Thermodynamics Formula Sheet (see back for additional constants) Constants 1 atm = 1.01 x 1 cal = 4.186 J k = 1.

38 x 1023 J/K NA = 6.02 x 1023/mol R = 8.31 J/molK = 0.0821 (Latm)/(molK) 1 L atm = 101 J Nk = nR; n = N/NA; R = NAk Eint = 105 Pa (where 1 Pa = 1 N/m2) T = Tc + 273, where Tc is in Celsius

First law of thermodynamics Eint = Qin Wby Eint = Qin + Won where Won = Wby
equipartition theorem Eint =

3 3 nRT = NkT monatomic gas 2 2 5 5 nRT = NkT diatomic gas 2 2

'

Ideal gas equation of state

PV = NkT = nRT adiabatic process:

Eint = n cV T

Work Wby = + PdV

V1 V2

PV = const; PiVi = PfVf TV1 = const; TiVi1 = TfVf1

= Cp/Cv = 5/3 (= 1.67) (monatomic)
= 7/5 (=1.40) (diatomic)

isothermal

Wby = + NkT ln

V2 V = + nRT ln 2 V1 V1

v rms

3RT 3kT = = M m

(v

rms

= (v ) avg
2

Second law of thermodynamics Ssystem+surroundings= 0 [reversible process] Ssystem+surroundings > 0 [irreversible] Entropy dQ dS = T

Specific heat
Q = mcT = ncT dQ = mcdT = ncdT Heat capacity of ideal gasses:

3 3 ' monatomic: c = R; c P = ( + 1) R 2 2
' V

S = dS =
i i

dQ T

diatomic:

' cV =

5 5 ' R; c P = ( + 1) R 2 2

Thermodynamic efficiency
= (Work By Engine)/QHot where QHot is the heat put into the engine = (QhotQcold)/QHot where Qcold is the

Thermal conductivity
Pcond = kAT L or Pcond = AT n L ki i =1 i

absolute value of the heat out of the engine Carnot efficiency

carnot = 1

TC TH