Farzad Ramesh MM111054

the attempts to express the spectrum of the electromagnetic energy emitted by an object in thermal
equilibrium at a temperature T, called black body was resulted to weins formula for the spectrum of the
black bodys radiation:
S(, I) = o
3
c
-[] 1

That only worked when the frequency was high. Another formula came from classical physics for low
frequencies known as the Rayleigh-Jeans formula:
S(, I) =
8n
2
c
3
k
B
I
Where k
B
Boltzmanns constant. But there were some flows; it says that an object at any temperature
would radiate an infinite amount of energy at infinity high frequencies.
To solve this problem Planck assumed black body absorbed and emitted light in multiples quantum of
energy E = , = 6.6218 1u
-34

S(, I) =
8n
3
c
3
1
c
(
h]
kt
-1)

Einstein believed light of angular frequency was made of packets of energy quanta which could be
only absorbed and emitted completely.
Bohr considered a Hydrogen atom consisted of a positive and a negative charged particles .classical
electromagnetism says when the electron accelerates; it radiates on a time scale of ~ 1u
-12
scc.it passes
a spiral way into the proton meanwhile and finally the atom destructs itself.
To solve this problem Bohr defined the quantization condition. According to that, electron circulates in a
specific radius that satisfies the formula: I = m:r = n
Where l is the angular momentum, v the speed of electron, m the mass and n is the quantum number. In
this theory the orbits are stable and the energies that the atom can have are:
E
n
=
kc
2
2o
0
1
n
2
, k =
1
4ne
0
, o
0
=
4ne
0

2
mc
2
= u.uS29 nm
The frequency of the photon emitted in a transition from quantum number ni to the number nf would be:
=
E
n
E
n]

=
kc
2
2o
0

_
1
n
2
]

1
n
2

_
Einstein used these ideas of Bohr to rederive the black body spectrum result of Planck. He also expressed
spontaneous emission and found out that light quanta is more than packets of energy. But carry
momentum in a particular direction.