Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GSM Fundamental Uku
GSM Fundamental Uku
Agenda
Network
Architecture Functional Layer of GSM Air Interface System Capacity Anti Interference Technology Network Planning Numbering arrangement
2
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
MSC/VLR BSC BIE BTS Abi s BSS C Um MS HLR/ AUC F EIR H SC/VM MSS A MSC/VLR E PSTN ISDN PSPDN
Mobile Station ( MS )
Equipment used by mobile service subscribers for access to services.
Mobile stations are not fixed to one subscriber. A subscriber is identified with the SIM card.
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Wireless transmission Wireless diversity Wireless channel encryption Conversion between wired and wireless signals Frequency Hopping
BaseBand Unit: voice and data speed adapting and channel coding RF Unit: modulating/demodulating, transmitter and receiver Common Control Unit: BTS operation and maintenance
holds all the switching functions manages the necessary radio resources,
updating the location registration carrying out the inter-BSC and inter-MSC tender
dynamically stores subscriber information needed to handle incoming/outgoing calls Mobile Station Roaming Number When a roaming mobile enters an MSC area. This MSC warns the associated VLR of this situation; the mobile enters a registration procedure through which it is assigned a mobile subscriber roaming number (MSRN) Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity, if applicable The location area in which the mobile has been registered Data related to supplementary service parameters
10
Agenda
Network
Architecture Functional Layer of GSM Air Interface System Capacity Anti Interference Technology Network Planning Numbering arrangement
11
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
O AM
12
MS CM MM RR L APDm Um RR
BT S
BSC
M SC CM MM BS SAP SCCP MT P3 MT P2 A
RR BTSM
BS SAP MT P3 MT P2
LAP Dm LAPD
13
Agenda
Network
Architecture Functional Layer of GSM Air Interface System Capacity Anti Interference Technology Network Planning Numbering arrangement
14
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
TDMA
time
Concept:
User 3 User 2 User 1 Frequency channel is composed of a series of timeslots of periodicity. Different signal energies are distributed into different timeslots. The adjacent channel interference is restricted by connection choosing from time to time. So the useful signal is passed only in the specified timeslot.
GSM adopts TDMA/FDMA mode channel width: 200KHz each channel has 8 timeslots
15
200KHz
15/26ms
BP
time interval
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
16
Frequency Resource
EGSM900 : up: 880~890MHz down: 925~935MHz duplex interval: 45MHz bandwidth: 10MHz frequency interval: 200KHz GSM1900MHz: up:1850~1910MHz down:1930~1990MHz duplex interval: 80MHz working bandwidth: 60MHz Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005 frequency interval: 200KHz
GSM900 : up: 890~915MHz down: 935~960MHz duplex interval: 45MHz bandwidth: 25MHz frequency interval: 200KHz
17
GSM1800 : up: 1710-1785MHz down: 1805-1880MHz duplex interval: 95MHz working bandwidth: 75MHz frequency interval: 200KHz
Frequency Resource
Single Band Network
Which one?
High
New Operator
18
For Subscriber
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
Frequency Resource
Single Band Network Single Band Dual Band 900MHz 1800MHz
Triple Band
1900MHz
In a sense, the network determines the handsets can be selected. But nowadays, most handsets support dual band.
19
Frequency Resource
Single Band Network Cell coverage radius :
20
SACCH/TCH FACCH
21
Physical Channel
0
8
1
9
2
10
3
11
4
12
5
13
6
14
7
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
22
The physical channel adopts FDMA and TDMA techs. On the time domain, a specified channel occupies the same timeslots in each TDMA frame, so it can be identified by the timeslot number and frame number.
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
Channel Type-Summary
14.4Kbit/s FR TCH (TCH/F14.4) 9.6Kbit/s FR TCH(TCH/F9.6) Data CH TCH Voice CH 4.8Kbit/s FR TCH (TCH/F4.8) 4.8Kbit/s HR TCH (TCH/H4.8) FR Voice Traffic Channel (TCH/FS) Enhanced FR Traffic Channel (TCH/EFR) HR Traffic Channel (TCH/HS) channel BCH CCH FCCH (down) SCH (down) BCCH (down) RACH (up) AGCH (down) PCH (down) SDCCH FACCH SACCH
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
CCCH
DCCH
23
Channel Type
Traffic Channel
Transmit voice and data
Signaling Channel
transmit the signaling and synchronous data between BTS and MS.
24
Channel Type
BCH : Frequency Correction CHannel FCCH -- for MS error correction Synchronous Channel SCH) -- for MS frame synchronization and BTS recognization Broadcasting Control CHannel BCCH -- broadcasting information(cell selection information, etc..)
25
Channel Type
DCCH Self-help Dedicated Control Channel SDCCH for channel distribution information transmission Slow Associated Control Channel SACCH
combined with one traffic channel or SDCCH, to transmit some specific information of user information combined with one traffic channel, taking the same signal as SDCCH. It occupies the service channel to transmit signaling information.
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
26
BCCH+CCCH RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR (uplink) (a) FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH 8 SDCCH/8 (Downlink) D0 D0 8 SDCCH/8 (uplink) A1 A5 D1 D1 A2 A6 D 2 D 2 A3 A7 D 3 D 3 I I I I I I D4 D4 D 0 D 0 D 5 D 5 D 1 D 1 D6 D6 D 2 D 2 D 7 D 7 D3 D3 A0 A4 D 4 D 4 A1 A5 D 5 D 5 A2 A6 D 6 D 6 A3 A7 D 7 D 7 I I I I I I A0 A4
(c) FCCH+SCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4(0,...,3)+SACCH/C4(0,...,3)
27
Several logic channels combine together in some way to form some specific types of channel to transmit user data or signaling information. They are called combined channels. One combined channel can be mapped to a physical channel. There are the following combined channels: a TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/TF b TCH/H(0,1) + FACCH/H(0,1) + SACCH/TH(0,1) c TCH/H(0,0) + FACCH/H(0,1) + SACCH/TH(0,1) + TCH/H(1,1) d FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH e FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH + SDCCH/4(0...3) + SACCH/C4(0...3) f BCCH + CCCH g SDCCH/8(0 ..7) + SACCH/C8(0 .. 7) CCCH = PCH + RACH + AGCH
28
29
30
Agenda
Network
Architecture Functional Layer of GSM Air Interface System Capacity Anti Interference Technology Network Planning Numbering arrangement
31
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
Omni-directional cell Adopt omni-directional antenna the overall directional propagation characteristic is the same. Directional cell In general, cell with multi-sector is in common use. Every directional cell adopts directional antenna.
O
32
BTS Mode
Capacity When the traffic is very low, and no possibility for quick increment, Omni-directional cell is used in common. Otherwise, we suggest to adopt the sector cell. Note: TRX-transceiver,each TRX handles 1 frequency. Coverage Area Sector cell is often used to enlarge the cell coverage radius because of the higher antenna gain. For special coverage ,such as road coverage, two-sector cell is adopted firstly.
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
33
System capacity
Erlang : the traffic intensity of a totally occupied channel (i.e. the call hour of a unit hour or the call minute of a unit minute). For example, the traffic of a channel occupied for 30 minutes in an hour is 0.5 Erlang) GOS: defined as the probability of call blocking or the probability when the call delay time is longer than a given queuing time.
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
34
Agenda
Network
Architecture Functional Layer of GSM Air Interface System Capacity Anti Interference Technology Network Planning Numbering arrangement
35
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
The transmission path is very complex, ranging from the simple line-of-sight transmission to encountering such terrain as buildings, hills and trees. Wireless channels are extremely unpredictable. Abrupt drop, or fading, of signal strength in the land mobile wireless channel is quite common. The fading feature of the mobile channel depends on the radio wave propagation environment.
36
Environmental factors:
Terrain (mountains, hills, plains, water bodies, etc.); The quantity, heights, distribution and materials of buildings; The vegetation of the region; Weather conditions; Natural and artificial electromagnetic noises; Frequency; How MS is moved.
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
37
Interference
Co-Channel Interference
Conception: the interference among the signals of cochannel cells is called co-channel interference. Result from : Frequency reuse Reduction method: co-channel cells must physically be spaced at a minimum interval to ensure Uke Kurniawan adequate isolation of transmissions. Usman - 2005
38
Interference
Adjacent Conception:
Channel Interference
The signal interference from the frequency adjacent to that of the signal used is called adjacent channel interference. Reduction method: accurate filtering and channel allocation (maximizing channel intervals of the cell). Interval of frequency reuse inter-cell interference, such as C/I, C/A
39
Solution -Anti-interference
FH technology Dynamic power control (DPC) Discontinuous Transceiving (DTX) Diversity receiving technique
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
40
Reason: counteract Rayleigh Fading scatter interference among multiple calls Types: Base band frequency hopping keeps the transmission and receiving frequency of each carrier unit unchanged, but merely sends FU transmission data to different carrier units at different FN moments. radio frequency hopping controls the frequency synthesizer of each transceiver, making it hop according to different schemes in different time slots. Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
41
Two aims can be achieved by adopting DTX mode: lower the total interference electric level in the air save transmitter power.
TRAU
BTS
BTS
MS
480 ms
42
Speech frame
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
43
Agenda
Network
Architecture Functional Layer of GSM Air Interface System Capacity Anti Interference Technology Network Planning Numbering arrangement
44
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
Frequency Reuse
D3 C1 C3 A1 D2 B2 A1 A2 B1 B3 C2 A1 A3 D2 C1 C3 C2 D1 D3 A2 B1 C3 B2 A1 A3 D2 A1 B1 B3 C2 D1 D3 D2 C1 C3
4 3 reuse mode: one group includes 3 sectors /site ,12 frequency which are distributed to 4 sites. Every site owns 3 frequency.
45
Frequency Reuse
B3 C1 C3 A1 A3 B2 C1 A2 B1 B3 A2 A1 A3 C2 A1 A3 B2 C1 C3 B2 C1 B3 A2 B1 B3 A2 A1 A1 A3 C2 A1 A3 B2 C1 C3
3 3 reuse mode: one group includes 3 sectors /site ,9 frequency which are distributed to 3 sites. Every site owns 3 frequency.
46
Agenda
Network
Architecture Functional Layer of GSM Air Interface System Capacity Anti Interference Technology Network Planning Numbering arrangement
47
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
Numbering Arrangement
International Mobile Subscriber Identification number (IMSI)
It identifies a unique international universal number of a mobile subscriber, which consists of MCC+MNC+MSIN. 1) MCC: country code, 460 2 MNC: network code, 00 or 01 3 MSIN: subscriber identification, H1H2H3H4 9XXXXXX, H1H2H3H4: subscriber registering place H1H2: assigned by the P&T Administrative Bureau (operator )to different provinces, to each province H3H4: assigned by each province/city
48
the IMSI of user will be written into the SIM card by specific device and software and be storedKurniawan Usman - 2005 Uke into the HLR
Numbering Arrangement
Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number MSISDN
It is the subscriber number commonly used. China uses the TDMA independent numbering plan: CC+NDC+ H1H2H3H4 +ABC CC: country code, 86 NDC: network code, 135139, 130 H1H2H3H4: HLR identification code ABCD: mobile subscriber number inside each HLR Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
49
Numbering Arrangement
International Mobile Equipment Identification code (IMEI)
It will uniquely identify a mobile station. It is a decimal number of 15 digits. Its structure is: TAC+FAC+SNR+SP TAC=model ratification code, 6 digits FAC=factory assembling code, 2 digits SNR=sequence code, 6 digits SP=reserved, 1 digit
50
Numbering Arrangement
Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number (MSRN)
The MSRN is temporarily distributed to the subscriber by the VLR according to the request by the HLR when this subscriber is called. The MSRN is released and can be assigned to other subscriber later. CC + NDC + 00 + M1M2M3 + ABC CC: country code, 86 NDC: mobile network code, 135139, 130 M1M2: same as the H2H3 of MSISDN ABC: 000 -- 999
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
51
Numbering Arrangement
Temporarily Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (TMSI)
To insure the IMSI security, the VLR will assign an unique TMSI number for the accessed subscriber. It is used locally only and is a 4-byte TMSI number BCD code.
52