Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ANITA
ANITA
Switchyard Type
Conventional Air Insulated Type. Gas Insulated type. Outdoor Gas Insulated type.
PRE-REQUISITES
1)System security 2)Operational flexibility 3)Simplicity of protection arrangements 4)Ability to limit short circuit levels (ease of sectionalizing) 5)Maintenance Its effect on system security 6)Ease of extension 7)Total land area 8)cost
OPTIONS/ALTERNATIVES 1)Single sectionalised bus 2)Main and transfer bus 3)Sectionalised Main bus with transfer bus 4)Sectionalised double main and transfer bus 5)Double Bus Scheme 6)Ring bus 7)One and a half breaker 8)Double bus, double breaker
CONTD
DESIGN PRACTICES/PHYLOSOPHY
1) Consideration in Selection of Bus Switching Scheme
2) Comparison of Schemes
a) Sectionalized main bus with transfer bus (Scheme-I) b) Sectionalized double main and transfer bus (Scheme-II) c) One and a half breaker (SchemeIII)
DISCUSSIONS OF SCHEMES
SCHEME 1
SCHEMES CONTD
SCHEME 2
SCHEMES CONTD
SCHEME 3
Double Main & Transfer i) require operation of one breaker ii) supply would be interrupted until all the feeders are transferred to the healthy bus iii) No alternate path (Offline redundancy available)
One & Half Breaker i)require operation of two breakers ii) continuity of supply is maintained because each circuit gets fed through two paths iii) Alternate path is available (Online redundancy available)
i) require operation of one breaker ii) supply would be interrupted until all the feeders are transferred to the healthy bus iii) No alternate path (Offline redundancy available)
Operational Flexibility:
Switching operation to take out the breaker from the bay more extensive
Switching operation to take out the breaker from the bay more extensive
A breaker can be taken out of service without the need for additional switching
Protection arrangement is simplified as no AC & DC switching involve and Bus differential protection is simple. Sectionalising of bus bars or introduction of reactors in buses with a view to limit short circuit level is adoptable.
Protection arrangement involves AC & DC switching & bus differential protection is complicated as it involves CT switching. Sectionalising of bus bars or introduction of reactors in buses with a view to limit short circuit level is adoptable.
Sectionalising of bus bars or introduction of reactors in buses with a view to limit short circuit level is adoptable.
Ease of extension
Switchyard shall be suitable for future extension without loss of feeders. This scheme is flexible for such future additions
Switchyard shall be suitable for future extension without loss of feeders. This scheme is flexible for such future additions
Switchyard shall be suitable for future extension without loss of feeders. This scheme is flexible for such future additions
This scheme occupy more or less the same land area as of the other two schemes. one breaker per feeder is required
This scheme occupy more or less the same land area as of the other two schemes. one breaker per feeder is required
This scheme occupy more or less the same land area as of the other two schemes. Three breaker per 2 feeder is required
Cost
Switchyard layout
Objective:
Substation layout consists essentially in arranging a number of switchgear components in an orderly pattern governed by their function and rules of spatial separation as described in electrical single line diagram.
Pre-requisites: 1) single line diagram 2) general layout plan of power plant 3) orientation of line evacuation 4) control room building
LAYOUT CONTD
1)
2)
Options / Alternatives The layout will vary for the following: Switching schemes Type of insulation - Air Insulated/Gas Insulated.
LAYOUT CONTD
Design Philosophy / Practice 1) Space around the switchyard 2) Switchyard location 3) Switchyard fencing. 4) Clearance. i) phase to earth clearance ii) phase to phase clearance iii) section clearance iv) ground clearance
MINIMUM CLEARANCE
1050 1550
Clearance contd
5) Equipment spacing a) Ease of maintenance/removal of equipment. b) Equipment foundation & their cable trenches. c) Distance between LA and equipment based on the protection reach of LA. d) The spacings are generally kept in order to achieve various clearances specified at Table-I.
Clearance contd
6) Bus bars:
The bus bars of 400 kV switchyard are generally made up 4 IPS aluminum tube or Quad Moose rated for 3000 A. The bus bars of 220/132kV switchyard are generally made up of 3 IPS aluminum tube or quad/ twin moose conductor. Bus bars are placed at right angles to the feeders for tapping the power.
7) Equipment Interconnection
Clearance contd.
12) Control Room Layout 13) Lighting System 14) Cabling Philosophy
4)
5)
6)
2)
3) 4)
WHILE MEETING ALL THE NEEDS ESTABLISHED THE FOLLOWING IDEALS SHOULD BE AIMED AT IN MAKING THE BASIC CIRCUIT LAYOUT. MINIMUM GROUND AREA MINIMUM QUANTITIES OF CONDUCTOR, JOINTS AND STRUCTURE MINIMUM NUMBER OF INDEPENDENT INSULATORS, ESPECIALLY IN THE BUS BAR ZONE. AFTER HAVING DETERMINED THE ELECTRICAL CLEARANCE BE USED A ROUGH CIRCUIT LAYOUT IS MADE. SEVERAL POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES ARE PREPARED FROM WHICH THE MOST SUITABLE ONE WILL BE SELECTED. SOME VARIATION IS NEEDED, TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CIRCUIT. IT IS ALSO NECESSARY TO CALCULATE SHORT CIRCUIT AND ATMOSPHERIC FORCES TO DETERMINE THE STRESSES IN CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS AND STRUCTURES. THESE HELD IN DECIDING THE MOST OPTIMUM DIMENSIONS.
PURPOSE OF EARTHING
THE OBJECT OF EARTHING IS TO MAINTAIN A LOW POTENTIAL ON ANY OBJECT. THE PURPOSE OF A EARTHING SYSTEM IN A SUBSTATION AREA IS TO LIMIT THE POTENTIAL GRADIENT WITHIN AND IMMEDIATELY OUTSIDE THE AREA IS A VALUE, SAFE FOR THE WORKING PERSONNEL. SAFETY IS TO BE ENSURED UNDER NORMAL AS WELL AS ABNORMAL OPERATING CONDITION.
2)
ALL METALLIC OBJECTS WHICH DO NOT CARRY CURRENT AND INSTALLED THE SUBSTATION SUCH AS STRUCTURES, PARTS OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS, FENCES, ARMOURING AND SHEATHS OF THE LOW VOLTAGE POWER AND CONTROL CABLES SHOULD BE CONNECTED TO THE EARTHING ELECTRODE SYSTEM.
THE DESIGN OF THE GROUND CONDUCTOR SHOULD TAKE CARE OF THE EFFECT OF CORROSION FOR THE TOTAL LIFE SPAN OF THE PLANT.
Switchyard Equipments.
Circuit Breaker. Disconnectors (Isolators) Current Transformers. Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CVT). Lightning Arrestors. Post Insulators. Wave Traps
General Parameters
Dielectric Parameters .(IEC 694) Power Frequency Voltage. Lightning Impulse Voltage. Switching Impulse Voltage. Corona Extinction Voltage. RIV Level.
400kV Equipments
a. b. c. d. Rated voltage Rated frequency Rated short time withstand current capacity Insulation levels for 420kV Circuit breakers and Disconnecting Switches i) Rated one minute power Frequency withstand voltage 420 kV 50 Hz 40 kA rms for one (1) second
e.
a)
f.
g.
610 kV rms across isolating distance. a) +/- 1425 kVp between live terminals and earth. b) +/- 1425 kVp impulse on one terminal and 240 kVp power frequency of opposite polarity on other terminal (across isolating distance). a) +/- 1050 kVp between live terminals and earth. b) +/- 900 kVp impulse on one terminal and 345 kVp power frequency of opposite polarity on other terminal (across isolating distance). 1000 micro volts for frequency between 0.5 Mhz and 2.0 Mhz for all equipment. However, for insulator strings the measurement would be at 305 kV . Not less than 320 kV rms
b)
Disconnectors
HCB Type. Double Break Type. Pantograph type. Vertical Break type. Provision of Earth Switches. Motor / manual operated. Gang operated/Single pole type.
Dead tank/Live tank type. Bar Primary type. Ring Type. No. of Cores. Ratio. Accuracy. rated primary current Rated burden for metering Knee Point voltage
Capacitance. Voltage Ratio. No. Of Cores. Accuracy. Output Burden Rated Secondary Voltage
Gap Type / Gapless Type. Voltage Rating. Energy Capability. Monitoring. Location. Nominal Discharge Current.
Post Insulators
Rated Inductance(0.5/1.0 mH). Rated current. Band Width. Coupling (Phase to Phase).
CONTROL ROOM HVAC FOR CONTROL ROOM A RELIABLE 415V AC SUPPLY ( LT SWGR) 220 V & 48 V DC SUPPLY( BATTERY & BATTERY CHARGER) POWER & CONTROL CABLE LIGHTING ( Yard lighting & indoor lighting of control room) Other items-Clamps, connectors , Insulator strings , BMK etc.
192
400kV AIS
400kV GIS Trfr 1 275kV GIS 275kV AIS Trfr 2 Trfr 3 Trfr 4 SVC Trfrs
69
~10%
INDOOR GIS
PHASE SPACING
Conductor Phase Spacing
fs
fs = 9,81.mi.Lc2 8.T fs = maximum conductor sag (m) mi = mass of conductor (kg/m) Lc = conductor span length (m) T = tension per conductor (N)
CANTILEVER FORCES DUE TO FAULT CURRENT COMBINATION SUPPORT STRUCTURE FOR 3 PHASES
Attraction
Repulsion
TUBE
Presently the highest AC Transmission voltage is 400kV only. NTPC is fully geared up for implementing next AC voltage of 765kV. Advantages: Step up from generation voltage to 765kV. High Capacity Transmission to the order of 2500MW per line with lower right of way requirement. 765kV Transmission system is techno economically better option whenever power transmission system requires multi point tapping at various location for catering the load requirement of high growth area. 765kV system offers low transmission losses, resulting in higher utilisation of generating capacity and optimises the resource required for capacity addition.
Highest system voltage Lightning Impulse voltage Switching impulse voltage Power frequency withstand for 1 min. (rms) : Max. fault level (1 sec.)
: : : :
Minimum creepage distance : 20000 mm Max. Radio Interference Voltage : 2500 micro volts. level at 508kV (rms). Corona extinction voltage : 508kV (rms minimum) Phase to earth clearance : 4900 mm Conductor to Structure : 6400 mm Rod to Structure Phase to phase clearance : 7600 mm Conductor to Conductor : 9400 mm Rod to Conductor Section clearance : 10300 mm Average electric field at 1.8 m from ground 10kV/m Average magnetic field 500 micro tesla
((((
ADOPTION OF CONTROLLED SWITCHING OF TRANSFORMER AND REACTORS. Switching of transformer, shunt reactors, capacitors and uncharged overhead lines is normally a 'three-phase' process, where all three phases are switched simultaneously. The actual circuit closing or opening instant is left up to chance. This results in high inrush currents or switching surges causing undue repercussions to switchgear equipment and networks system. For overcoming this the switching in and out is done at desired point on wave so that the overvoltages are reduced.
THANK YOU!