CosmicCircuits@IISc,Feb06,2007byRajaReddyP

1.
Vout(t) V 0 t Vi(t) R C R

CalculateVout(s)/Vin(s).plotVo(t).calculatetimeconstantandpolefrequency. Ans:
V

Vout = V(1 e )
t

Vout 1 (s) = Vin 2(1 + sRC)

Timeconstant=(R/2)C 2 Polefrequency: p = RC 2.
V 0 t Vi(t) R L R

IntheabovecircuitplotiL(t),VL(t)

Ans:
V 2R

iL =

V (1 e ) 2R

L 2R

t
V 2R
t t

VL = V i L .2R = V 2R

V (1 e ) = Ve 2R

3.

Rs Cs

Rp

Cp

Bothcircuitsareequivalent.ExpressRpandCpintermsofRsandCs.Findrange forwhichthesebothareequivalent.Assumehighqualityfactor. Ans: 1 Rp cC p 1 Rs + = wheres = j 1 sC s Rp + sC p

Onsolvingthisequationwewillget R p = (Q 2 + 1)R s Cp = Cs (1 + 1 ) Q2 where Q= 1 RC

4.AsystemhasanSNRof60dB.Ifanuncorrelatednoiseof1 mVisaddedina1Vof signaltoit,thenwhatistheSNR? Ans:57dB 5.

Vo(t)

1K 0.6sin(t) 2K 4K

8K 0.4sin(t) 4K 2K 1pF 2K

FindVo(t)intheabovecircuit Ans:Ifyouobservethecircuitcarefully,youcannoticethatfourresistorsinbluein thefigurebelowformsawheatstonebridge,andyoucaneliminatethebranchwith capacitance.

Vo(t)

1K 0.6sin(t) 2K 4K

8K 0.4sin(t) 4K 2K 1pF 2K

Theresultingcircuitis

Vo(t)

1K 0.6sin(t) 2K 4K

8K 0.4sin(t) 4K 2K

Nowyoucansolveitdirectly. Vo=0.1sin(t) 6.

Tcq =1ns Tsetup =200ps Thold =300ps

Tpd =100ps

Calculatethemaximumclockfrequency. Ans:Tclk>Tcq+Tpd+Tsetup=1ns+100ps+200ps=1.3ns fmax=1/(1.3ns) 7.PlotVout.

1K

Clk

10sin(wt)

5V

5V

Ans:Thisisaclippercircuit.
+5V t 5V

8. Designadivideby3counterusingDflipflops.Thedutycycleofthedivided clockshouldbe2/3.
S0 [1]

S2 [0]

S1 [1]

Presentstate Q1Q0 00 01 10 11

NextSate D1D0 01 10 00 xx

o/p 1 1 0 x

Fromthetable

D1 = Q 0 D0 = Q 0 + Q 1 o/p = Q 1

D0

Q0

D1

Q1

O/P

Clk

9. Whatisthefunctionofthefollowingcircuit?

E Y

A E

Ans:XOR 10.PlotVoutwithrespecttothegiveninputwaveforms. + 5V _ Vin1 Vout 1 pF

Vin2 Vin1

3V 0 3V 0

Vin2 Ans:
Vout

+ 5V _

t1

2V 1V t1 t

11.PlottheoutputVout.
R 10R Vin =0.1sin(wt) R Vout R R

Ans:Thegivencircuitisafulleaverectifier.Observethegain,itisequalto0.1.
+0.1

0.01 t

0.1

12. Calculate the frequency of oscillation. What is the minimum required Gm for oscillation?
Gm R C Gm R C Gm R C Gm R C

Ans: In the given oscillator there are four gain stages. One of them operates in inverting mode and the remaining in noninverting mode. So the phase shift providedis180o andtheremaining180o phaseshiftshouldbeprovidedbyfourthe RCstages,tomakethefeedbackpositive.Thetransferfunctionofeachstageis GmR H1 (j) = 1 + jRC

SothephaseshiftprovidedbyeachRCstageis tan1 (RC) andshouldbeequalto 45o.

tan1 ( o RC) = 45o o RC = 1 fo =

1 2RC

At fo the attenuation provided by each RCstage is 1

2 . So for loop gain to be

greaterthanorequaltoone,eachgainstageshouldatleastprovideagainof 2 . 2 G mR 2 G m R 13.Calculatetheoutputimpedance.
RL=1M

R1=500K

ROUT Gm=2A/V Rds =1M

R2=500K

Ans:

Applyasmallvoltageatthedrainnodeandobservethecurrentflowing.Total currentflowingintothedrain(output)nodeis V V V/2 + + + ( V/2)G m I = R1 R L R ds

RL=1M

R OUT =

V 1 = 1 1 1 I + + + (1/2)Gm R L R ds 2R 1 Gm 2

V R1=500K V/2 R2=500K Rds

R OUT = R L || R ds || 2R 1 ||

R OUT = 1M || 1M || 1M || 1M ||= 250K

14.Bothtransistorsarebiasedinsaturation.CalculateVA/Vin.Neglectthebody effect.
RD

Vin A

Ans:
RD

Vin

M1 A

M2

Vin

M1 A

1/gm2

Impedanceseenlookingintothisnodeis (1/gm2)+RD/(gm2ro2) 1/gm2

Nowthesimplifiedcircuitisasourcefollowerwithaloadresistanceof1/gm2.So gain VA g m1 1 = = assumingg m1 = g m2 Vin g m1 + g m2 2

 15.Calculatetheoutputif(i)gainAv=infinity(ii)gainAv=10
Vin

AV
1K

Vout

1K

1mA

Ans:
+ + Vout = A v (Vin Vin )

V Vout V 1 V + + 1mA = 0 Vin = out 1K 1K 2 Solvingtheabovetwoequations,wewillget + A (2Vin + 1) Vout = v 2 + Av

+ Av= Vout = 2Vin + 1
in in

5 + Av= 10 Vout = (2Vin + 1) 6

InterviewQuestions
1. IninterviewmainlyyourknowledgeaboutRCcircuitswillbetested. 2. For me they have asked about my approach to solve the problems given in theexam 3. Aboutmyfinalproject 4. Somequestionsaboutoscillators(mainlyWeinBridgeOscillator): a. howitworks,and b. what happens if you interchange the seriesRC and parallelRC branchesinWeinBridgeOscillator Ans: If you interchange seriesRC and parallelRC branches, therewillbemorepositivefeedbackatDCandhencetheoutput saturatesto+Vosat. ***Theinterviewwillbeverycool,theywillhelpyouinansweringthequestions!!!. AndthemostimportantthingisthereisnoseparateHRinterview.