aJleja H WeTaJlHWTa (M H W H h, 1971). H ){aHaC cy y TOKy CTaJIHe aKTHBHOCTH Ha O){p)KaBa}by H ){eJIHMH'lHOj peKoHcTpyKQHjH KaJIeMer){aHCKOr napKa. Ca){p)Kaj napKa je ){Ony}beH MHOrHX 06jeKTHMa, BpTHO-apXHTeKTOHCKH H cKyJInTypaJIHHM eJIeMeHTHMa: Ypt:t)eHje BOjHH My3ej ca CnOJbHHM eKCnOHaTHMa OKO 6HBWe 3rpa){e BojHo-reorpa<l>cKor HHCTHTyTa H ca 60raTOM yHyTpaW}bOM nOCTaBKOM My3eja, myMapcKH My3ej, H3JIO)K6eHH naBHJbOH "UBHjeTa 3y30pHh" H nOCTaBJbeHH MHorH cnOMeHHQH HawHx BeJIHKaHa, Kao H cKyJInType. CTapH pOBOBH cy npeypet)eHH y cnOpTCKa HrpaJIHwTa, TaKo ){a je KaJleMer){aH npHMHo MHore KapaKTepHcTHKe QeHTpaJIHOr rpa){cKor napKa. Y nO){HO)Kjy KaJleMer){aHCKe TBpt)aBe, Ha noTe3y O){ QpKBe CBeTe neTKe npeMa ):\o}bOrpa){cKoM 6y JIeBapy , KpajeM 1991. ypet)eHaje 3eJIeHa noBpwHHa BeJIH'lHHe 6,5 xa. TOM npHJIHKOM cy nOCe'leHa TPY JIa cTa6JIa, o'IHwheH HarOMHJIaHH oTna){ H KOpOB H TpacHpaHe cTa3e. nOcTaBJbeHO je BHWe O){ 50 KJIyna, na je 3anywTeHa noBpwHHa npeTBopeHa y JIen napKoBcKH npocTop, KOjH npe){CTaBJba cnoHy H3Mel)y OncepBaTopHje H ywha ){Bejy peKa. Ka){a ce 06aJ1e 6y){y OCJI060){HJIe )KeJbe3HH'lKHX oKoBa H rpa){ cHl)e Ha cBoje peKe, KojHMa Tpe6a ){a nOKa)Ke CBOj JIHK, ){06Hhe ce je){aH HMn03aHTaH npocTop, Ha KoMe he ce nope){ H3BaHpe){HHX BH3ypa ca rOp}bHX Tepaca H 60raTHx ca){p)Kaja oMoryhHTH H Haj6JIH)KH KoHTaKT noceTHoQa ca ){Be BeoMa 3Ha'IajHe peKe, Koje H y peKpeaTHBHoM H y ncHxoxHrHjeHcKoM nOrJIe){yMHoro 3Ha'le cTaHoBHHQHMa oBor rpa){a. 3a Hajy)KH QeHTap rpa){a 3Ha'IajHaje peKoHcTpYKQHja 6HBwe ){BOpCKe 6awTe y "nHOHHpCKH napK" 1945. rO){HHe (3 xa), napK KO){ OncepBaTopHje -CTapa 3Be3){apa 1946/47. (2,52 xa), 'lHjH je npojeKTaHT XajHpHx MaT e c H B. n pow H h. Pa){OBH Ha ypel)e}by napKa "T a w M aj ){ a H" nO'IeJIH cy 1952-53. rO){HHe. Ca nJIaHHpa}beM 0 ypel)e}by napKa 3anO'IeTO je jow no nO){H3a}by QpKBe, jep je Ha TOM MecTy 6HJIa JIe){HHa nocJIe ){aBHO HanywTeHor rp06Jba.npojeKaT 3a oBaj napK ypa){HO je apx. H. ):\ 06 pOBHh. 3a caMo HeKOJIHKO nOCJIepaTHHx rO){HHa Ha y)KeM nO){py'ljy rpa){a nO){HrHyTo je jow HeKOJIHKO napKoBa H cKBepoBa: 06HOBJbeH je napK KO){ AyToKoMa~e (1,5 xa), ypel)eH no HOBOM npojeKTy napK KO){ HeKa){aW}be meCTe MywKe rHMHa3Hje (1,15 xa), napK Ha TOn'lH){epCKOM 6p){y (2,84 xa), napK "HeHMap" (0,67 xa), CnOMeH-rp06Jbe OCJI060){HJIaI(a Beorpa){a (1,12 xa), 3aTHM cKBep Ha Tpry Peny6JIHKe (0,32 xa), Tepa3HjcKa Tepaca (1,51 xa) H MHOre ){pyre Malbe nOBpWHHe (MoHorpa<l>Hja "3eJIeHHJIOBeorpa){a").

3a noC~epaTHH nepHO~ jenoce6HO KapaKTepHCTH1fHO CTBapaH>e HOBHX De~oBa rPaDa, KOjH MOry ):la 6yDY H CaMOCTaJlHH rpaDOBH. TaKaB je npHMep HoBOr J)eorpaDa, n~aHHpaHOr 3a 250.000 CTaHOBHHKa, KOjH je TO HOCTBapHODODaHaC. rpaDje n~aHHpaHDaCe npoCTHpe Ha 4.160 xa, a yKynHa 3e~eHa noBpIlIHHa Tpe6a Da H3HOCH 2.500 xa. IIoDPY1fje Ha KOMe je H3rpal)eH HoBH J)eorpaD je HeKaDaIlIH.a MO1fBapa HacyTa neCKOM, npeKO KOraje OTaBJbeH C~oj n~oDHe 3eMJbe, a 3aXBaJbYjyhH Be~HKHM HHBecTHuHjaMa H 3ay3HMaH>y HH)!(eH>epa 03e~eH>aBaH>a HaCeJba H ypet)eH.a npeDe~a H3 npBI1X reHepauHja, OBaj rpaD ce npeTBapa y I-paD-BpT. HHTeH3HBHa rpaDH>a Ha OBOM npocTOpy 3ano1feTa je y nepHODY OD 1948. roDI1He TaKO ):Iaje peaJIH3auHja npBHX 3e~eHHX noBpIlIHHa yc~eDH~a HeKO~HKO ro):1HHa KacHHje (noC~e 1956. ro):1I1He, KaDa je OCHOBaHa ~HpeKUHja 3a 113rpaDH>y HoBOr J)eorpaDa). To npeDCTaBJba jeDaH OD Hajc~o)!(eHHjl1x npojeKaTa 03e~e}f,aBaH>a. Ha noD~03H OD pe<l>y~HcaHOr neCKa 2 DO 3 M De6JbI1He, KOjH je CaDp)!(ao BI1IlIe OD 95% KBapUHOr neCKa H 6HO roTOBO 6e3 HKaKBe XpaHJbI1Be BpeDHOCTH 3a 3aCHHBaH>e BereTauHje, y3 noMOh MHOrHX CTpy1fH.aKa H npo<l>ecopa ca ll1yMapcKOr <l>aKy~TeTa OCTBapeHe cy BHCOKOKBa~HTeTHe 3e~eHe noBpIlII1He. Met)y OBHM CTpy1f}f,al{I1Ma noce6HO ce HCTI11fe Dp T. J) y H y III e B au, OCHHBa1f 11DYroroDHIlIH>H npo<l>ecop O):1CeKa 3a 03e~eH.aBaH>e HaCeJba, ODHOCHO IIejca)!(He apXI1TeKTYpe, ll1yMapcKOr<l>aKy~TeTayJ)eorpaDY, KOjl1je pe3y~TaTHMa DyroroDHIlIH>I1X I1CTpa)!(HBaH.a DaTHM y BH,1{y CTyDHja, yKa3ao Ha 3Ha1faj J)HO~OIlIKe OCHOBe, KOja MOpa npeTXODHTI1 H3PaDI1 npojeKaTa 3e~eHI1X noBpIlIHHa. OBH paDOBI1 H H3BeDeHa MeTODO~orl1ja I1Ma~11 cy CHa)!(aH yTHUaj Ha reHepauHje npojeKTaHaTa 3e~eHI1X noBpIlIHHa y Cp6Hj1111IlIHpe. Hajnpe je peaJIH30BaHO 3e~eHH~0 y CTaH6eHOj 30HI1, KOje ce KacHHje 3HaTHO yBehaBa npaTehl1 HOBy CTaH6eHy H3rpaDH>y IIoC~e TOra ce <l>opMl1pajy 11 npBe napKOBCKe noBpIlII1He y nojacy KOjH ce npoTe)!(e ~y)!( Dy)!( pe1fHHX TOKOBa. To je napK KOD CHB-a, KOjH ce HaCTaBJba y rpaDCKHnapK CBe DO yIlIha CaBe y ~yHaB, IIapK npHjaTeJbCTBa, IIapK yMeTHOcTH, CaBCKH napK, Kej DYra1faK ):IeCeTaK KH~OMeTapa, peKpeaTHBHH TepeHI1 Ha PaTHOM OCTpBy, J)e)!(aHHjcKa IlIyMa ca 1fI1TaBHM peKi>eaTI1BHHM KOMn~eKCOM H HH3 DPYrl1X 3eJreHHX noBpIlIHHa OKO jaBHHx H TypHCTI11fKI1X 06jeKaTa (XOTe~a, 3Ha1fajHHxjaBHl1x06jeKaTa, Tp)!(HI1XUeHTapaHDP.), IlITO DaHaC 1fHHI1 OKO 789 xa peaJIH30BaHHX 3e~eHHX noBpIlIHHa, KOje ODP)!(aBa rpaDCKO 3e~eHI1~0 J)eorpaDa. C~060DHe noBplIlHHe y CTaM6eHOj 30HH KOMnoBaHe cy Cl1rypHlfM, 3HaJla1fKHM noTe3l1Ma, ca 113pa)!(eHOM <l>YHKUHOHaJlHOllIhy, KaKO 611 HajnoBOJbHHje OCTBapH~e CBe npemOCTaBJbeHe <l>YHKUl1je, a CaMHM THM 06e36eJJ.HJIe 11 noBOJbHY CpeDHHy 3a CTaHOBaH>e, 3aDOBOJbaBajyhl1 ncHXO~OIlIKO-eMOTHBHe 11 6HO~Ol11Ko-xl1rHjeHcKe noTpe6e HoB06eorpat)aHa. OBaj Te)!(aK 3aDaTaK -noDH3aH,a rpaDa Ha MO1fBapH, a 3e~eHl1J1a Ha necKy H HenoBOJbHHM K~I1MaTCKI1M yc~OBHMa (HeDOCTaTaK B~are, BeTpOBI1...) npe):1CTaBJba jeJJ.aH 0):1 HajBehHx ycnexa nejca)!(HHX apxHTeKaTa 11 rpaJJ,HTeJba HoBOr I>eorpaDa (C H MOB H h, 3., 1968). IIapK MHpa H npHjaTeJbCTBajejeDaHoD HajHHTepecaHTHHjHx napKOBcKHX 06jeKaTa Ha T~y HalIle 3eMJbe ca DpyrHM HapoDHMa 11 CO~l1DapHOCT y 60p6H 3a MHp. YTeMeJbHBa1fH OBOr je):1HHCTBeHOr napKa 611~H cy ll1e<1>0BH DP)!(aBa H B~aDa Ha npBOj KOH<1>epeH-

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