SYSTEM LOSS SEGREGATION PROCESS

OBJECTIVE
TO BE ABLE TO MAKE US AWARE OF THE DETAILED PROCEDURE OF SYSTEM LOSS SEGREGATION FROM GATHERING OF SYSTEM DATA TO THE ACTUAL SEGREGATION OF LOSSES.

OUTLINE
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. DATA GATHERING DATA ORGANIZATION / ENCODING SANITY CHECK PROCESS SYSTEM MODELLING LOAD FLOW SIMULATIONS SEGREGATION OF LOSSES

I. DATA GATHERING
We try to capture as accurate as possible all the information and physical characteristics of the system from the Sub-Transmission Line, Power Transformers down to the individual consumers.

Typical Distribution System

Sub-Transmission Lines Primary Distribution Lines (Main Feeder)

Substation Transformer

Primary Distribution Lines (Laterals) Misc Loads

a) Sub-transmission Lines b) Substation Power Transformers c) Primary Distribution Lines d) Distribution Transformers e) Secondary Distribution Lines f) Service Drops g) Voltage Regulators h) Capacitors i) Reactors j) Other electrical equipment

Secondary Distribution Lines Service Drop Distribution Transformer

Residential Commercial Industrial

BUS ID Assignment
Equipment installed Lateral Lines Changes of Configuration Conductor size Underbuilt (pole to pole) Open Secondary (pole to pole) Service drop

Where can you find the system data ? In the field In the office (billing and engineering)

What are the requirements of data gathering activities? Qualified and dedicated technical personnel. Tools /instrument such as measuring wheel or tape, compass, GPS unit, digital camera, binocular, calculator, communication units such as mobile phone or two-way radio, visible markers, and so on.

What are the requirements of data gathering activities? Gathered data must be placed in a worksheet, staking sheet, map or diagram (it should be understandable for all the members of the team). Logistics support such as vehicle, computers, and dedicated area in the engineering office.

Lessons learned from data gathering in the FIELD

Pilferage reduction (by-pass of metering facilities and fraud to authority) Technical loss reduction (broken neutral, unloaded DTs, no neutral wire, stop meter, and so on) System corrections due to poor workmanship ( octopus tap, non-observance of basic clearances, material substitution, and so on) Plan maintenance activities (clearing program, pole maintenance program, replacement of damage insulators, and so on) Familiarity on the physical location of vital protection/equipment of the system Location awareness

Lessons learned from data gathering in the OFFICE Check and balance of billing records with engineering records Correction of office data versus field data Un-billed customer/no customer record Retrieval and safe-keeping of technical data of equipment/materials.

Impact of Data Gathering in Improvement of System Operation Reduction of System Loss (though not readily quantifiable) Improved service reliability

II. DATA ORGANIZATION and ENCODING

In-charge must be familiar with the ff.:
Microsoft Excel program (expert) ERC Guidelines and prescribed instructions in filling-up the ERC-DSL Form. NEA Standard Coding Specifications of 13.2 kV distribution system Recommend to acquire AM/FM software

ERC Data Requirements Templates

ERC-DSL-01 ERC-DSL-02 ERC-DSL-03 ERC-DSL-04 ERC-DSL-05 ERC-DSL-06 ERC-DSL-07 ERC-DSL-08 ERC-DSL-09 ERC-DSL-10 ERC-DSL-11 ERC-DSL-12 ERC-DSL-13 ERC-DSL-14 ERC-DSL-15 ERC-DSL-16 ERC-DSL-17 ERC-DSL-18 ERC-DSL-19 ERC-DSL-20 ERC-DSL-21 ERC-DSL-22 ERC-DSL-23 Administrative Load Data Customer Data Billing Cycle Data Customer Energy Consumption Data Load Curve Data Bus Data Subtransmission Line Data - Overhead Subtransmission Line Data - Underground/Submarine Substation Power Transformer Data - Two Winding Substation Power Transformer Data - Three Winding Primary Distribution Line Data - Overhead Primary Distribution Line Data - Underground Cable Primary Customer Service Drop Data - Overhead Primary Customer Service Drop Data - Underground Distribution Transformer Data Secondary Distribution Line Data Secondary Customer Service Drop Data Voltage Regulator Data Shunt Capacitor Data Shunt Inductor Data Series Inductor Data Energy Sales Data Other Technical Data

Lessons Learned in Data Organization / Encoding Accessibility of information needed; Analysis of system derived easily; Technology is the tool to fast-track the plan

BENEFITS OF DATA ORGANIZATION SYSTEM OPERATION Development of Distribution System Asset Database

III. SANITY CHECK PROCESS

Checks for the ff: (Sanity Check Program )
Connectivity Phasing Radiality

Others
Multiplicity Program uniqueness checker Comparator Program 1 to 1 Checker FROM-TO Changer Program Root Checker

Sanity Check 1.2.6

Typical Distribution System

Sub-Transmission Lines Primary Distribution Lines (Main Feeder)

Substation Transformer

Primary Distribution Lines (Laterals) Misc Loads

Check for:
Secondary Distribution Lines

1. Connectivity 2. Phasing 3. Radiality

Distribution Transformer

Service Drop

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Interpretation of Results
From Bus ID To Bus ID Terminal Branch Tree Number Phasing of To_Bus Branch Type of To_Bus Branch Type of From_Bus Radiality Check 2 Phasing Layer Phasing of From_Bus Phasing Check Branch Type Check

Radiality Check 1

A PL_Bus0001 PL_Bus0001 PL_Bus0007 PL_Bus0009 PL_Bus0009 PL_Bus0009 PL_Bus0010

B PL_Bus0002 PL_Bus0007 PL_Bus0009 PL_Bus0010 PL_Bus0019 PL_Bus0030 PL_Bus0011

C BN BACN BACN BACN CABN BACN BACN

D 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

E 1 1 2 3 3 3 4

F 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

G 0 0 2134 2134 2134 2134 2134

H 24 2134 2134 2134 3124 2134 2134

I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

J 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

K 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Interpretation of Results

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IV. MODELING PROCESS

Checking of data assignment based on prescribed instructions (Engineering Attributes Programs) Typical values assignment Field data checker

Engineering Attributes Program

V. LOAD FLOW SIMULATIONS / SEGREGATION OF LOSSES

Load flow simulation of system using three-phase unbalanced load flow algorithm.
NOTE : Segregation of System Loss accuracy is totally dependent on the integrity of the network data gathered.

Uses of Load Flow Study

Sensitivity Analysis with Load Flow Study Analysis of Existing Conditions Analysis for Correcting PQ Problems Expansion Planning Contingency Analysis System Loss Analysis

Sensitivity Analysis with Load Flow Study

1) Take any line, transformer or generator out of service. 2) Add, reduce or remove load to any or all buses. 3) Add new transmission or distribution lines. 4) Increase conductor size on T&D lines. 5) Change bus voltages 6) Change transformer taps. 7) Increase or decrease transformer size.

ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS

Check for voltage violations
PGC: 0.95 1.05 p.u. (For Transmission) PDC: 0.90 1.10 p.u (For Distribution)* *Recommended 0.95 1.05 p.u.

Check for branch power flow violations

Transformer Overloads Line Overloads

Check for system losses

Caps on Segregated DSL

ANALYSIS FOR CORRECTING PQ PROBLEMS

Voltage adjustment by utility at delivery point Transformer tap changing

Available Taps
At Primary Side At Secondary Side Both Sides Tap 1: +5% Tap 2: +2.5% Tap 3: 0% (Rated Voltage) Tap 4: -2.5% Tap 5: -5%

Typical Taps

Capacitor compensation

System configuration improvement

Compensate for Peak Loading Check overvoltages during Off-Peak Optimize Capacitor Plan

EXPANSION PLANNING
New substation construction Substation capacity expansion New feeder segment construction / extension Addition of parallel feeder segment Reconducting of existing feeder segment/ circuit Circuit conversion to higher voltage Addition of Generating units

CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS
Reliability analysis of the Subtransmission System and Distribution System

SYSTEM LOSS ANALYSIS

Segregation of System Losses

DSL SEGREGATOR 2.0