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PSCAD and transmission lines.

Fabrice Foucher - CEDRAT, Paul Wilson - MANITOBA HVDC.

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SCAD: The professional power system simulator.

The PSCAD/EMTDC software, developed by the Manitoba HVDC Research Centre, recently joined the family of products distributed by CEDRAT. This software is specifically dedicated to transient simulations of power systems. The user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI), the numerous control tools, its fast execution speed and interactivity make PSCAD a convenient tool for the analysis and design of your power system. The study of electrical power networks is the major focus of the PSCAD application. The software includes accurate transmission line models which allow to take into account the characteristic phenomena occurring in the transmission lines. These phenomena include line losses, time travel, reections, inductive and capacitive mutual coupling between conductors, skin effect, etc.

Figure 1: Line model.

The transmission lines models

Similar to all components in the PSCAD Master Library, the PSCAD interface allows users to quickly identify and use any T-line model. The T-line model is linked with the rest of the power system by means of the following icons (gure1). We notice that the soon to be released version 4 of PSCAD allows users to draw networks in a familiar single line diagram format. To apply a transmission line, the user denes the global characteristics of the transmission line (For example: number of conductors, fundamental frequency, and length), and then the other parameters are dened in a subpage as follow (gure2).

The user also enters the parameters of the conductors (resistivity, radius, and bundle information) and the geometrical layout of conductors on the tower (distances between conductors, sag). It is possible to dene precisely any tower and Right-of-Way Figure 2: Transmission line definition. (ROW) geometry. Finally, three types of models are available according to Once the transmission line the application need: geometry (or impedances) are - The PI section model: a lumped entered, and the solution model parameter model derived by series is chosen, PSCAD calls a routine RL elements and parallel CG to compute parameters before elements. This model is adapted running the simulation. This for short lines to study the 50/60Hz routine determines the impedance load ow, and transient behaviour. and admittance matrix giving the This model is also used when tower Vout/Vin transfer function, including geometry is unknown. the surge impedance. User can read - The bergeron model: models the computed values in a subsheet transmission lines with distributed of the line model. parameters and travelling wave delays. The line is represented with Example 1 impedance and admittance matrix We will see several characteristics composed of line elements. It is a of the lines with the following basic convenient model when accurate example (gure 3). harmonics are not too important. This model is more precise than the Reections: PI section model, particularly when On a transmission line, the the transmission line travelling wave travelling wave times are not time is longer than the simulation neglected and the wave reection time-step, i.e. greater than 15km phenomena that can lead to for 50microseconds. voltage sags or overvoltages on - Frequency dependend model: the receiving end. The case above The distributed parameters, shows clearly the travel time when travelling wave model is very comparing both input and output precise over a larger frequency of the two transmission line phases domain (DC to roughly 50kHz). to phase voltages. Tline2 is twice All of the frequency dependent as long as Tline1 with the same parameters of the cable, conductor, conguration and separate ROWs. and ROW are computed. Thus, a travelling wave takes twice as long to reach the end of the transmission line Tline2. See the gure 4 below.

Figure 3: Capacitor switching case.

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N 41 - January 2003 - CEDRAT - CEDRAT TECHNOLOGIES - MAGSOFT Corp.

SOFTWARE>>
PSCAD and transmission lines.
Fabrice Foucher - CEDRAT, Paul Wilson - MANITOBA HVDC.

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Example 2 : Network
PSCAD simulates an entire electrical network, from the source to the load. With the following example, we represent a transmission line from the source to a first node where the network is separated into two branches, one simulated by a three phase RC single line load, and the other is simulated with a second transmission line at a different voltage level. From there the network is again split into two branches, both connected by a short distribution line and a three phases balanced load.

Figure 6: Distribution circuit part 2 connected at T-Line2. give instantaneous voltage and power levels according to the breaker operations and the load variations. You can modify the values of the load with slider controls during the simulation and see the effects on the measured values. The following plots (gures 7 and 8) represent the sharing out of the active and reactive power. All values have been converted to per unit quantities, actual units and even the instantaneous values are also available. The P0 and Q0 values correspond to the source and P10 and Q10 values correspond to the RC load, identiable by the sign of the reactive power. Secondly, we simulate various faults on any of the branches of the network. In this example, an A phase to ground fault at time t=0.9s for a duration of 0.2s is initiated. All breakers are closed for the entire simulation. This fault is controlled by the component Timed Fault Logic . You can notice the parasite oscillations upstream the fault (gure 8). It is possible to simulate a fault at any place in the circuit. A phaseto-phase fault was recorded and

Figure 4 : Travelling wavess relections. We can notice that the two distribution lines in Figure 6 are simulated by PI section models, whereas the transmission lines (figure 5) use more accurate frequency dependent models. The breakers are fully represented; their red or green color allows us to visualize their operating state directly during the simulation. Meters are placed at several places on the network that will

Figure 7: Power (pu) plots versus time.

Figure 8: RMS response to an A phase to ground fault.

Figure 5: Transmission line circuit - Part1.

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N 41 - January 2003 - CEDRAT - CEDRAT TECHNOLOGIES - MAGSOFT Corp.

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Frederik Dhulster Hogeschool West-Vlaanderen dept. PIH, Kortrijk, Belgium.

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Switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive modelling using Flux to Simulink technology. (continued from page 10)
The output parameters of the FEanalysis are the phase currents, the coil voltages and the instantaneous electromagnetic torque in the airgap. At every time-step (ts = 2.10-5 s), data is exchanged between the drive model and the FE-analysis. This method has the great advantage that a complex drive model in Matlab/Simulink can be used in combination with accurate flux-linkage calculation, taking into account the mutual coupling between adjacent phases. The disadvantage of this method is the rather high calculation time, caused by the high amount of elements in Figure 4 : SRM drive model with Flux to Simulink technology. the thin airgap. Figure 5 shows the occurs, due to the excitation of adjacent simulation results phases D and B. Conform the ux distribution of coil voltage, of gure 3, this voltage is induced in phase A phase current and when phase B or D is activated together with electromagnetic phase C (see gure 5). torque production for a reference current of 7.5 A 6 - Conclusion and a rotor speed The Flux to Simulink technology has proven of 50 rad/s. The to be an efcient tool to model complex results clearly motor drives in combination with accurate show that, besides flux-linkage calculation. Effects, such as the normal ON, mutual couplings and induced voltages, can OFF and chopping be analysed. Attention must be paid to the voltage of phase sample-time in Matlab/Simulink and the A, an extra number of elements in the FE-model in order Figure 5 : Simulation results of Flux to Simulink technology. induced voltage to keep the computation time acceptable

PSCAD and transmission lines.

Fabrice Foucher - CEDRAT, Paul Wilson - MANITOBA HVDC.

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placed on the line at 30% of its length from the load (gure 9). As you can see below, breaker currents from BRK22 were captured in gure 10. With the accurate models in PSCAD, you can perform detailed transient simulations of electrical networks. The different types of PSCAD models allow the user a large degree of freedom in designing simulations. Whatever the goal of the study, users can easily and quickly realize any kind of simulation, and have discretion on the degree of accuracy.

Figure 9: Fault on the line.

Figure 10: Instantaneous traces for a Line to Line fault on A and B phase, 30% of the line.

N 41 - January 2003 - CEDRAT - CEDRAT TECHNOLOGIES - MAGSOFT Corp.