PAVE & NAVLE REVIEW-PART I

Updated 2010 Dr. R. Pinckney

Parasitology Review
Companion Animal Parasite Council (www.capc.org) www.zukureview.com NAVLE review free to students and sends NAVLE questions daily

CYTAUXZOON felis
Fatal disease of domestic cats

Cytauxzoon felis
Sporadic, but rapidly and uniformly fatal disease of domestic cats. Numerous cases reported in the south central U.S. Prevalence rates have spread to other states Bobcat & other wild felids are reservoir hosts.

C. felis in wild felid populations in the U.S.

A study was conducted to determine the distribution, prevalence & intraspecific variability. 14 states: CA, CO, FL, GA, KS, KY, LA, MO, NC, ND, OH OK, SC & WV Blood or spleen samples from hunter/trapper killed felids (n = 706) were tested for C. felis by PCR B. C. Shock et al., 2010, AAVP meeting

2010 C. felis study

Prevalence rates (n = 706): 79% in Missouri (39 bobcats) 65% in Oklahoma (20 bobcats) 63% in North Carolina (8 bobcats) 57% in South Carolina (7 bobcats) 55% in Kentucky (74 bobcats) 36% in Florida (45 bobcats) 33% in Louisiana (1 bobcat, 1 cougar, 1 serval) 31% in Kansas (39 bobcats) Greater intraspecific variability (based on PCR) exists in wild felids compared to previous reports in domestic felids. These data indicate that C. felis is widespread and quite diverse in wild felid populations.

LIFE CYCLE
Ixodid ticks (Dermacentor variabilis & Amblyomma americanum) are intermediate hosts. 1-2 m piroplasms (light blue cytoplasm & dark nucleus) in red blood cells

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LIFE CYCLE

Schizogony occurs in mononuclear phagocytes (macrophages) that occlude vessels of the lung, lymph node, spleen & other organs

CLINICAL SIGNS
Anorexia (depressed appetite) Depression Fever (> 104 F) Dyspnea (difficulty breathing) Dehydration, icterus Leucopenia, thrombocytopenia Death

PATHOLOGY
Hepato- and splenomegaly Icterus Congestion of mesenteric veins Petecchial hemorrhages (lungs, lymph nodes, epicardium and urinary bladder)

OCCLUSION OF VESSELS BY PARASITIZED MACROPHAGES

DIAGNOSIS
Clinical signs & history Piroplasms in RBCs Merozoites in macrophages lining the vascular channels in most organs

Treatment & Control

Prognosis is grave Supportive therapy Survival of a domestic cat with naturally acquired cyauxzoonosis (J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1995, 206: 1363-1365) Blood transfusions Vector control

BABESIA
Pyriform, round or oval parasites of RBCs of mammals

Geographic Distribution
Worldwide (ubiquitous) Bovine babesiosis (South America, Mexico & the US!) Equine (South & Central America, Caribbean, Africa, Middle East, eastern & southern Europe and the US!)

LIFE CYCLE
Ticks are intermediate hosts Boophilus annulatus and B. microplus [Rhipicephalus] (Bovine) Dermacentor (Equine; Transplacental) Ixodes (Humans) Rhipicephalus (Canine)

 Transovarian transmission (except B. equi) Piroplasm passes to the tick ovary and is incorporated in the egg, larva, nymph & adult stages Transtadial transmission (primarily in males) Larvae can survive for 200 days in the environment! PPP is ~ 10-21 days following tick exposure.

LIFE CYCLE

Boophilus (Rhipicephalus)
Boophilus means cattle loving Theobald Smith and Frederick Kilborne discovered the parasite in 1912 and it was eradicated from the U.S. in 1943. The ticks have been re-introduced into the U.S. from calves imported into Texas from Mexico. Outbreaks have been observed since 2004.

White-tailed deer & Boophilus

Ticks detected on the WTD population Complicating eradication and control measures Integration of ecologically based approaches to re-eradicate Boophilus from WTD Using systemic and topical acaracides Medicated (w/ivermectin) corn in the nonhunting season

Distribution of B. bigemina

CLINICAL SIGNS: BOVINE

Fever (Texas Cattle Fever) Hemoglobinuria (red water disease) Anemia Icterus Splenomegaly REPORTABLE DISEASE IN THE U.S.

Control Challenges
WTD and free-ranging non-native ungulates help sustain Boophilus populations in south Texas even in the absence of cattle. Scheduled dipping every 7 to 14 days for 9 months. Or vacating the premises and dip cattle twice (14 days apart), get a clean check & vacate pasture for 9 months Imidocarb diproprionate (Imizole) BM-86 vaccine (85-90% effective) against B. annulatus & less effective against B. microplus

Canine Babesiosis
Rhipicephalus is the intermediate host. B. gibsoni (1 2 m piroplasms) B. canis (2 5 m long, large piroplasms) B. conrade (Spanish isolate see on the West coast of the U.S.) B. c. vogeli B. c. rossi (most pathogenic in S. Africa; seen in foxes in N. Carolina) Haemaphysalis tick is the IH

CLINICAL SIGNS: CANINE

Intravascular hemolysis (acute phase) Extravascular hemolysis (destruction of RBCs) Different strains and species (pathogenicity) Concurrent infections (e.g., Ehrlichia, Anaplasma) Age of the animal Immune status Treat with imidocarb

DIAGNOSIS
Demonstration of intraerythrocytic piroplasms in blood or histopath sections (pairs or tetrads) Serology (Complement Fixation) not sensitive in the chronic phase (use ELISA or PCR) IFAT (> 1:80); cross-reactivity with other Babesia species False negative results in young pups IHAT or PCR (human, bovine & equine)

Equine Babesiosis
The U.S. has been diligent to prevent B. equi and B. caballi from entering the U.S. for the past 30 years. Recently there has been an increase in the number of persistently infected horses entering the U.S. The genus Theileria remains controversial 2008 Twenty seropositive horses in Florida Dermacentor nitens is the IH for B. caballi Amblyomma cajennense was found to be a biological vector of B. equi No transovarial transmission with B. equi

CLINICAL SIGNS: EQUINE

Abortion Similar clinical signs as in other domestic species Hepatomegaly

Diagnosis & Treatment

Quarantine seropositive horses Persistence of antibody CF test is not sensitive in the chronic phase, use ELISA Confirm with nested PCR Imidocarb is more effective against B. caballi than B. equi The goal is to reduce parasitemia associated with initial infection (acute phase)

TREATMENT & CONTROL

Canine, bovine & equine: Imidocarb diproprionate (Imizole) Tick control

Gasterophilus (PAVE, 2006)

Horse (donkey, mules, zebra) bot flies Female glues eggs to the legs, nostrils or lips of the host (depending on species of fly) G. intestinalis G. nasalis G. hemorrhoidalis

Larvae migrate in the mouth to the pharyngeal area and to the stomach PPP ~ 10-12 mo.
Found throughout North America

 Eggs

Treatment and Control

Should be carried out 2X a year 1st dose (ivermectin) given about one month after 1st killing frost when larvae are in stomach and no more adult flies remain 2nd dose is given in fall or mid-summer for killing instar stages (Pave, 2006) Frequent grooming removes eggs before they become infective
Eggs are very resistant to insecticides

Oestrus ovis
Nasal bot fly of sheep, goats, and some wild ruminants.
Adult flies are most active during the summer months. They live ~ 28 days

Found throughout the US and New Zealand (wherever sheep are raised). PPP ~ 8-10 mo

Characteristics
Adults (~12mm) are most active during the summer months

Flies hide in warm corners or crevices and in the early morning They can be seen sitting on walls or other objects in the sun
Undergoes modified form of complex metamorphosis

Life Cycle
Fly season lasts from early summer to autumn In cool season, pupation occurs in the fall rather than the summer and pupae can over-winter in the soil Adult female fly may deposit as many as 60 larvae around the nostrils of the sheep, goats, and some wild ruminants. (Rare) cases in humans and dogs have been reported. Larvae crawl into nasal passages and may crawl into the frontal and nasal sinuses

Life Cycle
Larvae attach themselves to the mucous membranes w/ 2 large, black oral hooks
Larvae reach full growth (2530mm) by the following spring Larval period lasts from 8-10 mo. Work their way out or are sneezed out of the nostril

Larvae pupate in soil for 3-6 wks Adults may live for 28 days

CLINICAL SIGNS
Animals may press their noses against the ground. Animals often form a circle with their heads toward the center Sneezing, head-shaking, and stomping are common indications of the flies attacking.

CLINICAL SIGNS
Larvae irritate the nasal mucosa, inducing thick mucus exudate on which they feed. Thickening of the nasal mucosa. Mucopurulent discharge (snotty nose) Impaired respiration Larvae that enter the sinuses occasionally reach the brain and produce fatal results (False gid)

Nasal Human Myiasis

Oestrus ovis larvae have been reported in an HIV+ patient in the UK 64 yr-old man complaining of nasal obstruction & rhinitis; referred to a psychiatrist! (Spain, 1997) Five, 3rd instar larvae were expelled The man showed no signs of immunosuppression.

Basic Morphology
Soft ticks lack a scutum Hard ticks have a scutum
Dorsum of adult male is covered by the scutum

Covers only anterior part of dorsum in immatures and females

Ornate if patterned

Inornate if unpatterned

Only adult female ticks engorge

Makes keying difficult

Hard ticks may have festoons

Semi-rectangular areas adjacent to posterior margin of the dorsum (PAVE)

Ixodes
Anal groove is distinct & curves around the anus anteriorly; usually uniting in a point or arch Inornate
Festoons absent

Medium-long club shaped palps; long mouthparts (PAVE, 2007) Vector: Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi); Babesia microti humans

< ANAL
GROOVE

PAVE, 2007

Dermacentor
Ornate (dark brown w/ white)

Festoons (PAVE, 2006)

Short-medium palps

Basis capitulum is rectangular in shape

1 or 3 host tick (depending on spp) Vector: RMSF, Babesia, Ehrlichia (transtadial or interstadial, 2007)

Rhipicephalus
Hexagonal basis capitulum

Inornate scutum Palps are short

Festoons (Pave, 2006) 3-host tick; Kennel/House pest

Intermed. host: Babesia canis (Canine Piroplasmosis); Tropical Canine Pancytopenia (Ehrlichia canis)

Amblyomma
Ornate
Festoons (Pave, 2006) Long palps

3-host tick Vector: RMSF, Heartwater disease (Cowdria) Ehrlichia ruminatum lethal disease of cattle African tortoises imported into Florida (J. Parasitol, 2000, 86: 700-704)

PAVE, 2006

Fecal Techniques
PAVE, 2007 Direct Smear (trophozoites) Fecal Flotation (Centrifugation vs. Standing) Sedimentation (fluke eggs) Baermann Technique (larvae) Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) for determination of anthelmintic resistance (Haemonchus and small strongyles) 2007 McMasters Technique

NEMATODE EGGS FOUND IN DOG AND CAT FECES

NEMATODE EGGS FOUND IN

RUMINANT FECES

NEMATODE EGGS FOUND IN PIG

FECES

NEMATODE EGGS FOUND IN

HORSE FECES

EGGS FOUND IN POULTRY FECES

Trichuris (PAVE, 2007)

Eggs are lemon or football shaped, bipolar plugs, very resistant in the environment.

72 - 89 m X 37 40 m

Capillaria or Eucoleus

PAVE, 2006

Capillaria aerophila - Bronchial Capillariasis

= Eucoleus aerophilus
In trachea and bronchi in dogs, cats, foxes Eggs striated appearance (in feces) Direct life cycle or earthworms (facultative paratenic hosts) Diagnosis: eggs in feces, need to differentiate from Trichuris

Urinary Capillariasis
Urinary bladder Capillaria (= Pearsonema) feliscati (cats), Capillaria plica (dogs) Adults occur in urinary bladder and the pelvis of the kidney. Eggs passed in urine, difficulty urinating (cystitis)

Eucoleus boehmi
Nasal capillariasis (mucosa of the nasal cavity, frontal and paranasal sinuses) Hosts: dogs, foxes, wolves Life cycle similar to C. (Eucoleus) aerophila Earthworm (paratenic host) Rx. Ivermectin or fenbendazole

(60 m X 30 m) The surface of the egg has a pitted appearance

Notoedres cati (PAVE, 2007)

Notoedres

(ZOONOTIC!!)

Anus is dorsal

Sarcoptes

ZOONOTIC!!

Anus is terminal

Sarcoptes scabiei
Dogs, ferrets, wild canids, rabbits - intense pruritus with a ventral distribution Highly contagious; ZOONOTIC!

Horses, cattle, sheep, goats, swine: intense pruritus; usually starts on trunk REPORTABLE DISEASE IN ALL LARGE ANIMAL SPECIES EXCEPT SWINE (U.S.A.)

Suborder: Astigmata
Psoroptes spp: (cuniculi & ovis)
Infests external ear canal in rabbits Has been seen in goats

Chorioptes:
Affects cattle, sheep, horses, goats, hedgehogs, & rabbits

Otodectes: (Pave, 2006)

Infests the external ear canal and adjacent skin of dogs, cats, foxes, & ferrets

Psoroptes

Otodectes or Chorioptes

BREAK TIME

HISTOMONAS (Hexamita) MELEAGRIDIS

FLAGELLATE PARASITE OF TURKEYS, CHICKENS & OTHER BIRDS HISTOMONIASIS OR BLACK HEAD DISEASE ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT IN RANGE BIRDS PAVE, 2007

Histomonas meleagridis (PAVE, 2007)

PATHOLOGY

Blackhead Disease

Paragonimus (PAVE, 2007)

Lung fluke Snails are the first intermediate host Crayfish is the second intermediate host Zoonotic! Paratenic hosts: frogs Dx. Radiograph and fecal flotation or sedimentation tests

Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Liver fluke of ruminants Chronic infections: lower wool production Ants (2nd intermediate host) eat the slime balls Metacercariae in the ant neuron (behavior changes)