Statics Chapter 5

PROBLEM 5.
1
Locate the centroid of the plane area shown.

SOLUTION

2
, in A , in. x , in. y
3
, in xA
3
, in yA
1 8 6 48 = 4 9 192 432
2 16 12 192 = 8 6 1536 1152
240 1344 1584

Then
3
2
1344 in
240 in
xA
X
A
= =
or 5.60 in. X = W
and
3
2
1584 in
240 in
yA
Y
A
= =
or 6.60 in. Y = W

PROBLEM 5.2

SOLUTION

2
, mm A , mm x , mm y
3
, mm xA
3
, mm yA
1

1
60 75 2250
2
=

40

25

90 000

56 250

2 105 75 7875 = 112.5 37.5 885 900 295 300
10 125 975 900 351 600

Then
3
2
975 900 mm
10 125 mm
xA
X
A
= =
or 96.4 mm X = W
and
3
2
351 600 mm
10 125 mm
yA
Y
A
= =
or 34.7 mm Y = W

PROBLEM 5.3

SOLUTION

For the area as a whole, it can be concluded by observation that
( )
2
24 in.
3
Y = or 16.00 in. Y = W

2
, in A , in. x
3
, in xA
1

1
24 10 120
2
=

( )
2
10 6.667
3
=

800

2

1
24 16 192
2
=

( )
1
10 16 15.333
3
+ =

2944

312 3744

Then
3
2
3744 in
312 in
xA
X
A
= =
or 12.00 in. X = W

PROBLEM 5.4

SOLUTION

2
3
, mm xA
3
, mm yA
1

21 22 462 =

1.5

11

693

5082

2

( )( )
1
6 9 27
2
=

6

2

162

54

3

( )( )
1
6 12 36
2
=

8

2

288

72

399

567

4956

Then
3
2
567 mm
399 mm
xA
X
A
= =
or 1.421 mm X = W
and
3
2
4956 mm
399 mm
yA
Y
A
= =
or 12.42 mm Y = W

PROBLEM 5.5

SOLUTION

2
3
, mm xA
3
, mm yA
1 120 200 24 000 = 60 120 1 440 000 2 880 000
2

( )
2
60
5654.9
2
=

94.5

120

534 600

678 600

18 345

905 400

2 201 400

Then
3
2
905 400 mm
18 345 mm
xA
X
A
= =
or 49.4 mm X = W
and
3
2
2 201 400 mm
18 345 mm
yA
Y
A
= =
or 93.8 mm Y = W

PROBLEM 5.6

SOLUTION

2
3
, in xA
3
, in yA
1

( )
2
9
63.617
4
=

( )
( )
4 9
3.8917
3
=

3.8917

243

243

2

( )( )
1
15 9 67.5
2
=

5

3

337.5

202.5

131.1 94.5 445.5

Then
3
2
94.5 in
131.1 in
xA
X
A
= =
or 0.721 in. X = W
and
3
2
445.5 in
131.1 in
yA
Y
A
= =
or 3.40 in. Y = W

PROBLEM 5.7

SOLUTION
First note that symmetry implies X Y =

2
, mm A , mm x
3
, mm xA
1 40 40 1600 = 20 32 000
2

2
(40)
1257
4
=

16.98

21 330

343 10 667

Then
3
2
10 667 mm
343 mm
xA
X
A
= =
or 31.1 mm X = W
and 31.1 mm Y X = = W

PROBLEM 5.8

SOLUTION
First note that symmetry implies 0 X = W

2
, in A , in. y
3
, in yA
1

( )
2
4
25.13
2
=

1.6977

42.67

2

( )
2
6
56.55
2
=

2.546

144

31.42 101.33

Then
3
2
101.33 in
31.42 in
yA
Y
A
= =
or 3.23 in. Y = W

PROBLEM 5.9
For the area of Problem 5.8, determine the ratio
2 1
/ r r so that
1
3 /4. y r =

SOLUTION

A y yA
1
2
1
2
r

1
4
3
r

3
1
2
3
r

2
2
2
2
r

2
4
3
r

3
2
2
3
r

( )
2 2
2 1
2
r r

( )
3 3
2 1
2
3
r r

Then Y A y A =
or
( ) ( )
2 2 3 3
1 2 1 2 1
3 2
4 2 3
r r r r r
=
2 3
2 2
1 1
9
1 1
16
r r
r r
(
| | | |
(
=
| |
\ . \ . (

Let
2
1
r
p
r
=
| |
2
9
( 1)( 1) ( 1)( 1)
16
p p p p p
+ = + +
or
2
16 (16 9 ) (16 9 ) 0 p p + + =

PROBLEM 5.9 CONTINUED
Then
2
(16 9 ) (16 9 ) 4(16)(16 9 )
2(16)
p

=
or 0.5726 1.3397 p p = =
Taking the positive root
2
1
1.340
r
r
= W

PROBLEM 5.10
Show that as
1
r approaches
2
, r the location of the centroid approaches that
of a circular arc of radius ( )
1 2
/ 2. r r +

SOLUTION

First, determine the location of the centroid.
From Fig. 5.8A:
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2
sin
2

3
y r A r
= =

( )
2
2
2 cos
3
r

Similarly
( )
( )
2
1 1 1 1
2
2
2 cos

3
y r A r
= =

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2 1 1
2 2
2 2
3 3
2 1
2 cos 2 cos
Then
3 3
2
cos
3
yA r r r r
r r

( (
=

=

( )
2 2
2 1
2 2
2 1
and
2 2
2
A r r
r r

| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
| |
=
|
\ .

( ) ( )
2 2 3 3
2 1 2 1
3 3
2 1
2 2
2 1 2
Now
2
cos
2 3
2 cos

3
Y A yA
Y r r r r
r r
Y
r r

=
(
| |
=
| (
\ .

=

Using Figure 5.8B, Y of an arc of radius ( )
1 2
1
is
2
r r +
( )
( )
( )
2
1 2
2
sin
1
2
Y r r

= +

( )
1 2
2
1 cos
( )
2
r r

= +
(1)
( )
( )
( )( )
2 2
3 3
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1
2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2
2 1 2 1
2 1
Now
r r r r r r
r r
r r r r r r
r r r r
r r
+ +
=
+
+ +
=
+

2
1
Let r r
r r
= +
=

Then ( )
1 2
1
2
r r r = +
( ) ( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
3 3
2 1
2 2
2 1
2 2
and
3
2
r r r r r r
r r r r
r
r
+ + + +
=
+ +
+
=

1 2
In the limit as 0 (i.e., ), then r r =
3 3
2 1
2 2
2 1
1 2
3

2
3 1
( )
2 2
r r
r
r r
r r
= +

so that ( )
1 2
2
2 3 cos
3 4
Y r r

= +
or ( )
1 2
2
1 cos
2
Y r r

= +
W
Which agrees with Eq. (1).

PROBLEM 5.11

SOLUTION
First note that symmetry implies 0 X = W

2
2 2 in., 45 r = =

( ) ( )
( )
4
2
4
2 2 2 sin
2 sin
1.6977 in.
3 3
r
y

= = =

2
, in A , in. y
3
, in yA
1 ( ) ( )
1
4 3 6
2
=

1

6

2 ( )
2
2 2 6.283
4
=

2 0.3024 y =

1.8997

3 ( ) ( )
1
4 2 4
2
=

0.6667

2.667

8.283

5.2330

Then Y A yA =

( )
2 3
8.283 in 5.2330 in Y = or 0.632 in. Y = W

PROBLEM 5.12

SOLUTION

2
3
, mm xA
3
, mm yA
1 (40)(90) 3600 = 15 20 54 000 72 000
2

( ) ( ) 40 60
2121
4
=

10

15

6750

10 125

3
( ) ( )
1
30 45 675
2
=
25.47 19.099 54 000 40 500
6396 101 250 21 375

Then XA xA =

( )
2 3
6396 mm 101 250 mm X = or 15.83 mm X = W
and YA yA =

( )
2 3
6396 mm 21 375 mm Y = or 3.34 mm Y = W

PROBLEM 5.13

SOLUTION

2
3
, mm xA
3
, mm yA
1

( ) ( )
2
40 80 2133
3
=
48 15 102 400 32 000
2

( ) ( )
1
40 80 1600
2
=

53.33

13.333

85 330

21 330

533.3 17 067 10 667

Then X A XA =

( )
2 3
533.3 mm 17 067 mm X = or 32.0 mm X = W
and Y A yA =

( )
2 3
533.3 mm 10 667 mm Y = or 20.0 mm Y = W

PROBLEM 5.14

SOLUTION

2
3
, mm xA
3
, mm yA
1

( )( )
2
150 240 24 000
3
=

56.25

96

1 350 000

2 304 000

2

( ) ( )
1
150 120 9000
2
=

50

40

450 000

360 000

15 000 900 000 1 944 000

Then X A xA =

( )
2 3
15 000 mm 900 000 mm X = or 60.0 mm X = W
and Y A yA =

( )
2
15 000 mm 1 944 000 Y = or 129.6 mm Y = W

PROBLEM 5.15

SOLUTION

2
3
, in xA
3
, in yA
1

( ) ( )
1
10 15 50
3
=

4.5

7.5

225

375

2

( )
2
15 176.71
4
=

6.366

16.366

1125

2892

226.71 1350 3267

Then X A x A =

( )
2 3
226.71 in 1350 in X = or 5.95 in. X = W
and Y A y A =

( )
2 3
226.71 in 3267 in Y = or 14.41 in. Y = W

PROBLEM 5.16

SOLUTION

2
3
, in xA
3
, in yA
1

( ) ( )
2
8 8 42.67
3
=

3

2.8

128

119.47

2

( ) ( )
2
4 2 5.333
3
=

1.5

0.8

8

4.267

37.33 120 123.73

Then X A x A =

( )
2 3
37.33 in 120 in X = or 3.21 in. X = W
and Y A y A =

( )
2 3
37.33 in 123.73 in Y = or 3.31 in. Y = W

PROBLEM 5.17
The horizontal x axis is drawn through the centroid C of the area shown
and divides the area into two component areas A
1
and A
2
. Determine
the first moment of each component area with respect to the x axis, and
explain the results obtained.

SOLUTION

Note that
x
Q yA =
Then ( )
2
1
5 1
m 6 5 m
3 2
x
Q
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
or ( )
3 3
1
25.0 10 mm
x
Q = W
and ( )
2 2
2
2 1 1 1
2.5 m 9 2.5 m 2.5 m 6 2.5 m
3 2 3 2
x
Q
| || | | || |
= +
| | | |
\ .\ . \ .\ .

or ( )
3 3
2
25.0 10 mm
x
Q = W
Now ( ) ( )
1 2
0
x x x
Q Q Q = + =
This result is expected since x is a centroidal axis ( ) thus 0 y =
and ( ) 0 0
x x
Q y A Y A y Q = = = =

PROBLEM 5.18
The horizontal x axis is drawn through the centroid C of the area shown
and divides the area into two component areas A
1
and A
2
. Determine
the first moment of each component area with respect to the x axis, and
explain the results obtained.

SOLUTION
First, locate the position y of the figure.

2
, mm A , mm y
3
, mm yA
1 160 300 48 000 = 150 7 200 000
2 150 80 16 000 = 160 2 560 000
32 000 4 640 000

Then Y A y A =

( )
2 3
32 000 mm 4 640 000 mm Y =
or 145.0 mm Y =

( )
I I
6 3
:
155 115
(160 155) 80 115
2 2
1.393 10 mm
A Q yA =
( = +

= W

( ) ( )
II II
6 3
:
145 85
160 145 80 85
2 2
1.393 10 mm
A Q yA =
(
=
(

= W

( )
area I II
Q 0
x
Q Q = + =
Which is expected since
x
Q yA yA = = and 0 y = ,
since x is a centroidal axis.

PROBLEM 5.19
The first moment of the shaded area with respect to the x axis is denoted
by .
x
Q (a) Express
x
Q in terms of r and . (b) For what value of is
x
Q maximum, and what is the maximum value?

SOLUTION

( ) With and using Fig. 5.8 A,
x
a Q yA =
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
3 2 2 2
2 3
2
3 2
sin
1
sin 2 cos sin
2
2
cos cos sin
3
x
r
Q r r r r
r
| |
( (
=
|

( \ .

=

or
3 3
2
cos
3
x
Q r = W
( ) b By observation, is maximum when
x
Q 0 = W
and then
3
2
3
x
Q r = W

PROBLEM 5.20
A composite beam is constructed by bolting four plates to four
2 2 3/8-in. angles as shown. The bolts are equally spaced along the
beam, and the beam supports a vertical load. As proved in mechanics of
materials, the shearing forces exerted on the bolts at A and B are
proportional to the first moments with respect to the centroidal x axis of
the red shaded areas shown, respectively, in parts a and b of the figure.
Knowing that the force exerted on the bolt at A is 70 lb, determine the
force exerted on the bolt at B.

SOLUTION

From the problem statement:
x
F Q
so that
( ) ( )
A B
x x
A B
F F
Q Q
=
and
( )
( )
x
B
B A
x
A
Q
F F
Q
=
Now
x
Q yA =
So ( ) ( )
3
0.375
7.5 in. in. 10 in. 0.375 in. 28.82 in
2
x
A
Q
| |
( = + =
|
\ .

( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
0.375
and 2 7.5 in. in. 1.625 in. 0.375 in.
2
2 7.5 in. 1 in. 2 in. 0.375 in.
x x
B A
Q Q
| |
( = +
|
\ .
( +

3 3 3
28.82 in 8.921 in 9.75 in = + +

3
47.49 in =
Then ( )
3
3
47.49 in
70 lb 115.3 lb
28.82 in
B
F = = W

PROBLEM 5.21
A thin, homogeneous wire is bent to form the perimeter of the figure
indicated. Locate the center of gravity of the wire figure thus formed.

SOLUTION

First note that because the wire is homogeneous, its center of gravity will
coincide with the centroid of the corresponding line.
, in. L , in. x , in. y
2
, in xL
2
, in yL
1 16 8 0 128 0
2 12 16 6 102 72
3 24 4 12 96 288
4 6 8 9 48 54
5 8 4 6 32 48
6 6 0 3 0 18
72 336 480

Then X L x L =
( )
2
72 in. 336 in X = or 4.67 in. X =
and Y L y L =

2
(72 in.) 480 in Y = or 6.67 in. Y =

PROBLEM 5.22

SOLUTION

First note that because the wire is homogeneous, its center of gravity will coincide with the centroid of the
corresponding line.
, mm L , mm x , mm y
2
, mm xL
2
, mm yL
1 165 82.5 0 13 612 0
2 75 165 37.5 12 375 2812
3 105 112.5 75 11 812 7875
4
2 2
60 75 96.05 + = 30 37.5 2881 3602
441.05 40 680 14 289

Then X L x L =

2
(441.05 mm) 40 680 mm X = or 92.2 mm X =
and Y L y L =

2
(441.05 mm) 14 289 mm Y = 32.4 mm Y =

PROBLEM 5.23

SOLUTION

First note that because the wire is homogeneous, its center of gravity will coincide with the centroid of the
corresponding line.
, mm L , mm x , mm y
2
, mm xL
2
, mm yL
1
2 2
12 6 13.416 + = 6 3 80.50 40.25
2 16 12 14 192 224
3 21 1.5 22 31.50 462
4 16 9 14 144 224
5
2 2
6 9 10.817 + = 4.5 3 48.67 32.45
77.233 111.32 982.7

Then X L x L =

2
(77.233 mm) 111.32 mm X = or 1.441 mm X =
and Y L y L =

2
(77.233 mm) 982.7 mm Y = or 12.72 mm Y =

PROBLEM 5.24

SOLUTION

First note that because the wire is homogeneous, its center of gravity will
coincide with the centroid of the corresponding line.
By symmetry 0 X =
, in. L , in. y
2
, in yL
1 2 0 0
2
( ) 6

( ) 2 6
3.820
=

72
3 2 0 0
4

( ) 4

( ) 2 4
2.546
=

32
35.416 104

Then Y L y L =

2
(35.416 in.) 104 in Y = or 2.94 in. Y =

PROBLEM 5.25
A 750 g = uniform steel rod is bent into a circular arc of radius 500 mm
as shown. The rod is supported by a pin at A and the cord BC. Determine
(a) the tension in the cord, (b) the reaction at A.

SOLUTION

( ) 0.5 m sin30
First note, from Figure 5.8B:
/6
X

=

1.5
m
=
( )
( )
2
Then mg
0.75 kg 9.81 m/s
7.358 N
W =
=
=

Also note that ABD is an equilateral triangle.
Equilibrium then requires
( ) ( )
( ) 0:
1.5
0.5 m m cos30 7.358 N 0.5 m sin 60 0
A
BC
a M
T
=
(
| |
( =
| (

\ .

or 1.4698 N
BC
T = or 1.470 N
BC
T =
( ) ( ) 0: 1.4698 N cos 60 0
x x
b F A = + =
or 0.7349 N
x
A =
( ) 0: 7.358 N 1.4698 N sin 60 0
y y
F A = + =
or 6.085 N
y
A = thus 6.13 N = A 83.1

PROBLEM 5.26
The homogeneous wire ABCD is bent as shown and is supported by a pin
at B. Knowing that 8 in., l = determine the angle for which portion
BC of the wire is horizontal.

SOLUTION

First note that for equilibrium, the center of gravity of the wire must lie
on a vertical line through B. Further, because the wire is homogeneous,
its center of gravity will coincide with the centroid of the corresponding
line.
Thus 0, which implies that 0
B
M x = = or 0 xL =
Hence
( ) ( )
2(6 in.) 8 in.
6 in. 8 in.
2
| |
+
|
\ .

( )
6 in.
8 in. cos 6 in. 0
2

| |
+ =
|
\ .

Then
4
cos
9
= or 63.6 =

PROBLEM 5.27
The homogeneous wire ABCD is bent as shown and is supported by a pin
at B. Knowing that 30 , = determine the length l for which portion CD
of the wire is horizontal.

SOLUTION

First note that for equilibrium, the center of gravity of the wire must lie on
a vertical line through B. Further, because the wire is homogeneous, its
center of gravity will coincide with the centroid of the corresponding line.
B
M x = = or 0
i i
x L =
Hence
( )
( ) ( )
2 6 in.
cos30 6 in. sin30 6 in.
(
+
(

( )
( )
in.
cos30 in.
2
l
l
(
+
(

( ) ( )
6 in.
in. cos30 6 in. 0
2
l
(
+ =
(

or
2
12.0 316.16 0 l l + =
1
with roots 12.77 and 24.77. l =
Taking the positive root
12.77 in. l =

PROBLEM 5.28
The homogeneous wire ABCD is bent as shown and is attached to a hinge
at C. Determine the length L for which the portion BCD of the wire is
horizontal.

SOLUTION

First note that for equilibrium, the center of gravity of the wire must lie on
a vertical line through C. Further, because the wire is homogeneous, its
center of gravity will coincide with the centroid of the corresponding line.
C
M x = =
or 0
i i
x L =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Hence 4 in. 8 in. 4 in. 10 in. 0
2
L
L + + =
or
2 2
144 in L = or 12.00 in. L =

PROBLEM 5.29
Determine the distance h so that the centroid of the shaded area is as close
to line BB as possible when (a) 0.2, k = (b) 0.6. k =

SOLUTION

Then
yA
y
A

( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
or
a h a
ab kb a h
y
ba kb a h
( +
(
(

=

( )
2 2
1 1
2 (1 )
a k kh
a k kh
+
=
+

Let 1 and
h
c k
a
= =
Then
2
2
a c k
y
c k
+
=
+
(1)
Now find a value of (or h) for which y is minimum:

( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
0
2
k c k k c k
dy a
d
c k

+ +
= =
+
or ( )
( )
2
2 0 c k c k + + = (2)

Expanding (2)
2 2
2 2 0 c c k + = or
2
2 0 k c c + =
Then
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 4
2
c c k c
k

=
Taking the positive root, since 0 h > (hence 0 > )

( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 1 4 1 4 1
2
k k k k
h a
k
+ +
=
(a) 0.2: k =
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
2
2 1 0.2 4 1 0.2 4 0.2 1 0.2
2 0.2
h a
+ +
= or 0.472 h a =
(b) 0.6: k =
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
2
2 1 0.6 4 1 0.6 4 0.6 1 0.6
2 0.6
h a
+ +
= or 0.387 h a =

PROBLEM 5.30
Show when the distance h is selected to minimize the distance y from
line BB to the centroid of the shaded area that . y h =

SOLUTION
From Problem 5.29, note that Eq. (2) yields the value of that minimizes h.
Then from Eq. (2)
We see
2
2
c k
c k
+
=
+
(3)
Then, replacing the right-hand side of (1) by 2 , from Eq. (3)
We obtain ( ) 2
2
a
y =
But
h
a
=
So y h = Q.E.D.

PROBLEM 5.31
Determine by direct integration the centroid of the area shown. Express
your answer in terms of a and h.

SOLUTION

For the element of area (EL) shown
h
y x
a
=
( ) and
1
dA h y dx
x
h dx
a
=
| |
=
|
\ .

( )
Then
1
2
1
2
EL
EL
x x
y h y
h x
a
=
= +
| |
= +
|
\ .

2
0
0
1
Then area 1
2 2
a
a x x
A dA h dx h x ah
a a
| |
| |
= = = =
| |
\ .
\ .

2 3
2
0
0
2 2
2 0 0
2 3
2
2
0
1
and 1
2 3 6
1 1 1
2 2
1
2 3 3
a
a
EL
a a
EL
a
x x x
x dA x h dx h a h
a a
h x x h x
y dA h dx dx
a a a
h x
x ah
a
| |
(
| |
= = =
|
| (
|
\ .
\ .
| |
(
| | | |
= + =
|
| | (
|
\ . \ .
\ .
| |
= =
|
|
\ .

2
Hence
1 1
2 6
EL
xA x dA
x ah a h
=
| |
=
|
\ .

1
3
x a =
2
1 1
2 3
EL
yA y dA
y ah ah
=
| |
=
|
\ .

2
3
y h =

PROBLEM 5.32

SOLUTION

For the element (EL) shown
At
3
, : x a y h h ka = = = or
3
h
k
a
=
Then
1/3
1/3
a
x y
h
=
1/3
1/3
Now dA xdy
a
y dy
h
=
=

1/3
1/ 3
1 1
,
2 2
EL EL
a
x x y y y
h
= = =
Then
( )
1/3 4/3
1/3 1/3 0
0
3 3
4 4
h
h a a
A dA y dy y ah
h h
= = = =

1/3 1/3 5/3 2
1/3 1/3 2/3 0
0
1 1 3 3
and
2 2 5 10
h
h
EL
a a a
x dA y y dy y a h
h h h
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .

1/3 7/3 2
1/3 1/3 0
0
3 3
7 7
h
h
EL
a a
y dA y y dy y ah
h h
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .

Hence
2
3 3
:
4 10
EL
xA x dA x ah a h
| |
= =
|
\ .

2
5
x a =

2
3 3
:
4 7
EL
yA y dA y ah ah
| |
= =
|
\ .

4
7
y h =

PROBLEM 5.33

SOLUTION

At
3
1
, : x a y h h k a = = = or
1
3
h
k
a
=

3
2
a k h = or
2
3
a
k
h
=
Hence, on line 1
3
3
h
y x
a
=
and on line 2
1/3
1/3
h
y x
a
=
Then
1/3 3 1/3 3
1/3 3 1/3 3
1
and
2
EL
h h h h
dA x x dx y x x
a a a a
| | | |
= = +
| |
\ . \ .
1/3 3 4/3 4
1/3 3 1/3 3 0
0
3 1 1

2 4 4
a
a h h
A dA x x dx h x x ah
a a a a
| | | |
= = = =
| |
\ . \ .

1/3 3 7/3 5 2
1/3 3 1/3 3 0
0
3 1 8
35 7 5
a
a
EL
h h
x dA x x x dx h x x a h
a a a a
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .

1/3 3 1/3 3
1/3 3 1/3 3 0
1
2
a
EL
h h h h
y dA x x x x dx
a a a a
| || |
= +
| |
\ .\ .

2 2/3 6 2 5/3 6
2
2/3 6 5/3 6 0
0
3 1 8
2 2 5 7 35
a
a h x x h x x
dx ah
a a a a
| | | |
= = =
| |
| |
\ . \ .

From
2
8
:
2 35
EL
ah
xA x dA x a h
| |
= =
|
\ .
or
16
35
x a =
and
2
8
:
2 35
EL
ah
yA y dA y ah
| |
= =
|
\ .
or
16
35
y h =

PROBLEM 5.34
Determine by direct integration the centroid of the area shown.

SOLUTION

First note that symmetry implies 0 x =

2
(Figure 5.8B)
EL
r
y
dA rdr
=
=

Then
( )
2
2
1
1
2
2 2
2 1
2 2
r
r
r
r
r
A dA rdr r r

| |
= = = =
|
|
\ .

and ( )
( )
2
2
1
1
3 3 3
2 1
2 1 2
2
3 3
r
r
EL
r
r
r
y dA rdr r r r
| |
= = =
|
\ .

So
( ) ( )
2 2 3 3
2 1 2 1
2
:
2 3
EL
yA y dA y r r r r
(
= =
(

or
3 3
2 1
2 2
2 1
4
3
r r
y
r r

=

PROBLEM 5.35

SOLUTION

cos , sin y R x R = =
cos dx R d =

2 2
cos dA ydx R d = =
Hence
( )
2 2 2 2
0
0
sin 2 1
2 cos 2 2 sin 2
2 4 2
A dA R d R R

| |
= = = + =
|
\ .

( )
( )
2 2 3 2
0
0
3
2
1 2
2 cos cos cos sin sin
2 3 3
cos sin 2sin
3
EL
R
y dA R d R
R

| |
= = +
|
\ .
= +

But so
EL
yA y dA =

( )
( )
3
2
2
cos sin 2sin
3
2 sin 2
2
R
y
R

+
=
+

or
( )
( )
2
cos 2
2
sin
3 2 sin 2
y R

+
=
+

Alternatively,
2
2 3 sin
sin
3 2 sin 2
y R

=
+

PROBLEM 5.36

SOLUTION

2 2
b
y a x
a
=
( )
( )
2 2
and dA b y dx
b
a a x dx
a
=
=

( )
( )
2 2
1
;
2 2
EL EL
b
x x y y b a a x
a
= = + = +
Then
( )
2 2
0
a b
A dA a a x dx
a
= =

To integrate, let
2 2
sin : a cos , cos x a x a dx a d = = =
( )( )
/2
0
/2
2 2
0
Then cos cos
2
sin sin 1
2 4 4
b
A a a a d
a
b
a a ab
a
=
(
| | | |
= + =
| | (
\ . \ .

( )
( )
/2
3/2
2 2 2 2 2
0
0
3
1
and
2 3
1
6
a
EL
b b a
x dA x a a x dx x a x
a a
a b
(
( | |
= = +
| ( (
\ .

=

( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2 2
0
2 2 3
2 2
2 2 0
0
2
1

3 6 2 2
a
EL
a
a
b b
y dA a a x a a x dx
a a
b b x
x dx ab
a a
(
= +
(

| |
= = =
|
|
\ .

2
1
: 1
4 6
EL
xA x dA x ab a b
( | |
= =
| (
\ .

or
( )
2
3 4
a
x

2
1
: 1
4 6
EL
yA y dA y ab ab
( | |
= =
| (
\ .

or
( )
2
3 4
b
y

PROBLEM 5.37
your answer in terms of a and b.

SOLUTION

For the element (EL) shown on line 1 at

2
2
, x a b k a = = or
2
2
b
k
a
=

2
2

b
y x
a
=
On line 2 at
3
1
, 2 x a b k a = = or
2
3
2b
k
a
=
3
3
2

b
y x
a
=
2 3
2 3
2 b b
dA x x dx
a a
| |
= +
|
\ .

3 3 4
2
2 2 0
0
2 2
Then
3 4
1 1 5
3 2 6
a
a b x b x x
A dA x dx
x a a a
ab ab
| | | |
= = + = +
| |
\ . \ .
| |
= + =
|
\ .

4 5
2 3 2
2 3 2 0
0
2
2 2 1 2
and
4 5 4 5
13
20
a
a
EL
b b b x x
x dA x x x dx a b
a a a a
a b
| |
| | | |
= + = + = +
|
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .
=

2 3 2 3
2 3 2 3 0
2 2
2 5
2 3 7
2 3 4 2 0
0
2 5 2
1 2 2
2
1 2 2
2 5 2 7
1 2 13
10 7 70
a
EL
a
a
b b b b
y dA x x x x dx
a a a a
b b b x
x x dx x
a a a a
b a ab
(
| | | |
= +
| | (
\ . \ .

(
| |
| | | |
= = (
|
| |
|
\ . \ . (
\ .

| |
= =
|
\ .

Then
2
5 13
:
6 20
EL
xA x dA x ab a b
| |
= =
|
\ .
or
39
50
x a =

2
5 13
:
6 70
EL
yA y dA y ab ab
| |
=
|
\ .
or
39
175
y b =

PROBLEM 5.38

SOLUTION

At 0, x y b = =
( )
2
0 b k a = or
2
b
k
a
=
Then ( )
2
2

b
y x a
a
=
Now ( )
2
2
,
2 2
EL EL
y b
x x y x a
a
= = =
and ( )
2
2
b
dA ydx x a dx
a
= =
( ) ( )
2 3
2 2 0
0
1
Then
3 3
a
a b b
A dA x a dx x a ab
a a
(
= = = =
(

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 2 2
2 2 0 0
4 2
3 2 2
2
2
2 2 5
2 2 4 0
0
2
and 2
2 1
4 3 2 12
1
5 2 2
1
10
a a
EL
a
a
EL
b b
x dA x x a dx x ax a x dx
a a
b x a
ax x a b
a
b b b
y dA x a x a dx x a
a a a
ab
(
= = +
(

| |
= + =
|
|
\ .
( (
= =
( (

=

Hence
2
1 1
:
3 12
EL
xA x dA x ab a b
| |
= =
|
\ .

1
4
x a =

2
1 1
:
3 10
EL
yA y dA y ab ab
| |
= =
|
\ .

3
10
y b =

PROBLEM 5.39

SOLUTION

2
2
2
2
Have
1
1
2 2
1
EL
EL
x x
a x x
y y
L L
x x
dA ydx a dx
L L
=
| |
= = +
|
|
\ .
| |
= = +
|
|
\ .

Then
2
2 2 3
2
2 2 0
0
8
1
2 3 3
L
L x x x x
A dA a dx a x aL
L L L L
| | (
= = + = + =
(
|
\ .

2
2 2 3 4
2
2 2 0
0
2
2 2
2
2 2 0
2 2 3 4
2 3 4 0
2 2 3 4
2 3
and 1
2 3 4
10
3
1 1
2
1 2 3 2
2
2 2
L
L
EL
L
EL
EL
x x x x x
x dA x a dx a
L L L L
aL
a x x x x
y dA a dx
L L L L
a x x x x
dx
L L L L
a x x x
x
L L L
(
| | (
= + = + ( | (
|
( \ .

=
( | | | |
= + + ( | |
| |
( \ . \ .

| |
= + +
|
|
\ .
= + +

2
5
2
4
0
11
5 5
L
x
a L
L
(
=
(

Hence
2
8 10
:
3 3
EL
xA x dA x aL aL
| |
= =
|
\ .

5
4
x L =

2
1 11
:
8 5
EL
yA y dA y a a
| |
= =
|
\ .

33
40
y a =

PROBLEM 5.40

SOLUTION

For
1
at , 2 y x a y b = =
2
2b ka = or
2
2b
k
a
=
Then
2
1
2
2b
y x
a
=
By observation ( )
2
2 2
b x
y x b b
a a
| |
= + =
|
\ .

Now
and for 0 :
EL
x x
x a
=

2 2
1 1
2 2
1 2
and
2
EL
b b
y y x dA y dx x dx
a a
= = = =
For 2 : a x a
2 2
1
2 and 2
2 2
EL
b x x
y y dA y dx b dx
a a
| | | |
= = = =
| |
\ . \ .

2
2
2 0
2
2
3
2
0
0
2
Then 2
2 7
2
3 2 6
a a
a
a
a
b x
A dA x dx b dx
a a
b x a x
b ab
a a
| |
= = +
|
\ .
(
(
| |
= + = (
(
|
\ . (

( ) ( )
{
( )
( )
2
2
2 0
2
4 3
2
2
0 0
2 2 3
2 2
2
2
and 2
2
4 3
1 1
2 2
2 3
7
6
a a
EL
a
a a
b x
x dA x x dx x b dx
a a
b x x
b x
a a
a b b a a a a
a
a b
(
| | | |
= +
| | (
\ . \ .
( (
= +
( (

( (
= + +
`
( (

)
=

2
2 2
2 2 0 0
2
3
2 5 2
4
0
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
5 2 3
17
30
a a
EL
a
a
a
b b b x x
y dA x x dx b dx
a a a a
b x b a x
a a
ab
(
( | | | |
= +
| | ( (
\ . \ .

(
(
| |
= + (
(
|
\ . (

=

Hence
2
7 7
:
6 6
EL
xA x dA x ab a b
| |
= =
|
\ .
x a =

2
7 17
:
6 30
EL
yA y dA y ab ab
| |
= =
|
\ .

17
35
y b =

PROBLEM 5.41

SOLUTION

2
For y at , : x a y b = =
2
a kb = or
2
a
k
b
=
Then
1/2
2
b
y x
a
=
1/2 1/2
2
2
Now
and for 0 : ,
2 2 2
EL
EL
x x
a y b x x
x y dA y dx b dx
a a
=
= = = =

For ( )
1/2
1 2
1 1
:
2 2 2 2
EL
a b x x
x a y y y
a a
| |
= + = +
|
|
\ .

( )
1/2
2 1
1
2
x x
dA y y dx b dx
a a
| |
= = +
|
\ .

( )
( )
( )
1/2 1/2
/2
0 /2
/2
3/2 2
3/2
0
/2
3/2 3/2
3/2
2
2
1
Then
2
2 2 1
3 3 2 2
2
3 2 2
1 1

2 2 2 2
a a
a
a
a
a
x x x
A dA b dx b dx
a a a
b x x
x b x
a a a
b a a
a
a
a a
b a a
a
| |
= = + +
|
|
\ .
(
(
= + +
(
(

(
| | | |
= + (
| |
\ . \ . (

(
( | | | |
+ + (
| |
\ . \ . (

13
24
ab

`
(
)
=

( )
( ) ( )
1/2 1/2
/2
0 /2
/2
5/2 3 4
5/2
0
/2
5/2 5/2
5/2
3
3 2
1
and
2
2 2
5 5 3 4
2
5 2 2
1 1

3 2 4
a a
EL
a
a
a
a
x x x
x dA x b dx x b dx
a a a
b x x x
x b
a a a
b a a
a
a
a
b a a
a
( | | | |
= + + ( | |
| |
( \ . \ .

(
(
= + +
(
(

(
| | | |
= + (
| |
\ . \ . (

(
| |
+ + (
|
\ . (

2
2
1/2 1/2
/2
0
1/2 1/2
/2
/2 3
2 2 2
2
0
/2
2
71
240

2
1 1

2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2 2 3 2
4
a
EL
a
a
a
a
a
a
a b
b x x
y dA b dx
a a
b x x x x
b dx
a a a a
b b x x
x
a a a a
b
(
| |
(
`
|
\ . (

)
=
(
=
(

( | | | |
+ + + ( | |
| |
( \ . \ .

( | |
( | |
( | = +
|
(
|
( \ .
\ .

=

( )
2 2 3
2
2
2
1
2 2 6 2 2
11
48
a a b a
a
a a
ab
(
| | | | | |
+ (
| | |
\ . \ . \ . (

=

Hence
2
13 71
:
24 240
EL
xA x dA x ab a b
| |
= =
|
\ .

17
0.546
130
x a a = =

2
13 11
:
24 48
EL
yA y dA y ab ab
| |
= =
|
\ .

11
0.423
26
y b b = =

PROBLEM 5.42
A homogeneous wire is bent into the shape shown. Determine by direct
integration the x coordinate of its centroid. Express your answer in terms
of a.

SOLUTION

First note that because the wire is homogeneous, its center of gravity
coincides with the centroid of the corresponding line
Have at
2
, : x a y a a ka = = = or
1
k
a
=
Thus
2
1 2
and y x dy xdx
a a
= =
( )
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 0
0
2
2
2
Then 1 1
4 4 2 4
1 1 ln 1
2 4
5 ln 2 5 1.4789
2 4
4
1
a
a
EL
dy
dL dx x dx
dx a
x x a x
L dL x dx x
a a a a
a a
a
x
x dL x dx
a
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
(
| |
( | = = + = + + + +
|
(
\ .
= + + =
| |
| = +
|
\ .

( )
3/2
2
2
2 0
0
2
3/2 2
2 4
1
3 8
5 1 0.8484
12
a
a a
x
a
a
a
(
| |
| |
= + (
|
|
|
\ . (
\ .

= =
Then ( )
2
: 1.4789 0.8484
EL
xL x dL x a a = =
0.574 x a =

PROBLEM 5.43
integration the x coordinate of its centroid.

SOLUTION

Now cos
EL
x r = and dL rd =
Then | |
7 /4 7 /4
/4 /4
3
2
L dL rd r r

= = = =

and ( )
7 /4
/4
cos
EL
x dL r rd
=

| |
7 /4
2 2 2
/4
1 1
sin 2
2 2
r r r
| |
= = =
|
\ .

2
3
Thus : 2
2
xL xdL x r r
| |
= =
|
\ .

2 2
3
x r
=

PROBLEM 5.44
integration the x coordinate of its centroid.

SOLUTION

Now
3
cos
EL
x a = and
2 2
dL dx dy = +
Where
3 2
cos : 3 cos sin x a dx a d = =
3 2
sin : 3 sin cos y a dy a d = =
( ) ( )
( )
1/2
2 2
2 2
1/2
2 2
/
2
0
Then 3 cos sin 3 sin cos
3 cos sin cos sin
3 cos sin
1
3 cos sin 3 sin
2
dL a d a d
a d
a d
L dL a d a

(
= +
(

= +
=
(
= = =
(

/ 2
2
0
3

2
a

( )
/ 2
3
0
/ 2
2 5 2
0
and cos 3 cos sin
1 3
3 cos
5 5
EL
x dL a a d
a a
=
(
= =
(

Hence
2
3 3
:
2 5
EL
xL x dL x a a
| |
= =
|
\ .

2
5
x a =

Alternative solution

2/3
3 2
2/3
3 2
cos cos
sin sin
x
x a
a
y
y a
a

| |
= =
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .

( )
( ) ( )
2/3 2/3
3/2
2/3 2/3
1/2
2/3 2/3 1/3
1 or
Then
x y
y a x
a a
dy
a x x
dx

| | | |
+ = =
| |
\ . \ .
=

( ) ( )
1/2
2 2
1/2
2/3 2/3 1/3
Now
and 1 1
EL
x x
dy
dL dx a x x dx
dx

=

| | (
= + = +
`
|
(
\ .

)

1/3
1/3 2/3
1/ 3 0
0
3 3
Then
2 2
a
a a
L dL dx a x a
x
(
= = = =
(

and
1/3
1/3 5/3 2
1/3 0
0
3 3
5 5
a
a
EL
a
x dL x dx a x a
x
| |
(
= = =
| (
\ .

Hence
2
3 3
:
2 5
EL
xL x dL x a a
| |
= =
|
\ .

2
5
x a =

PROBLEM 5.45

SOLUTION

2 2
Have cos cos
3 3
2 2
sin sin
3 3
EL
EL
x r ae
y r ae

= =
= =

( )( )
2 2
1 1
and
2 2
dA r rd a e d
= =
Then
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0
0
1 1 1 1
1 133.623
2 2 2 4
A dA a e d a e a e a
(
= = = = =
(

and
2 2 3 3
0 0
2 1 1
cos cos
3 2 3
EL
x dA ae a e d a e d

| |
= =
|
\ .

To proceed, use integration by parts, with
3 3
and 3
cos and sin
u e du e d
dv d v

= =
= =

Then
( )
3 3 3
cos sin sin 3 e d e e d

=

Now let
3 3
then 3 u e du e d

= =
sin , then cos dv d v = =
Then ( )
( )
3 3 3 3
sin sin 3 cos cos 3 e d e e e d

(
=

So that ( )
3
3
cos sin 3cos
10
e
e d

= +

( )
( )
3 3
3 3 3
0
1
sin 3cos 3 3 1239.26
3 10 30
EL
e a
x dA a e a

(
= + = =
(

Also
2 2 3 3
0 0
2 1 1
sin sin
3 2 3
EL
y dA ae a e d a e d

| |
= =
|
\ .

Using integration by parts, as above, with

3 3
and 3 u e du e d

= =
sin and cos dv d v = =

Then ( )
( )
3 3 3
sin cos cos 3 e d e e d

=

So that ( )
3
3
sin cos 3sin
10
e
e d

= +

( )
( )
3 3
3 3 3
0
1
cos 3sin 1 413.09
3 10 30
EL
e a
y dA a e a

(
= + = + =
(

Hence
( )
2 3
: 133.623 1239.26
EL
xA x dA x a a = =
or 9.27 x a =

( )
2 3
: 133.623 413.09
EL
yA y dA y a a = =
or 3.09 y a =

PROBLEM 5.46

SOLUTION

Have

1
, sin
2
EL EL
x
x x y x
L
= =

and

dA ydx =

/2
2 2
/2
2 2 0
0
sin sin cos
L
L x L x L x L
A dA x dx x
L L L

(
= = = =
(

and

/2
0
sin
L
EL
x
x x dA x x dx
L
| |
= =
|
\ .

/2
2 3 3 3
2
2 3 2 3
0
2 2
sin cos sin 2
L
L x L x L x L L
x x
L L L

(
| | | | | |
= + =
(
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

Also

/2
0
1
sin sin
2
L
EL
x x
y y dA x x dx
L L
| |
= =
|
\ .

/2
2 3
2 3
0
1 2 2
sin cos
2
L
L x L L x
x x
L L

( | |
= ( |
|
( \ .

( )
( )
3 2 3
2
2 2
1 1
1 6
2 6 8 2 4 96
L L L L

(
| |
| |
= = + ( |
|
|
\ .
( \ .

Hence

2
3
2 2 3
1
:
EL
L z
xA x dA x L

| |
| |
= =
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

or 0.363 x L =

2 3
2 2 2 3
1 2
:
96
EL
L L
yA y dA y

| |
| |
= =
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

or 0.1653 y L =

PROBLEM 5.47
Determine the volume and the surface area of the solid obtained by
rotating the area of Problem. 5.2 about (a) the x axis, (b) the line
165 x = mm.

SOLUTION

From the solution to Problem 5.2:
( )
2
area area
10 125 mm , 96.4 mm, 34.7 mm Area A X Y = = =

( )
line line
441.05 mm 92.2 mm, 32.4 mm Line L X Y = = =
Applying the theorems of Pappus-Guldinus, we have
(a) Rotation about the x axis:
( )( )
3 2
line
Area 2 2 32.4 mm 441.05 mm 89.786 10 mm Y L = = =

3 2
89.8 10 mm A =

( )( )
6 3
area
Volume 2 2 34.7 mm 10125 mm 2.2075 10 mm Y A = = =

6 3
2.21 10 mm V =

(b) Rotation about 165 mm: x =
( ) ( ) ( )
5 2
line
Area 2 165 2 165 92.2 mm 441.05 mm 2.01774 10 mm X L ( = = =

6 2
0.202 10 mm A =

( ) ( ) ( )
6 3
area
Volume 2 165 2 165 96.4 mm 10 125 mm 4.3641 10 mm X A ( = = =

6 3
4.36 10 mm V =

PROBLEM 5.48
rotating the area of Problem 5.4 about (a) the line 22 y = mm, (b) the
line 12 x = mm.

SOLUTION

2
area area
399 mm , 1.421mm, 12.42 mm (Area) A X Y = = =

line line
77.233 mm, 1.441mm, 12.72 mm (Line) L X Y = = =

(a) Rotation about the line 22 mm: y =
( ) ( ) ( )
2
line
Area 2 22 2 22 12.72 mm 77.233 mm 4503 mm Y L ( = = =

3 2
4.50 10 mm A =

( ) ( )
( )
2 3
area
Volume 2 22 2 22 12.42 mm 399 mm 24 016.97 mm Y A ( = = =

3 3
24.0 10 mm V =

(b) Rotation about line 12 mm: x =
( ) ( ) ( )
2
line
Area 2 12 2 12 1.441 mm 77.233 mm 5124.45 mm X L ( = = =

3 2
5.12 10 mm A =

( ) ( )
( )
2 3
Volume 2 12 1.421 2 12 1.421 mm 399 mm 26 521.46 mm A ( = = =

3 3
26.5 10 mm V =

PROBLEM 5.49
rotating the area of Problem 5.1 about (a) the x axis, (b) the line
16 in. x =

SOLUTION

2
area area
240 in , 5.60 in., 6.60 in. (Area) A X Y = = =

line line
72 in., 4.67 in., 6.67 in. L X Y = = =

( ) Rotation about the axis: a x
( )( )
2
line
2 2 6.67 in. 72 in. 3017.4 in
x
A Y L = = =

2
3020 in A =

( )
( )
2 3
area
2 2 6.60 in. 240 in 9952.6 in
x
V Y A = = =

3
9950 in V =

( ) Rotation about 16 in.: b x =
( ) ( ) ( )
2
16 line
2 16 2 16 4.67 in. 72 in. 5125.6 in
x
A X L
=
( = = =

2
16
5130 in
x
A
=
=

( ) ( )
( )
2 3
16 area
2 16 2 16 5.60 in. 240 in 15 682.8 in
x
V X A
=
( = = =

3 3
16
15.68 10 in
x
V
=
=

PROBLEM 5.50
Determine the volume of the solid generated by rotating the semielliptical
area shown about (a) the axis , AA (b) the axis , BB (c) the y axis.

SOLUTION

Applying the second theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, we have
(a) Rotation about axis : AA

( )
2 2
Volume 2 2
2
ab
yA a a b

| |
= = =
|
\ .

2 2
V a b =

(b) Rotation about axis : BB

( )
2 2
Volume 2 2 2 2
2
ab
yA a a b

| |
= = =
|
\ .

2 2
2 V a b =

(c) Rotation about y-axis:

2
4 2
Volume 2 2
3 2 3
a ab
yA a b
| || |
= = =
| |
\ .\ .

2
2
3
V a b =

PROBLEM 5.51
Determine the volume and the surface area of the chain link shown,
which is made from a 2-in.-diameter bar, if 3 R = in. and 10 L = in.

SOLUTION
First note that the area A and the circumference C of the cross section of the bar are
2
and
4
A d C d
= =

Observe that the semicircular ends of the link can be obtained by rotating the cross section through a horizontal
semicircular arc of radius R. Then, applying the theorems of Pappus-Guldinus, we have
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
side end
Volume 2 2 2 2 2 V V AL RA L R A = + = + = +

( ) ( )
2
3
2 10 in. 3 in. 2 in.
4
122.049 in
(
( = +
(

=

3
122.0 in V =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
side end
Area 2 2 2 2 2 A A CL RC L R C = + = + = +

( ) ( ) 2 10 in. 3 in. 4 in. ( ( = +

2
488.198 in =

2
488 in A =

PROBLEM 5.52
Verify that the expressions for the volumes of the first four shapes in
Figure 5.21 on page 261 are correct.

SOLUTION

Following the second theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, in each case a
specific generating area A will be rotated about the x axis to produce the
given shape. Values of y are from Fig. 5.8A.
(1) Hemisphere: the generating area is a quarter circle
Have

2
4
2 2
3 4
a
V yA a
| || |
= =
| |
\ .\ .

3
2
or
3
V a =

(2) Semiellipsoid of revolution: the generating area is a quarter ellipse
Have

4
2 2
3 4
a
V yA ha
| || |
= =
| |
\ .\ .

2
2
or
3
V a h =

(3) Paraboloid of revolution: the generating area is a quarter parabola
Have

3 2
2 2
8 3
V yA a ah
| || |
= =
| |
\ .\ .

2
1
or
2
V a h =

(4) Cone: the generating area is a triangle
Have

1
2 2
3 2
a
V yA ha
| || |
= =
| |
\ .\ .

2
1
or
3
V a h =

PROBLEM 5.53
A 15-mm-diameter hole is drilled in a piece of 20-mm-thick steel; the
hole is then countersunk as shown. Determine the volume of steel
removed during the countersinking process.

SOLUTION
The required volume can be generated by rotating the area shown about the y axis. Applying the second
theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, we have

5 1
2 2 7.5 mm 5 mm 5 mm
3 2
V xA
( | | (
= = +
| ( (
\ .

3
or 720 mm V =

PROBLEM 5.54
Three different drive belt profiles are to be studied. If at any given time
each belt makes contact with one-half of the circumference of its pulley,
determine the contact area between the belt and the pulley for each
design.

SOLUTION

Applying the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, the contact area
C
A of a
belt is given by
C
A yL yL = =

Where the individual lengths are the Lengths of the belt cross section
that are in contact with the pulley
( )
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
Have 2
2.5 2.5 mm
2 60 mm
2 cos 20
60 2.5 mm 12.5 mm
C
A y L y L
( = +

( | | (
=
| ( (
\ .
( +
`

)

3 2
or 3.24 10 mm
C
A =

Have

( )
1 1
2
C
A y L ( =

7.5 7.5 mm
2 60 1.6 mm
2 cos 20
( | | | |
=
| | (
\ . \ .

D

3 2
or 2.74 10 mm
C
A =

Have

( ) ( )
1 1
2 5
60 mm 5 mm
C
A y L
( | |
= =
| (
\ .

3 2
or 2.80 10 mm
C
A =

PROBLEM 5.55
Determine the capacity, in gallons, of the punch bowl shown if 12 in. R =

SOLUTION
The volume can be generated by rotating the triangle and circular sector shown about the y axis. Applying the
second theorem of Pappus-Guldinus and using Fig. 5.8A, we have

( )
( )
1 1 2 2
2
3 3
3
3
3
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 3 2 sin30
2 cos30
3 2 2 2 2 6
3
6
3 3
2
8 16 3 2 3
3 3
12 in. 3526.03 in
8
V xA xA x A x A
R
R R R R
R R
R

= = = +
( | |
( | | |
| | | |
= +
( | |
| |
|
\ . \ .
( | \ .

|
( \ .
| |
= + =
|
|
\ .
= =
D
D

3
Since 1gal 231in =

3
3
3526.03 in
15.26 gal
231in /gal
V = =

15.26 gal V =

PROBLEM 5.56
The aluminum shade for a small high-intensity lamp has a uniform
thickness of 3/32 in. Knowing that the specific weight of aluminum is
3
0.101lb/in , determine the weight of the shade.

SOLUTION

The weight of the lamp shade is given by
W V At = =

where A is the surface area of the shade. This area can be generated by rotating the line shown about the
x axis. Applying the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, we have

( )
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
2 2 2 A yL yL y L y L y L y L = = = + + +

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 0.6 mm 0.60 0.75
2 0.6 mm mm 0.15 mm 1.5 mm
2 2
+ | |
= + +
|
\ .

( ) ( )
2 2 0.75 1.25
mm 0.50 mm 0.40 mm
2
+ | |
+ +
|
\ .

( ) ( )
2 2
2
1.25 1.5
mm 0.25 mm 1.25 mm
2
22.5607 in
( + | |
+ +
| (
\ .

=

Then
3 2
3
lb/in 0.101 22.5607 in in. 0.21362 lb
32
W = =

0.214 lb W = W

PROBLEM 5.57
The top of a round wooden table has the edge profile shown. Knowing
that the diameter of the top is 1100 mm before shaping and that the
density of the wood is
3
690 kg/m , determine the weight of the waste
wood resulting from the production of 5000 tops.

SOLUTION
All dimensions are in mm
( ) ( )
waste blank top
2
6 3
blank
top 1 2 3 4
Have
550 mm 30 mm 9.075 10 mm
V V V
V
V V V V V

=
= =
= + + +

Applying the second theorem of Pappus-Guldinus to parts 3 and 4
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
top
2
2
6 3
6 3
529 mm 18 mm 535 mm 12 mm
4 12
2 535 mm 12 mm
3 4
4 18
2 529 mm 18 mm
3 4
5.0371 3.347 0.1222 0.2731 10 mm
8.8671 10 mm
V
( (
= +
( (

( | |
+ +
`
| (
\ .
)

( | |
+ +
`
| (
\ . )
= + + +
=

( )
6 3
waste
3 3
9.0750 8.8671 10 mm
0.2079 10 m
V

=
=

( )
( )
waste wood waste tops
3 3 3 2
Finally
690 kg/m 0.2079 10 m 9.81m/s 5000 tops
W V g N

=
=

waste
or 2.21kN W = W

PROBLEM 5.58
The top of a round wooden table has the shape shown. Determine how
many liters of lacquer are required to finish 5000 tops knowing that each
top is given three coats of lacquer and that 1 liter of lacquer covers 12 m
2
.

SOLUTION
Referring to the figure in solution of Problem 5.57 and using the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, we have
( ) ( )
( )
( )
surface top circle bottom circle edge
2 2
3 2
535 mm 529 mm
2 12
2 535 mm 12 mm
2
2 18
2 529 mm 18 mm
2
617.115 10 mm
A A A A

= + +
( (
= +
( (

( | |
+ +
`
| (
\ .
)

( | |
+ +
`
| (
\ .
)
=

surface tops coats
3 2
2
Then # liters Coverage
1liter
617.115 10 m 5000 3
12 m
A N N

=
=

or # liters 2424 L = W

PROBLEM 5.59
The escutcheon (a decorative plate placed on a pipe where the pipe exits
from a wall) shown is cast from yellow brass. Knowing that the specific
weight of yellow brass is
3
0.306 lb/in . determine the weight of the
escutcheon.

SOLUTION
The weight of the escutcheon is given by (specific weight) W V =
where V is the volume of the plate. V can be generated by rotating the area A about the x axis.

Have

3.0755 in. 2.958 in. 0.1175 in. a = =

and

0.5
sin 0.16745 R 9.5941
3
= = =

Then

2 26 9.5941 16.4059 or 8.20295 0.143169 rad = = = =
D D D D

The area A can be obtained by combining the following four areas, as indicated.

Applying the second theorem of Pappus-Guldinus and then using Figure 5.8A, we have
2 2 V yA yA = =


2
, in A

, in. y

3
, in yA

1 ( )( )
1
3.0755 1.5 2.3066
2
=

( )
1
1.5 0.5
3
=

1.1533
2
( )
2
3 1.28851 =

( )
( )
2 3 sin
sin 0.60921
3

+ =

0.78497
3 ( )( )
1
2.958 0.5 0.7395
2
=

( )
1
0.5 0.16667
3
=

0.12325
4 ( )( ) 0.1755 0.5 0.05875 =

( )
1
0.5 0.25
2
=

0.14688

3
0.44296 in yA =

Then

( )
3 3
2 0.44296 in 1.4476 in V = =

so that

( )
3 3
1.4476 in 0.306 lb/in 0.44296 lb W = =

0.443 lb W = W

PROBLEM 5.60
The reflector of a small flashlight has the parabolic shape shown.
Determine the surface area of the inside of the reflector.

SOLUTION

First note that the required surface area A can be generated by rotating
the parabolic cross section through 2 radians about the x axis. Applying
the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, we have
2 A yL =
( )
2
2
Now, since , at : 7.5 x ky x a a k = = =

or

56.25 a k =

(1)

At

( ) ( )
2
15 mm: 15 12.5 x a a k = + + =

or

15 156.25 a k + =

(2)

Then

Eq. (2) 15 156.25
: or 8.4375 mm
Eq. (1) 56.25
a k
a
a k
+
= =

1
Eq. (1) 0.15
mm
k =

2
0.15 and 0.3
dx
x y y
dy
= =

2
2
Now 1 1 0.09
dx
dL dy y dy
dy
| |
= + = +
|
\ .

So 2 and A yL yL ydL = =

( )
12.5
2
7.5
12.5
3/2
2
7.5
2 1 0.09
2 1
2 1 0.09
3 0.18
A y y dy
y
= +
( | |
= +
| (
\ .

2
1013 mm =

2
or 1013 mm A = W

PROBLEM 5.61
For the beam and loading shown, determine (a) the magnitude and
location of the resultant of the distributed load, (b) the reactions at the
beam supports.

SOLUTION

( )( )
( )( )
1 2
1
2
Resultant
( ) Have 40 lb/ft 18 ft 720 lb
1
120 lb/ft 18 ft 1080 lb
2
R R R
a R
R
= +
= =
= =

or

1800 lb R =

The resultant is located at the centroid C of the distributed load x
Have

( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
1
: 1800 lb 40 lb/ft 18 ft 9 ft 120 lb/ft 18 ft 12 ft
2
A
M x = +

or

10.80 ft x =

1800 lb
10.80 ft
R
x
=
=
W

( ) b

0: 0
x x
F A = =

0: 1800 lb 0, 1800 lb
y y y
F A A = = =

1800 lb = A

W

( )( ) 0: 1800 lb 10.8 ft 0
A A
M M = =

19.444 lb ft
A
M =

or 19.44 kip ft
A
= M

W

PROBLEM 5.62
beam supports.

SOLUTION

( )( )
( )( )
I
II
( ) Have 300 N/m 6 m 1800 N
1
6 m 900 N/m 1800 N
3
a R
R
= =
= =

Then

I II
:
y
F R R R =

or

1800 N 1800 N 3600 N R = + =

( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) : 3600 N 3 m 1800 N 4.5 m 1800 N
A
M x =

or

3.75 m x =

3600 N R =

W

3.75 m x =

(b) Reactions
0: 0
x x
F A = =

( ) ( )( ) 0: 6 m 3600 N 3.75 m 0
A y
M B = =

or

2250 N
y
B =

2250 N = B

W

0: 2250 N 3600 N
y y
F A = + =

or

1350 N
y
A =

1350 N = A

W

PROBLEM 5.63
Determine the reactions at the beam supports for the given loading.

SOLUTION

( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
I
II
III
Have 100 lb/ft 4 ft 400 lb
1
200 lb/ft 6 ft 600 lb
2
200 lb/ft 4 ft 800 lb
R
R
R
= =
= =
= =

Then

0: 0
x x
F A = =

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) 0: 2 ft 400 lb 4 ft 600 lb 12 ft 800 lb 10 ft 0
A y
M B = + =

or

800 lb
y
B =

800 lb = B

W

0: 800 lb 400 lb 600 lb 800 0
y y
F A = + =

or

1000 lb
y
A =

1000 lb = A

W

PROBLEM 5.64

SOLUTION

( )( )
( )( )
I
II
Have 9 ft 200 lb/ft 1800 lb
1
3 ft 200 lb/ft 300 lb
2
R
R
= =
= =

Then

0: 0
x x
F A = =

( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) 0: 4.5 ft 1800 lb 10 ft 300 lb 9 ft 0
A y
M B = + =

or

1233.3 lb
y
B =

1233 lb = B

W

0: 1800 lb 300 lb 1233.3 lb 0
y y
F A = + =

or

866.7 lb
y
A =

867 lb = A

W

PROBLEM 5.65

SOLUTION

( )( )
I
1
Have 200 N/m 0.12 m 12 N
2
R = =

( )( )
II
200 N/m 0.2 m 40 N R = =

Then

0: 0
x x
F A = =

0: 18 N 12 N 40 N 0
y y
F A = + =

or

34 N
y
A =

34.0 N = A

W

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0: 0.8 m 12 N 0.22 m 40 N 0.38 m 18 N
A A
M M = +

or

2.92 N m
A
M =

2.92 N m
A
= M

W

PROBLEM 5.66

SOLUTION
First, replace the given loading with the loading shown below. The two loadings are equivalent because both
are defined by a linear relation between load and distance, and the values at the end points are the same.

( )( )
I
Have 1.8 m 2000 3600 N N/m R = =

( )( )
II
1
1.8 m 4500 N/m 4050 N
2
R = =

Then

0: 0
x x
F A = =

( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0: 3 m 2.1m 3600 N 2.4 m 4050 N
B y
M A = +

or

270 N
y
A =

270 N = A

W

0: 270 N 3600 N 4050 N 0
y y
F B = + =

or

720 N
y
B =

720 N = B

W

PROBLEM 5.67

SOLUTION

( )( )
I
1
Have 4 m 2000 kN/m 2667 N
3
R = =

( )( )
II
1
2 m 1000 kN/m 666.7 N
3
R = =

Then

0: 0
x x
F A = =

0: 2667 N 666.7 N 0
y y
F A = =

or

3334 N
y
A =

3.33 kN = A

W

( )( ) ( )( ) 0: 1m 2667 N 5.5 m 666.7 N
A A
M M =

or

6334 N m
A
M =

6.33 kN m
A
= M

W

PROBLEM 5.68

SOLUTION
First, replace the given loading with the loading shown below. The two loadings are equivalent because both
are defined by a parabolic relation between load and distance, and the values at end points are the same.

( )( )
I
Have 8 ft 100 lb/ft 800 lb R = =

( )( )
II
2
8 ft 600 lb/ft 3200 lb
3
R = =

Then

0: 0
x x
F A = =

( )( ) ( )( ) 0: 11 5 ft 800 lb 4 ft 3200 lb 0
A
M B = + =

or 800 lb = B

W

0: 3200 lb 800 lb 800 lb 0
y y
F A = + + =

or 1600 lb = A

W

PROBLEM 5.69
Determine (a) the distance a so that the vertical reactions at supports A
and B are equal, (b) the corresponding reactions at the supports.

SOLUTION

( )( ) ( )
I
1
( ) Have ft 120 lb/ft 60 lb
2
a R a a = =

( )( ) ( )
II
1
12 40 lb/ft 240 20 lb
2
R a a = =

Then

( ) 0: 60 240 2 0
y y y
F A a a B = + =

or

240 40
y y
A B a + = +

Now

120 20
y y y y
A B A B a = = = +

(1)

Also

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
0: 12 m 60 lb 12 ft 12 ft 240 20 lb 0
3 3
B y
a
M A a a a
( ( | | | |
( ( = + + =
| | ( (
\ . \ .

or

2
140 10
80
3 9
y
A a a =

(2)

Equating Eqs. (1) and (2)
2
140 10
120 20 80
3 9
a a a + =

or

2
40
320 480 0
3
a a + =

Then

1.6077 ft, 22.392 a a = =

Now

12 ft a

1.608 ft a = W

( ) Have b

0: 0
x x
F A = =

Eq. (1)

( ) 120 20 1.61 152.2 lb
y y
A B = = + =

152.2 lb = = A B

W

PROBLEM 5.70
Determine (a) the distance a so that the vertical reaction at support B is
minimum, (b) the corresponding reactions at the supports.

SOLUTION

( )( )
I
1
( ) Have ft 120 lb/ft 60 lb
2
a R a a = =

( ) ( ) ( )
II
1
12 ft 40 lb/ft 240 20 lb
2
R a a ( = =

Then

( ) ( ) ( ) 0: ft 60 lb 240 20 lb 8 ft 12 ft 0
3 3
A y
a a
M a a B
( | | | |
( = + + =
| | (
\ . \ .

or

2
10 20
160
9 3
y
B a a = +

(1)

Then

20 20
0
9 3
y
dB
a
da
= =

or 3.00 ft a = W

( ) Eq. (1) b

( ) ( )
2 10 20
3.00 3.00 160
9 3
y
B = +

150 lb =

150.0 lb = B

W

and

0: 0
x x
F A = =

( ) ( ) 0: 60 3.00 lb 240 20 3.00 lb 150 lb 0
y y
F A ( ( = + =

or

210 lb
y
A =

210 lb = A

W

PROBLEM 5.71
Determine the reactions at the beam supports for the given loading when
0
1.5 kN/m. w =

SOLUTION

( )( )
I
1
Have 9 m 2 kN/m 9 kN
2
R = =

( )( )
II
9 m 1.5 kN/m 13.5 kN R = =

Then

0: 0
x x
F C = =

( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) 0: 50 kN m 1m 9 kN 2.5 m 13.5 kN 6 m 0
B y
M C = + =

or

15.4583 kN
y
C =

15.46 kN = C

W

0: 9 kN 13.5 kN 15.4583 0
y y
F B = + =

or

7.0417 kN
y
B =

7.04 kN = B

W

PROBLEM 5.72
Determine (a) the distributed load
0
w at the end D of the beam ABCD
for which the reaction at B is zero, (b) the corresponding reactions at C.

SOLUTION

( ) ( ) ( )
I 0 0
1
Have 9 m 3.5 kN/m 4.5 3.5 kN
2
R w w ( = =

( )( )
II 0 0
9 m kN/m 9 kN R w w = =

( ) Then a

( ) ( ) ( )( )
0 0
0: 50 kN m 5 m 4.5 3.5 kN 3.5 m 9 kN 0
C
M w w ( = + + =

or

0
9 28.75 0 w + =

so

0
3.1944 kN/m w =

0
3.19 kN/m w =

W

Note: the negative sign means that the distributed force
0
w is upward.
( ) b

0: 0
x x
F C = =

( ) ( ) 0: 4.5 3.5 3.19 kN 9 3.19 kN 0
y y
F C = + + + =

or

1.375 kN
y
C =

1.375 kN = C

W

PROBLEM 5.73
A grade beam AB supports three concentrated loads and rests on soil and
the top of a large rock. The soil exerts an upward distributed load, and
the rock exerts a concentrated load R
R
as shown. Knowing that P = 4 kN
and
1
2
,
B A
w w = determine the values of w
A
and R
R
corresponding to
equilibrium.

SOLUTION

( )( )
I
Have 1.2 m kN/m 1.2 kN
A A
R w w = =

( )
II
1 1
1.8 m kN/m 0.45 kN
2 2
A A
R w w
| |
= =
|
\ .

( )
III
1
1.8 m kN/m 0.9 kN
2
A A
R w w
| |
= =
|
\ .

Then

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0: 0.6 m 1.2 kN 0.6 m 0.45 kN/m
C A A
M w w ( ( = +

( ) ( ) ( )( ) 0.9 m 0.9 kN/m 1.2 m 4 kN/m
A
w ( +

( )( ) ( )( ) 0.8 m 18 kN/m 0.7 m 24 kN/m 0 + =

or

6.667 kN/m
A
w =

6.67 kN/m
A
w = W

and

( )( ) ( )( ) 0: 1.2 m 6.67 kN/m 0.45 m 6.67 kN/m
y R
F R = + +

( )( ) 0.9 m 6.67 kN/m 24 kN 18 kN 4 kN +

or

29.0 kN
R
R =

29.0 kN
R
R = W

PROBLEM 5.74
A grade beam AB supports three concentrated loads and rests on soil and
the top of a large rock. The soil exerts an upward distributed load, and
the rock exerts a concentrated load R
R
as shown. Knowing that w
B
=
0.4w
A
, determine (a) the largest value of P for which the beam is in
equilibrium, (b) the corresponding value of w
A
.
In the following problems, use = 62.4 lb/ft
3
for the specific weight of
fresh water and
c
= 150 lb/ft
3
for the specific weight of concrete if U.S.
customary units are used. With SI units, use = 10
3
kg/m
3
for the
density of fresh water and
c
= 2.40 10
3
kg/m
3
for the density of
concrete. (See the footnote on page 222 for how to determine the specific
weight of a material given its density.)
j
SOLUTION

( )( )
I
Have 1.2 m kN/m 1.2 kN
A A
R w w = =

( )( )
II
1
1.8 m 0.6 kN/m 0.54 kN
2
A A
R w w = =

( )( )
III
1.8 m 0.4 kN/m 0.72 kN
A A
R w w = =

( ) Then a

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0: 0.6 m 1.2 kN 1.2 m 1.8 m 0.54 kN
A A R A
M w R w ( ( = + +

( ) ( ) ( )( ) 2.1m 0.72 kN 0.5 m 24 kN
A
w ( +

( )( ) ( ) 2.0 m 18 kN 2.4 m 0 P + =

or

3.204 1.2 2.4 48
A R
w R P + =

(1)

and

0: 1.2 0.54 0.72 24 18 0
y R A A A
F R W W W P = + + + =

or

2.46 42
R A
R W P + =

(2)

Now combine Eqs. (1) and (2) to eliminate :
A
w
( ) ( ) 3.204 Eq. 2 2.46 Eq. 1 0.252 16.488 2.7
R
R P =

Since
R
R must be 0, the maximum acceptable value of P is that for which 0, R =

or

6.1067 kN P =

6.11kN P = W

( ) Then, from Eq. (2): b

2.46 6.1067 42
A
W =

or 19.56 kN/m
A
W = W

PROBLEM 5.75
The cross section of a concrete dam is as shown. For a dam section of
unit width, determine (a) the reaction forces exerted by the ground on the
base AB of the dam, (b) the point of application of the resultant of the
reaction forces of part a, (c) the resultant of the pressure forces exerted
by the water on the face BC of the dam.
In the following problems, use = 62.4 lb/ft
3
for the specific weight of
fresh water and
c
= 150 lb/ft
3
for the specific weight of concrete if U.S.
customary units are used. With SI units, use = 10
3
kg/m
3
for the
density of fresh water and
c
= 2.40 10
3
kg/m
3
for the density of
concrete. (See the footnote on page 222 for how to determine the specific
weight of a material given its density.)

SOLUTION

The free body shown consists of a 1-m thick section of the dam and the
triangular section BCD of the water behind the dam.
Note:

1
6 m X =

( )
2
9 3 m 12 m X = + =

( )
3
15 2 m 17 m X = + =

( )
4
15 4 m 19 m X = + =

( ) Now so that a W gV =

( )( )
( )( )( )
3 2
1
1
2400 kg/m 9.81m/s 9 m 15 m 1m 1589 kN
2
W
(
= =
(

( )( )
( )( )( )
3 2
2
2400 kg/m 9.81m/s 6 m 18 m 1m 2543 kN W ( = =

( )( )
( )( )( )
3 2
3
1
2400 kg/m 9.81m/s 6 m 18 m 1m 1271kN
2
W
(
= =
(

( )( )
( )( )( )
3 2
4
1
2400 kg/m 9.81m/s 6 m 18 m 1m 529.7 kN
2
W
(
= =
(

( )( )
( )( )
( )
3 3 2
1 1
Also 18 m 1m 10 kg/m 9.81m/s 18 m
2 2
P Ap
(
( = =

1589 kN =

Then

0: 1589 kN 0
x
F H = =

or

1589 kN H =

1589 kN = H

W

0: 1589 kN 2543 kN 1271kN 529.7 kN
y
F V =

or

5933 kN V =

5.93 MN = V

W

( ) Have b

( ) ( )( ) 0: 5933 kN 6 m 1589 kN
A
M X = +

( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
6 m 1589 kN 12 m 2543 kN
17 m 1271kN 19 m 529.7 0

=

or

10.48 m X =

10.48 m X = W

to the right of A
(c) Consider water section BCD as the free body.

Have 0 = F

Then 1675 kN = R

18.43

or 1675 kN = R

18.43 W

Alternative solution to part (c)
Consider the face BC of the dam.
2 2
Have 6 18 18.9737 m BC = + =

6
tan 18.43
18
= =

( )
( )( )
( )
3 2
2
and 1000 kg/m 9.81m/s 18 m
176.6 kN/m
p g h = =
=

( )( )
( )
2
1 1
Then 18.97 m 1m 176.6 kN/m
2 2
1675 kN
R Ap ( = =

=

1675 kN = R

18.43

PROBLEM 5.76
The cross section of a concrete dam is as shown. For a dam section of
unit width, determine (a) the reaction forces exerted by the ground on the
base AB of the dam, (b) the point of application of the resultant of the
reaction forces of part a, (c) the resultant of the pressure forces exerted
by the water on the face BC of the dam.

SOLUTION

The free body shown consists of a 1-ft thick section of the dam and the parabolic section of water above (and
behind) the dam.
Note

( )
1
5
16 ft 10 ft
8
x = =

( )
2
1
16 6 ft 19 ft
2
x
(
= + =
(

( )
3
1
22 12 ft 25 ft
4
x
(
= + =
(

( )
4
5
22 12 ft 29.5 ft
8
x
(
= + =
(

Now

W V =

( )
( )( ) ( )
3
1
2
150 lb/ft 16 ft 24 ft 1ft 38, 400 lb
3
W
(
= =
(

( )
( )( ) ( )
3
2
150 lb/ft 6 ft 24 ft 1ft 21, 600 lb W ( = =

( )
( )( ) ( )
3
3
1
150 lb/ft 12 ft 18 ft 1ft 10,800 lb
3
W
(
= =
(

( )
( )( ) ( )
3
4
2
62.4 lb/ft 12 ft 18 ft 1ft 8985.6 lb
3
W
(
= =
(

( )
( )
2 3
1 1
Also 18 1 ft 62.4 lb/ft 18 ft 10,108.8 lb
2 2
P Ap
(
= = =

( ) Then a

0: 10,108.8 lb 0
x
F H = =

or 10.11kips = H

W

0: 38, 400 lb 21, 600 lb 10,800 lb 8995.6 lb 0
y
F V = =

or

79, 785.6 V =

79.8 kips = V

W

( ) b

( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0: 79, 785.6 lb 6 ft 38, 400 lb 19 ft 21, 600 lb 25 ft 10,800 lb
A
M X =

( )( ) ( )( ) 29.5 ft 8985.6 lb 6 ft 10,108.8 lb 0 + =

or

15.90 ft X =

The point of application of the resultant is 15.90 ft to the right of A W
(c) Consider the water section BCD as the free body.

Have 0 = F

13.53 kips
41.6
R
=
=

On the face BD of the dam

13.53 kips = R

41.6 W

PROBLEM 5.77
The 9 12-ft side AB of a tank is hinged at its bottom A and is held in
place by a thin rod BC. The maximum tensile force the rod can withstand
without breaking is 40 kips, and the design specifications require the
force in the rod not exceed 20 percent of this value. If the tank is slowly
filled with water, determine the maximum allowable depth of water d in
the tank.

SOLUTION

Consider the free-body diagram of the side.
( )
1 1
Have
2 2
P Ap A d = =

Now

( ) 0: 9 ft 0
3
A
d
M T P = =

max
Then, for : d

( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
( )
3 3 max
max max
1
9 ft 0.2 40 10 lb 12 ft 62.4 lb/ft 0
3 2
d
d d

(
( =
`

)

or

3 3 3
max
216 10 ft 374.4 d =

or

3 3
max
576.92 ft d =

max
8.32 ft d = W

PROBLEM 5.78
The 9 12-ft side of an open tank is hinged at its bottom A and is held
in place by a thin rod. The tank is filled with glycerine, whose specific
weight is
3
80 lb/ft . Determine the force T in the rod and the reactions at
the hinge after the tank is filled to a depth of 8 ft.

SOLUTION

Consider the free-body diagram of the side.
( )
1 1
Have
2 2
P Ap A d = =

( )( )
( )
( )
3
1
8 ft 12 ft 80 lb/ft 8 ft 30, 720 lb
2
( = =

Then

0: 0
y y
F A = =

( ) ( )
8
0: 9 ft ft 30, 720 lb 0
3
A
M T
| |
= =
|
\ .

or

9102.22 lb T =

9.10 kips = T

W

0: 30, 720 lb 9102.22 lb 0
x x
F A = + =

or

21, 618 lb A =

21.6 kips = A

W

PROBLEM 5.79
The friction force between a 2 2-m square sluice gate AB and its
guides is equal to 10 percent of the resultant of the pressure forces
exerted by the water on the face of the gate. Determine the initial force
needed to lift the gate that its mass is 500 kg.

SOLUTION

Consider the free-body diagram of the gate.
( )
( )( )
( )
2 3 3 2
I I
1 1
Now 2 2 m 10 kg/m 9.81m/s 3 m
2 2
P Ap
(
(
= =

58.86 kN =

( )
( )( )
( )
2 3 3 2
II II
1 1
2 2 m 10 kg/m 9.81m/s 5 m
2 2
P Ap
(
(
= =

98.10 kN =

( )
I II
Then 0.1 0.1 F P P P = = +

( ) 0.1 58.86 98.10 kN = +

15.696 kN =

Finally

( )
( )
2
0: 15.696 kN 500 kg 9.81m/s 0
y
F T = =

or 20.6 kN = T

W

PROBLEM 5.80
The dam for a lake is designed to withstand the additional force caused
by silt which has settled on the lake bottom. Assuming that silt is
equivalent to a liquid of density
3 3
1.76 10 kg/m
s
= and considering
a 1-m-wide section of dam, determine the percentage increase in the
force acting on the dam face for a silt accumulation of depth 1.5 m.

SOLUTION

First, determine the force on the dam face without the silt.
Have

( )
1 1
2 2
w w
P Ap A gh = =

( )( )
( )( )
( )
3 3 2
1
6 m 1 m 10 kg/m 9.81m/s 6 m
2
(
( =

176.58 kN =

Next, determine the force on the dam face with silt.
( )( )
( )( )
( )
3 3 2
1
Have 4.5 m 1m 10 kg/m 9.81m/s 4.5 m
2
w
P
(
( =

99.326 kN =

( ) ( )( )
( )( )
( )
3 3 2
I
1.5 m 1m 10 kg/m 9.81m/s 4.5 m
s
P
(
( =

66.218 kN =

( ) ( )( )
( )( )
( )
3 3 2
II
1
1.5 m 1m 1.76 10 kg/m 9.81m/s 1.5 m
2
s
P
(
( =

19.424 kN =

Then
( ) ( )
I II
184.97 kN
w s s
P P P P = + + =

The percentage increase, % inc., is then given by
( ) 184.97 176.58
% inc. 100% 100% 4.7503%
176.58
w
w
P P
P

= = =

%inc. 4.75% = W

PROBLEM 5.81
The base of a dam for a lake is designed to resist up to 150 percent of the
horizontal force of the water. After construction, it is found that silt
(which is equivalent to a liquid of density
3 3
1.76 10 kg/m
s
= ) is
settling on the lake bottom at a rate of 20 mm/y. Considering a 1-m-wide
section of dam, determine the number of years until the dam becomes
unsafe.

SOLUTION
From Problem 5.80, the force on the dam face before the silt is deposited, is 176.58 kN.
w
P = The maximum
allowable force
allow
P on the dam is then:
( )( )
allow
1.5 1.5 176.58 kN 264.87 kN
w
P P = = =
Next determine the force P on the dam face after a depth d of silt has settled.

Have

( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
3 3 2
1
6 m 1m 10 kg/m 9.81m/s 6 m
2
w
P d d
(
( =

( )
2
4.905 6 kN d =

( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
3 3 2
I
1m 10 kg/m 9.81m/s 6 m
s
P d d
(
( =

( )
2
9.81 6 kN d d =

( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
3 3 2
II
1
1m 1.76 10 kg/m 9.81m/s m
2
s
P d d
(
( =

2
8.6328 kN d =

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
I II
2
4.905 36 12 9.81 6 8.6328 kN
3.7278 176.58 kN
w s s
P P P P d d d d d
d
(
= + + = + + +

(
= +

Now required that
allow
P P = to determine the maximum value of d.
( )
2
3.7278 176.58 kN 264.87 kN d + =

or

4.8667 m d =

Finally

3
m
4.8667 m 20 10
year
N
=

or 243 years N = W

PROBLEM 5.82
The square gate AB is held in the position shown by hinges along its top
edge A and by a shear pin at B. For a depth of water 3.5 d = m,
determine the force exerted on the gate by the shear pin.

SOLUTION

First consider the force of the water on the gate.
Have

( )
1 1
2 2
P Ap A gh = =

Then

( )
( )( )
( )
2
3 3 2
I
1
18 m 10 kg/m 9.81m/s 1.7 m
2
P =

26.99 kN =

( )
( )( )
( )
2
3 3 2
II
1
18 m 10 kg/m 9.81m/s 1.7 1.8cos30 m
2
P =

51.74 kN =

Now

( ) ( )
I II
1 2
0: 0
3 3
A AB AB AB B
M L P L P L F = + =

( ) ( )
1 2
or 26.99 kN 51.74 kN 0
3 3
B
F + =

or
43.49 kN
B
F =

4.35 kN
B
= F

30.0 W

PROBLEMS 5.83 AND 5.84
Problem 5.83: A temporary dam is constructed in a 5-ft-wide fresh
water channel by nailing two boards to pilings located at the sides of the
channel and propping a third board AB against the pilings and the floor of
the channel. Neglecting friction, determine the reactions at A and B when
rope BC is slack.
Problem 5.84: A temporary dam is constructed in a 5-ft-wide fresh
water channel by nailing two boards to pilings located at the sides of the
channel and propping a third board AB against the pilings and the floor of
the channel. Neglecting friction, determine the magnitude and direction
of the minimum tension required in rope BC to move board AB.

SOLUTION

First, consider the force of the water on the gate.
Have

( )
1 1
2 2
P Ap A h = =

( )( )
( )
( )
3
I
1
So that 1.5 ft 5 ft 62.4 lb/ft 1.8 ft
2
P
(
( =

421.2 lb =

( )( )
( )
( )
3
II
1
1.5 ft 5 ft 62.4 lb/ft 3 ft
2
P
(
( =

702 lb =

5.83 Find the reactions at A and B when rope is slack.

( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0: 0.9 ft 0.5 ft 421.2 lb 1.0 ft 702 lb 0
A
M B = + + =

or

1014 lb B =

1014 lb = B

W

( ) ( )
4 4
0: 2 421.2 lb 702 lb 0
5 5
x x
F A = + + =

or

449.28 lb
x
A =

Note that the factor 2 (2 )
x
A is included since
x
A is the horizontal force
exerted by the board on each piling.

( ) ( )
3 3
0: 1014 lb 421.2 lb 702 lb 0
5 5
y y
F A = + =

or

340.08 lb
y
A =

563 lb = A

37.1 W

PROBLEMS 5.83 AND 5.84 CONTINUED
5.84 Note that there are two ways to move the board:
1. Pull upward on the rope fastened at B so that the board
rotates about A. For this case 0 B and
BC
T is
perpendicular to AB for minimum tension.
2. Pull horizontally at B so that the edge B of the board moves
to the left. For this case 0
y
A and the board remains
against the pilings because of the force of the water.

Case (1)

( )( ) 0: 1.5 0.5 ft 421.2 lb
A BC
M T = +

( )( ) 1.0 ft 702 lb 0 + =

or

608.4 lb
BC
T =

Case (2)

( )( ) ( )( ) 0: 1.2 ft 2 0.5 ft 702 lb
B x
M A =

( )( ) 1.0 ft 421.2 lb 0 =

or

2 643.5 lb
x
A =

( )
4
0: 643.5 lb 421.2 lb
5
x BC
F T = +

( )
4
702 lb 0
5
+ =

or

255.06 lb
BC
T =

( )
min
255 lb
BC
= T

W

Problem 5.85: A 2 3-m gate is hinged at A and is held in position by
rod CD. End D rests against a spring whose constant is 12 kN/m. The
spring is undeformed when the gate is vertical. Assuming that the force
exerted by rod CD on the gate remains horizontal, determine the
minimum depth of water d for which the bottom B of the gate will move
to the end of the cylindrical portion of the floor.
Problem 5.86: Solve Problem 5.85 if the mass of the gate is 500 kg.

SOLUTION

First, determine the forces exerted on the gate by the spring and the
water when B is at the end of the cylindrical portion of the floor.
Have

1
sin 30
2
= =

Then

( ) 1.5 m tan30
sp
x =

and

sp sp
F kx =

( )( ) 12 kN/m 1.5 m tan30 =

10.39 kN =

Assume 2 m d

Have

( )
1 1
2 2
P Ap A g h = =

Then

( )( )
( )( )
( )
3 3 2
I
1
2 m 3 m 10 kg/m 9.81m/s 2 m
2
P d
(
( =

( ) 29.43 2 kN d =

( )( )
( )( )
( )
3 3 2
II
1
2 m 3 m 10 kg/m 9.81m/s 2 2cos30 m
2
P d
(
( = +

( ) 29.43 0.2679 kN d =

5.85 Find
min
d so that gate opens, 0. W =
Using the above free-body diagrams of the gate, we have

( )
2
0: m 29.43 2 kN
3
A
M d
| |
( =
|
\ .

( )
4
m 29.43 0.2679 kN
3
d
| |
( +
|
\ .

( )( ) 1.5 m 10.39 kN 0 =

or

( ) ( ) 19.62 2 39.24 0.2679 15.585 d d + =

58.86 65.3374 d =

or 1.1105 m d = 1.110 m d = W
5.86 Find
min
d so that the gate opens.
( )
( )
2
9.81m/s 500 kg 4.905 kN W = =
Using the above free-body diagrams of the gate, we have

( )
2
0: m 29.43 2 kN
3
A
M d
| |
( =
|
\ .

( )
4
m 29.43 0.2679 kN
3
d
| |
( +
|
\ .

( )( ) 1.5 m 10.39 kN +

( )( ) 0.5 m 4.905 kN 0 =

or

( ) ( ) 19.62 2 39.24 0.2679 18.0375 d d + =

or

1.15171m d =

1.152 m d = W

Problem 5.87: The gate at the end of a 3-ft-wide fresh water channel is
fabricated from three 240-lb, rectangular steel plates. The gate is hinged
at A and rests against a frictionless support at D. Knowing that d = 2.5 ft,
determine the reactions at A and D.
Problem 5.88: The gate at the end of a 3-ft-wide fresh water channel is
fabricated from three 240-lb, rectangular steel plates. The gate is hinged
at A and rests against a frictionless support at D. Determine the depth of
water d for which the gate will open.

SOLUTION

5.87 Note that in addition to the weights of the gate segments, the water exerts pressure on all submerged
surfaces ( ). p h =
( )
( )
3 2
0.5
Thus, at 0.5 ft, 62.4 lb/ft 0.5 ft 31.2 lb/ft h p = = =

( )
( )
3 2
2.5
2.5 ft, 6.24 lb/ft 2.5 ft 156.0 lb/ft h p = = =

( )( )
( )
2
1
1
Then 0.5 ft 3 ft 31.2 lb/ft 23.4 lb
2
P ( = =

( )( )
( )
2
2
2 ft 3 ft 31.2 lb/ft 187.2 lb P ( = =

( )( )
( )
2
3
1
2 ft 3 ft 31.2 lb/ft 93.6 lb
2
P ( = =

( )( )
( )
2
4
1
2 ft 3 ft 156 lb/ft 468 lb
2
P ( = =

and

( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
1
0: 4 2 ft 240 lb 1ft 240 lb 2 0.5 ft 23.4 lb 1ft 187.2 lb
3
A
M D
( | |
= + + +
| (
\ .

( )( ) ( )( )
2 1
2 ft 93.6 lb 2 ft 468 lb 0
3 3
=

or

11.325 lb D =

11.33 lb = D

W

0: 11.32 23.4 93.6 468 0
x x
F A = + + + + =

or

596.32 lb
x
A =

0: 240 240 240 187.2 0
y y
F A = + =

or

532.8 lb
y
A =

800 lb = A

41.8 W

5.88

At

( ) ( )
2 3
2
2 ft, 2 lb/ft where 62.4 lb/ft
d
h d p d
= = =

( )
2
ft, lb/ft
d
h d p d = =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3
1 1 2
1 1 3
Then 2 ft 3 ft lb/ft 2 ft 2 lb
2 2 2
d
P A p d d d
(
( = = =

(Note: For simplicity, the numerical value of the density will be substituted into the equilibrium equations
below, rather than at this level of the calculations.)
( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 ft 3 ft 2 ft 6 2 lb
d
P A p d d
( ( = = =

( )( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 2
1 1
2 ft 3 ft 2 ft 3 2 lb
2 2
d
P A p d d
( ( = = =

( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 4
1 1
2 ft 3 ft ft 3 lb 3 2 6 lb
2 2
d
P A p d d d ( ( = = = = +

As the gate begins to open, 0 D

( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 3
0: 2 ft 240 lb 1ft 240 lb 2 ft 2 ft 2 lb
3 2
A
M d d
( (
= + + +
( (

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1ft 6 2 lb 2 ft 3 2 lb
3
d d
(
( (
(

( ) ( )
1
2 ft 3 2 lb 6 lb 0
3
d
(
( + =
(

( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 1 720
or 2 3 2 12 2 4
2
d d d
+ + =

720
4
62.4
=

7.53846 =

Solving numerically yields

2.55 ft d = W

PROBLEM 5.89
A rain gutter is supported from the roof of a house by hangers that are
spaced 0.6 m apart. After leaves clog the gutters drain, the gutter slowly
fills with rainwater. When the gutter is completely filled with water,
determine (a) the resultant of the pressure force exerted by the water on
the 0.6-m section of the curved surface of the gutter, (b) the force-couple
system exerted on a hanger where it is attached to the gutter.

SOLUTION

(a) Consider a 0.6 m long parabolic section of water.

Then

( )
1 1
2 2
P Ap A gh = =

( )( )
( )( )
( )
3 3 2
1
0.08 m 0.6 m 10 kg/m 9.81m/s 0.08 m
2
(
=

18.84 N =

w
W gV =

( )( )
( )( )( )
3 3 2
2
10 kg/m 9.81m/s 0.12 m 0.08 m 0.6 m
3
(
=
(

37.67 N =

Now

( ) 0: 0
w
= + + = F R P W

2 2
So that , tan
w
w
W
R P W
P
= + =

42.12 N, 63.4 = =

42.1 N = R

63.4 W

(b) Consider the free-body diagram of a 0.6 m long section of water and
gutter.

Then

0: 0
x x
F B = =

0: 37.67 N 0
y y
F B = =

or

37.67 N
y
B =

( ) ( ) 0: 0.06 0.048 m 37.67 N 0
B B
M M ( = + =

or

0.4520 N m
B
M =

The force-couple system exerted on the hanger is then

37.7 N , 0.452 N m

W

PROBLEM 5.90
The composite body shown is formed by removing a hemisphere of
radius r from a cylinder of radius R and height 2R. Determine (a) the
y coordinate of the centroid when r = 3R/4, (b) the ratio r/R for which
1.2 . y R =

SOLUTION

Note, for the axes shown
V y yV
1
( )( )
2 3
2 2 R R R = R
4
2 R
2
3
2
3
r

3
8
r

4
1
4
r

3
3
2
3
r
R
| |
|
|
\ .

4
4
2
8
r
R
| |

|
|
\ .

Then
4 4
3 3
1
8
1
3
R r
yV
Y
V
R r
= =

4
3
1
1
8
1
1
3
r
R
r
R
| |
|
\ .
=
| |
|
\ .

( ) a

4
3
1 3
1
3 4 3
:
4
1 3
1
3 4
r R y R
| |
|
\ .
= =
| |
|
\ .

or 1.118 y R = W

( ) b

4
3
1
1
8
1.2 : 1.2
1
1
3
r
R
y R R R
r
R
| |
|
\ .
= =
| |
|
\ .

or

4 3
3.2 1.6 0
r r
R R
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .

Solving numerically

0.884
r
R
= W

PROBLEM 5.91
Determine the y coordinate of the centroid of the body shown.

SOLUTION
First note that the values of Y will be the same for the given body and the body shown below. Then

V

y

yV

Cone
2
1
3
a h

1
4
h

2 2
1
12
a h

Cylinder
2
2
1
2 4
a
b a b
| |
=
|
\ .

1
2
b

2 2
1
8
a b

( )
2
4 3
12
a h b

( )
2 2 2
2 3
24
a h b

Have Y V yV =

( )
( )
2 2 2 2
Then 4 3 2 3
12 24
Y a h b a h b
(
=
(

( )
2 2
2 3
or
2 4 3
h b
Y
h b
W

PROBLEM 5.92
Determine the z coordinate of the centroid of the body shown. (Hint:
Use the result of Sample Problem 5.13.)

SOLUTION
First note that the body can be formed by removing a half-cylinder from a half-cone, as shown.

V

z

zV

Half-Cone
2
1
6
a h

*
a

3
1
6
a h

Half-Cylinder
2
2
2 2 8
a
b a b
| |
=
|
\ .

4 2
3 2 3
a a

| |
=
|
\ .

3
1
12
a b

( )
2
4 3
24
a h b

( )
3
1
2
12
a h b

From Sample Problem 5.13
Have Z V zV =

( ) ( )
2 3
1
Then 4 3 2
24 12
Z a h b a h b
(
=
(

2 2
or
4 3
a h b
Z
h b

=
W

PROBLEM 5.93
Consider the composite body shown. Determine (a) the value of x when
/2 h L = , (b) the ratio / h L for which x L = .

SOLUTION
V

x

xV

Rectangular prism Lab
1
2
L

2
1
2
L ab

Pyramid
1
3 2
b
a h
| |
|
\ .

1
4
L h +

1 1
6 4
abh L h
| |
+
|
\ .

2
1 1 1
Then 3
6 6 4
V ab L h xV ab L h L h
( | | | |
= + = + +
| | (
\ . \ .

Now so that X V xV =

2 2
1 1 1
3
6 6 4
X ab L h ab L hL h
( | | | |
+ = + +
| | (
\ . \ .

or

2
2
1 1 1
1 3
6 6 4
h h h
X L
L L L
| |
| |
+ = + +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

(1)

1
( ) ? when
2
a X h L = =

1
Substituting into Eq. (1)
2
h
L
=

2
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 3
6 2 6 2 4 2
X L
(
( | | | | | |
+ = + + (
| | | (
\ . \ . \ . (

or

57
104
X L =

0.548 X L = W

( ) ? when
h
b X L
L
= =


2
2
1 1 1
1 3
6 6 4
h h h
L L
L L L
| |
| |
+ = + +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

or

2
2
1 1 1 1
1
6 2 6 24
h h h
L L L
+ = + +

or

2
2
12
h
L
=

2 3
h
L
= W

Problem 5.94: For the machine element shown, determine the
x coordinate of the center of gravity.
Problem 5.95: For the machine element shown, determine the
y coordinate of the center of gravity.

SOLUTIONS
First, assume that the machine element is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the
centroid of the corresponding volume.

3
, in V

, in. x

, in. y

4
, in xV

4
, in yV

I
(4)(3.6)(0.75) 10.8 =

2.0 0.375 21.6 4.05
II
(2.4)(2.0)(0.6) 2.88 =

3.7 1.95 10.656 5.616
III
2
(0.45) (0.4) 0.2545 =

4.2 2.15 1.0688 0.54711
IV
2
(0.5) (0.75) 0.5890 =

1.2 0.375 0.7068

0.22089

13.3454 32.618

9.9922
5.94
Have

X V xV =

( )
3 4
13.3454 in 32.618 in X =

or 2.44 in. X = W

5.95
Have

Y V yV =

( )
3 4
13.3454 in 9.9922 in Y =

or 0.749 in. Y = W

Problem 5.96: For the machine element shown, locate the x coordinate
of the center of gravity.
Problem 5.97: For the machine element shown, locate the y coordinate
of the center of gravity.

SOLUTIONS
First, assume that the machine element is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the
centroid of the corresponding volume.

3
, mm V

, mm x

, mm y

4
, mm xV

4
, mm yV

1 ( )( )( ) 160 54 18 155 520 =

80

9 12 441 600

1 399 680

2 ( )( )( )
1
120 42 54 136 080
2
=

40

32

5 443 200

4 354 560

3
2
(27) (18) 6561
2
=

36
160
+

9 3 534 114

185 508

4
2
(16) (18) 4608 =

160 9 2 316 233

130 288

297 736

19 102 681

5 809 460

5.96

( )
3 4
Have
297 736 mm 19 102 681mm
X V xV
X
=
=

or 64.2 mm X = W

5.97
( )
3 4
Have
297 736 mm 5 809 460 mm
Y V yV
Y
=
=

or 19.51mm Y = W

Problem 5.98: For the stop bracket shown, locate the x coordinate of the
center of gravity.
Problem 5.99: For the stop bracket shown, locate the z coordinate of the
center of gravity.

SOLUTIONS
First, assume that the bracket is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the centroid of the
corresponding volume.

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
II
III
III
IV
IV
1
Have.. 24 mm 90 86 mm 112 mm
2
1
24 mm 102 mm 58 mm
3
1
68 mm 20 mm 78 mm
2
2
110 mm 90 mm 170 mm
3
2
60 mm 132 mm 156 mm
3
Z
Z
X
Z
X
= + + =
= + =
= + =
= + =
= + =

3
, mm V

, mm x

, mm z

4
, mm xV

4
, mm zV

I ( )( )( ) 200 176 24 844 800 =

100 12 84 480 000 1 013 760
II ( )( )( ) 200 24 176 844 800 =

100 112 84 480 000 94 617 600
III ( )( )( )
1
20 124 102 126 480
2
=

78 58 9 865 440 733 840
IV ( )( )( )
1
90 132 24 142 560
2
=

156 170 22 239 360

24 235 200

1 673 520 156 586 080 8 785 584
5.98

Have X V xV =

( )
3 4
1 673 520 mm 156 586 080 mm X =

or 93.6 mm X = W

5.99
Have Z V zV =

( )
3 4
1 673 520 mm 8 785 584 mm Z =

or 52.5 mm Z = W

PROBLEM 5.100
Locate the center of gravity of the sheet-metal form shown.

SOLUTION
First, assume that the sheet metal is homogeneous so that the center of gravity coincides with the centroid of
the corresponding area.

2
, mm A

, mm x

, mm y

, mm z

3
, mm xA

3
, mm yA

3
, mm zA

1
( )( )
1
90 60
2
2700 =

30
120 20
140
+
=

0 81 000 378 000 0
2
( )( ) 90 200
18 000 =

45 60 80 810 000 1 080 000 1 440 000
3
( )( ) 45 100
4500
=

22.5 30 120 101 250

135 000

540 000

4
( )
2
45
2
1012.5
=

45 0
( )( ) 4 45
160
3
179.1
+
=

143 139 0 569 688

19 380.9 932 889 1 323 000 1 469 688
( )
2 3
Have :
19 380.9 mm 932 889 mm
or 48.1mm
X A xA
X
=
=
=

48.1mm X = W

( )
2 3

19 380.9 mm 1 323 000 mm
or 68.3 mm
Y A yA
Y
Y
=
=
=

68.3 mm Y = W

( )
2 3

19 380.9 mm 1 469 688 mm
or 75.8 mm
Z A zA
Z
Z
=
=
=

75.8 mm Z = W

PROBLEM 5.101
A mounting bracket for electronic components is formed from sheet
metal of uniform thickness. Locate the center of gravity of the bracket.

SOLUTION
First, assume that the sheet metal is homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the bracket coincides with
the centroid of the corresponding area. Then (see diagram)

( )
( )
V
2
V
2
4 6.25
22.5
3
19.85 mm
6.25
2
61.36 mm
z
A
=
=
=
=

2
, mm A

, mm x

, mm y

, mm z

3
, mm xA

3
, mm yA

3
, mm zA

I

( ) ( ) 25 60 1500 =

12.5 0 30 18 750 0 45 000
II

( )( ) 12.5 60 750 =

25 6.25

30 18 750 4687.5

22 500
III

( )( ) 7.5 60 450 =

28.75 12.5

30 12 937.5 5625

13 500

IV ( )( ) 12.5 30 375 =

10 0 37.5 3750

0 14 062.5

V 61.36

10 0 19.85 613.6

0 1218.0

2263.64 46 074 10 313

65 720

Have X A xA =

( )
2 3
2263.64 mm 46 074 mm X =

or 20.4 mm X = W

( )
2 3

2263.64 mm 10 313 mm
Y A yA
Y
=
=

or 4.55 mm Y = W

Z A zA =

( )
2 3
2263.64 mm 65 720 mm Z =

or 29.0 mm Z = W

PROBLEM 5.102

SOLUTION
First, assume that the sheet metal is homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the form coincides with the
centroid of the corresponding area.

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
I
I
II II
IV
4
6 7.333 in.
3
1
6 2 in.
3
1
2 6 3.8197 in.
1
11 4 1.5 10.363 in.
3
y
z
x y
x
= + =
= =
= = =
= =

2
, in A

, in. x

, in. y

, in. z

3
, in x A

3
, in y A

3
, in z A

I 12 0 7.333 2 0 88 24
II 56.55 3.8197 3.8197 3 216 216 169.65
III 30 8.5 0 3 255 0 90
IV 3.534

10.363 0 3 36.62

0 10.603

95.01

434.4 304 273.0

( )
2 3
Have
95.01in 434 in
X A xA
X
=
=

or 4.57 in. X = W

Y A yA =

( )
2 3
95.01in 304.0 in Y =

or 3.20 in. Y = W

( )
2 3

95.01in 273.0 in
Z A z A
Z
=
=

or 2.87 in. Z = W

PROBLEM 5.103
An enclosure for an electronic device is formed from sheet metal of
uniform thickness. Locate the center of gravity of the enclosure.

SOLUTION
First, assume that the sheet metal is homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the form coincides with the
Consider the division of the back, sides, and top into eight segments according to the sketch.

Note that symmetry implies 6.00 in. Z = W
and

8 2
7 3
6 5
A A
A A
A A
=
=
=

Thus

2
, in A

, in. x

, in. y

3
, in xA

3
, in yA

1 ( )( ) 12 9 108 =

0 4.5 0 486
2 ( )( ) 11.3 9 101.7 =

5.6 4.5 569.5 457.6
3 ( )( )
1
11.3 2.4 13.56
2
=

7.467 9.8 101.25 132.89
4 ( )( ) 12 11.454 137.45 =

5.6 10.2 769.72 1402.0
5 ( )( )
1
1.5 11.454 8.591
2
=

7.467 10.6 64.15 91.06
6 8.591 7.467 10.6 64.15 91.06
7 13.56 7.467 9.8 101.25 132.89
8 101.7 5.6 4.5 569.5 457.6

493.2 2239.5 3251.1

( )
2 3
Have : 493.2 in 2239.5 in X A xA X = =

or 4.54 in. X = W

( )
2 3
: 493.2 in 3251.1in Y A yA Y = =

or 6.59 in. Y = W

PROBLEM 5.104
A 200-mm-diameter cylindrical duct and a 100 200-mm rectangular
duct are to be joined as indicated. Knowing that the ducts are fabricated
from the same sheet metal, which is of uniform thickness, locate the center
of gravity of the assembly.

SOLUTION
First, assume that the sheet metal is homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the duct coincides with the
centroid of the corresponding area. Also note that symmetry implies 0 Z = W

2
, m A

, m x

, m y

3
, m xA

3
, m yA

1 ( )( ) 0.2 0.3 0.1885 =

0 0.15 0 0.028274
2
( )( ) 0.2 0.1 0.0314
2
=

( ) 2 0.1
0.06366
=

0.25 0.02000 0.007854

3 ( )
2
0.1 0.01571
2
=

( ) 4 0.1
0.04244
3
=

0.30 0.000667 0.004712
4 ( )( ) 0.3 0.2 0.060 =

0.15 0.30 0.00900 0.001800
5 ( )( ) 0.3 0.2 0.060 =

0.15 0.20 0.00900 0.001200
6 ( )
2
0.1 0.1571
2
=

( ) 4 0.1
3

0.20 0.000667

0.003142

7 ( )( ) 0.3 0.1 0.030 =

0.15 0.25 0.004500 0.007500
8 ( )( ) 0.3 0.1 0.030 =

0.15 0.25 0.004500 0.007500

0.337080 0.023667 0.066991
Have
2 3
: (0.337080 mm ) 0.023667 mm X A xA X = =
or

0.0702 m X =

70.2 mm X = W

( )
2 3
: 0.337080 mm 0.066991mm Y A yA Y = =

or

0.19874 m Y =

198.7 mm Y = W

PROBLEM 5.105
An elbow for the duct of a ventilating system is made of sheet metal of
uniform thickness. Locate the center of gravity of the elbow.

SOLUTION
First, assume that the sheet metal is homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the duct coincides with the
centroid of the corresponding area. Also, note that the shape of the duct implies 1.5 in. Y = W

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
I I
II
II
IV IV
V
V
2
Note that 16 in. 16 in. 5.81408 in.
2
16 in. 8 in. 10.9070 in.
2
12 in. 8 in. 6.9070 in.
4
16 in. 16 in. 9.2094 in.
3
4
16 in. 8 in. 12.6047 in.
3
4
12 in. 8 in. 8.6047 in.
3
x z
x
z
x z
x
z
= = =
= =
= =
= = =
= =
= =

Also note that the corresponding top and bottom areas will contribute equally when determining and . x z

Thus

2
, in A

, in. x

, in. z

3
, in xA

3
, in zA

I ( )( ) 16 3 75.3982
2
=

5.81408 5.81408 438.37 438.37

II ( )( ) 8 3 37.6991
2
=

10.9070 6.9070 411.18 260.39

III ( ) 4 3 12 =

8 14 96.0 168.0

IV ( )
2
2 16 402.1239
4

=

9.2094 9.2094

3703.32

3703.32

V ( )
2
2 8 100.5309
4

=

12.6047 8.6047 1267.16

865.04

VI ( )( ) 2 4 8 64 =

12 14 768.0

896.0

362.69 2613.71 2809.04
Have
( )
2 3
: 362.69 in 2613.71in X A xA X = =

or 7.21in. X = W

( )
2 3
: 362.69 in 2809.04 in Z A zA Z = =

or 7.74 in. Z = W

PROBLEM 5.106
A window awning is fabricated from sheet metal of uniform thickness.
Locate the center of gravity of the awning.

SOLUTION
First, assume that the sheet metal is homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the awning coincides with
the centroid of the corresponding area.

( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
II VI
II VI
IV
IV
2
2
II VI
2
IV
4 500
80 292.2 mm
3
4 500
212.2 mm
3
2 500
80 398.3 mm
2 500
318.3 mm
500 196 350 mm
4
500 680 534 071mm
2
y y
z z
y
z
A A
A
= = + =
= = =
= + =
= =
= = =
= =

2
, mm A

, mm y

, mm z

3
, mm yA

3
, mm zA

I
(80)(500) 40 000 =

40 250
6
1.6 10
6
10 10

II 196 350 292.2 212.2
6
57.4 10
6
41.67 10

III
(80)(680) 54 400 =

40 500
6
0.2176 10
6
27.2 10

IV 534 071 398.3 318.3
6
212.7 10

6
170 10

V
(80)(500) 40 000 =

40 250
6
1.6 10

6
10 10

VI 196 350 292.2 212.2
6
57.4 10

6
41.67 10

6
1.061 10

6
332.9 10

6
300.5 10

Now, symmetry implies 340 mm X = W
and
( )
6 2 6 3
: 1.061 10 mm 332.9 10 mm Y A yA Y = =

or 314 mm Y = W

( )
6 2 6 3
: 1.061 10 mm 300.5 10 mm Z A zA Z = =

or 283 mm Z = W

PROBLEM 5.107
The thin, plastic front cover of a wall clock is of uniform thickness.
Locate the center of gravity of the cover.

SOLUTION
First, assume that the plastic is homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the cover coincides with the
Next, note that symmetry implies 150.0 mm X =

2
, mm A

, mm y

, mm z

3
, mm y A

3
, mm z

1
( )( ) 300 280
84 000 =

0 140 0 11 760 000
2
( )( ) 280 50
14 000 =

25 140 350 000 1 960 000
3
( )( ) 300 50
15 000 =

25 0 375 000 0
4
( )( ) 280 50
14 000 =

25 140 350 000 1 960 000
5
( )
2
100
31 416

=

0 130 0 4 084 070

6
( )
2
30
4
706.86

=

0
( )( ) 4 30
260 247.29
3
=

0
174 783

7
( )
2
30
4
706.86

=

0
( )( ) 4 30
260 247.29
3
=

0 174 783

94 170 1 075 000 11 246 363

Have
( )
2 3
: 94 170 mm 1 075 000 mm Y A yA Y = =

or 11.42 mm Y = W

( )
2 3
: 94 170 mm 11 246 363 mm Z A zA Z = =

or 119.4 mm Z = W

PROBLEM 5.108
A thin steel wire of uniform cross section is bent into the shape shown,
where arc BC is a quarter circle of radius R. Locate its center of gravity.

SOLUTION
First, assume that the wire is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the centroid of the
corresponding line.

2
, in L

, in. x

, in. y

, in. z

2
, in x L

2
, in y L

2
, in z L

1 15 0 7.5 0 0 112.5 0
2 14 7 0 0 98 0 0
3 13
5
9
12
11.5

=

0 6 149.5 0 78
4
( ) 15
2
23.56
=

3 2 15
5
5.73

=

30
9.549
=

24
7.639
=

135.0 225.0 180.0

65.56 382.5 337.5 258.0

( )
2
Have : 65.56 in. 382.5 in X L x L X = =

or 5.83 in. X = W

( )
2
: 65.56 in. 337.5 in Y L y L Y = =

or 5.15 in. Y = W

( )
2
: 65.56 in. 258.0 in Z L z L Z = =

or 3.94 in. Z = W

PROBLEM 5.109
A thin steel wire of uniform cross section is bent into the shape shown,
where arc BC is a quarter circle of radius R. Locate its center of gravity.

SOLUTION
First, assume that the wire is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the centroid of the
corresponding line

4
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1
2
2 8 16
Have ft
8 3 8.5440 ft
8

4 ft
2
x z
L
L

= = =
= + =
= =

, ft L

, ft x

, ft y

, ft z

2
, ft x L

2
, ft y L

2
, ft z L

1 8.5440 4 1.5 0 34.176 12.816 0
2 4

16

0
16

64.0 0 64.0
3 8 0 0 4 0 0 32
4 3 0 1.5 0 0 4.5 0
32.110 98.176 17.316 96.0

Have ( )
2
: 32.110 ft 98.176 ft X L x L X = = or 3.06 ft X = W

( )
2
: 32.110 ft 17.316 ft Y L y L Y = =

or 0.539 ft Y = W

( )
2
: 32.110 ft 96.0 ft Z L z L Z = =

or 2.99 ft Z = W

PROBLEM 5.110
The frame of a greenhouse is constructed from uniform aluminum
channels. Locate the center of gravity of the portion of the frame shown.

SOLUTION
First, assume that the channels are homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the frame coincides with the
centroid of the corresponding line.

( )( )
( )( )
( )
8 9
8 9
7 8
2 0.9
Note 0.57296 m
2 0.9
1.5 2.073 m
0.9 1.4137 m
2
x x
y y
L L
= = =
= = + =
= = =

, m L

, m x

, m y

, m z

2
, m xL

2
, m yL

2
, m zL

1 0.6 0.9 0 0.3 0.540 0 0.18
2 0.9 0.45 0 0.6 0.4050 0 0.54
3 1.5 0.9 0.75 0 1.350 1.125 0
4 1.5 0.9 0.75 0.6 1.350 1.125 0.9
5 2.4 0 1.2 0.6 0 2.880 1.44
6 0.6 0.9 1.5 0.3 0.540 0.9 0.18
7 0.9 0.45 1.5 0.6 0.4050 1.350 0.54
8 1.4137 0.573 2.073 0 0.8100 2.9306 0
9 1.4137 0.573 2.073 0.6 0.8100 2.9306 0.8482
10 0.6 0 2.4 0.3 0 1.440 0.18

11.827 6.210 14.681 4.8082

( )
2
Have : 11.827 m 6.210 m X L xL X = =

or 0.525 m X = W

( )
2
: 11.827 m 14.681m Y L yL Y = =

or 1.241m Y = W

( )
2
: 11.827 m 4.8082 m Z L zL Z = =

or 0.406 m Z = W

*

PROBLEM 5.111
The decorative metalwork at the entrance of a store is fabricated from
uniform steel structural tubing. Knowing that R = 1.2 m, locate the center
of gravity of the metalwork.

SOLUTION
First, assume that the tubes are homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the metalwork coincides with the
centroid of the corresponding line.

Note that symmetry implies 0 Z = W

, m L

, m x

, m y

2
, m xL

2
, m yL

1 3 ( ) 1.2 cos 45 0.8485 =

1.5 2.5456 4.5
2 3 ( ) 1.2 cos 45 0.8485 =

1.5 2.5456 4.5
3 1.2

0 3.7639 0 14.1897
4 1.2

( )( ) 2 1.2
0.7639
=

3 2.88 11.3097
5 0.6

( )( ) 2 1.2
0.7639
=

3.7639 1.44 7.0949

15.425 9.4112 41.594
( )
2
Have : 15.425 m 9.4112 m X L xL X = = or 0.610 m X = W

( )
2
: 15.425 m 41.594 m Y L yL Y = =

or 2.70 m Y = W

PROBLEM 5.112
A scratch awl has a plastic handle and a steel blade and shank. Knowing
that the specific weight of plastic is
3
0.0374 lb/in and of steel is
3
0.284 lb/in , locate the center of gravity of the awl.

SOLUTION
First, note that symmetry implies 0 Y Z = = W

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
3
3
I I
2
3
II II
2
3
III III
5 2
0.5 in. 0.3125 in., 0.0374 lb/in 0.5 in. 0.009791lb
8 3
1.6 in. 0.5 in. 2.1in. 0.0374 lb/in 0.5 in. 3.2 in. 0.093996 lb
3.7 in. 1in. 2.7 in., 0.0374 lb/in 0.12 in. 2 in. 0.00
4
x W
x W
x W
| |
= = = =
|
\ .
= + = = =
| |
= = = =
|
\ .
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
3
IV IV
2
3
V V
0846 lb
7.3 in. 2.8 in. 4.5 in., 0.284 lb/in 0.12 in. 5.6 in. 0.017987 lb
4
1
7.3 in. 0.4 in. 7.4 in., 0.284 lb/in 0.06 in. 0.4 in. 0.000428 lb
4 3
x W
x W
| |
= = = =
|
\ .
| |
= + = = =
|
\ .

, lb W

, in. x

, in lb xW

I 0.009791 0.3125 0.003060
II 0.093996 2.1 0.197393
III 0.000846

2.7 0.002284

IV 0.017987 4.5 0.080942
V 0.000428 7.4 0.003169

0.12136 0.28228

( ) Have : 0.12136 lb 0.28228 in. lb X W xW X = = or 2.33 in. X = W

PROBLEM 5.113
A bronze bushing is mounted inside a steel sleeve. Knowing that the
density of bronze is
3
8800 kg/m and of steel is
3
7860 kg/m , determine
the center of gravity of the assembly.

SOLUTION
First, note that symmetry implies 0 X Z = = W

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 2 2 2 2
I I
3 2 2 2 2
II II
Now
4 mm, 7860 kg/m 9.81m/s 0.036 0.015 m 0.008 m
4
0.51887 N
18 mm, 7860 kg/m 9.81m/s 0.0225 0.05 m 0.02 m
4

W g V
y W
y W
=

| |
(
= =
`
|

\ . )
=

| |
(
= =
`
|

\ . )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 2 2 2 2
III III
0.34065 N
14 mm, 8800 kg/m 9.81m/s 0.15 0.10 m 0.028 m
4
0.23731 N
y W

=

| |
(
= =
`
|

\ . )
=

Have Y W yW =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4 mm 0.5189 N 18 mm 0.3406 N 14 mm 0.2373 N
0.5189 N 0.3406 N 0.2373 N
Y
+ +
=
+ +

( )
or 10.51mm
above base
Y = W

PROBLEM 5.114
A marker for a garden path consists of a truncated regular pyramid carved
from stone of specific weight 160 lb/ft
3
. The pyramid is mounted on a
steel base of thickness h. Knowing that the specific weight of steel is
490 lb/ft
3
and that steel plate is available in
1
4
in. increments, specify the
minimum thickness h for which the center of gravity of the marker is
approximately 12 in. above the top of the base.

SOLUTION

First, locate the center of gravity of the stone. Assume that the stone is
homogeneous so that the center of gravity coincides with the centroid of
the corresponding volume.
( ) ( )( )( )
( ) ( )( )( )
1 1
3
2 2
3
3 1
Have 56 in. 42 in., 12 in. 12 in. 56 in.
4 3
2688 in
3 1
28 in. 21in., 6 in. 6 in. 28 in.
4 3
366 in
y V
y V
= = =
=
= = =
=

3 3
stone
3
Then 2688 in 366 in
2352 in
V =
=

( )
( )
( )
( )
3 3
3
and
42 in. 2688 in 21in. 366 in
2352 in
45 in.
yV
Y
V
+
=
=

Therefore, the center of gravity of the stone is ( ) 45 28 in. = 17 in.
above the base.
( )( )
( ) ( )( )
( )
3
3 3
stone stone stone
steel steel steel
3
3
1ft
Now 160 lb/ft 2352 in
12 in.
217.78 lb
1ft
490 lb/ft 12 in. 12 in.
12 in.
1b 40.833
W V
W V
h
h
| |
= =
|
\ .
=
=
| |
( =
|

\ .
=

Then
marker
12 in.
yW
Y
W
= =

( )( ) ( )
( )
17 in. 217.78 lb in. 40.833 h lb
2
217.78 40.833 lb
h
h
| |
+
|
\ .
=
+

or
2
24 53.334 0 h h + =
With positive solution 2.0476 in. h =
specify 2 in. h = W

PROBLEM 5.115
The ends of the park bench shown are made of concrete, while the seat
and back are wooden boards. Each piece of wood is 36 120
1180 mm. Knowing that the density of concrete is
3
2320 kg/m and of
wood is
3
470 kg/m , determine the x and y coordinates of the center of
gravity of the bench.

SOLUTION

First, note that we will account for the two concrete ends by counting twice the weights of components 1, 2,
and 3.
( )
( )( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )( )
3 2
1 1
3 2
2 2
3 2
3 3
2320 kg/m 9.81m/s 0.480 m 0.408 m 0.072 m
320.9 N
2320 kg/m 9.81m/s 0.096 m 0.048 m 0.072 m
7.551 N
2320 kg/m 9.81m/s 0.096 m 0.384 m 0.072 m

c
c
c
W g V
W g V
W g V
( = =

=
( = =

=
( = =

( )( )
( )( )( )
4 5 6 7 board
3 2
60.41 N

470 kg/m 9.81m/s 0.120 m 0.036 m 1.180 m

23.504 N
w
W W W W V
=
= = = =
( =

=


( ) Have : 865.06 N 236 590 mm N X W xW X = =

or 274 mm X = W

( ) : 865.06 N 89 671mm N Y W yW Y = =
or 103.6 mm Y = W

, N W

, mm x

, mm y

, mm N x W

, mm N y W

1 ( ) 2 320.4 641.83 =

312 204

200 251.4 130 933.6

2 ( ) 2 7.551 15.10 =

312 384

4711.8

5799.1
3 ( ) 2 60.41 120.82 =

84 192 10 148.5 23 196.5
4 23.504 228 18 5358.8 423.1
5 23.504 360 18 8461.3 423.1
6 23.504 442 18 10 388.5 423.1
7 23.504 124.7 328.3 2930.9 7716.2
8 23.504 160.1 139.6 3762.9 3281.1
865.06 236 590 89 671
PROBLEM 5.116
Determine by direct integration the values of x for the two volumes
obtained by passing a vertical cutting plane through the given shape of
Fig. 5.21. The cutting plane is parallel to the base of the given shape and
divides the shape into two volumes of equal height.
A hemisphere.

SOLUTION

Choose as the element of volume a disk of radius r and thickness dx.
Then
2
,
EL
dV r dx x x = =
The equation of the generating curve is
2 2 2
x y a + = so that
2 2 2
r a x =

and then

( )
2 2
dV a x dx =
Component 1
( )
/2
3
/2
2 2 2
1
0
0
3
3
11
24
a
a x
V a x dx a x
a

(
= =
(

=

( )
/2
2 2
1 0
/2
2 4
2
0
4
and
2 4
7
64
a
EL
a
x dV x a x dx
x x
a
a
(
=

(
=
(

=

Now

3 4
1 1 1
1
11 7
:
24 64
EL
xV x dV x a a
| |
= =
|
\ .

1
21
or
88
x a = W
Component 2
( )
( )
( )
3
2 2 2
2
/2
/2
3
3
2 2 2
3
3
3 2 3
5
24
a
a
a
a
a
x
V a x dx a x
a a
a a a
a

(
= =
(

(
(
| |
(
=
` (
|
(
\ .

(

)
=

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 4
2 2 2
EL
2 /2
/2
2 4
2 4
2 2 2 2
4
and
2 4
2 4 2 4
9
64
a
a
a
a
a a
x x
x dV x a x dx a
a a
a a
a

(
(
= =
(

(
(

(
( =
`
(
(

(

)
=

Now
3 4
2 2 EL 2
2
5 9
:
24 64
x V x dV x a a
| |
= =
|
\ .

2
27
or
40
x a = W

PROBLEM 5.117
A semiellipsoid of revolution.

SOLUTION

Then
2
EL
, dV r dx x x = =
2 2
2 2
1
x y
h a
+ = so that
( )
2
2 2 2
2
a
r h x
h
= and then

( )
2
2 2
2
a
dV h x dx
h
=
Component 1
( )
/2
2 2 3
/2
2 2 2
1
2 2 0
0
2
3
11
24
h
h a a x
V h x dx h x
h h
a h

(
= =
(

=

( )
2
/2
2 2
2 1 0
/2
2 2 4
2
2
0
2 2
and
2 4
7
64
h
EL
h
a
x dV x h x dx
h
a x x
h
h
a h
(
=
(

(
=
(

=

Now
2 2 2
1 1 1
1
11 7
:
24 64
EL
x V x dV x a h a h
| |
= =
|
\ .

1
21
or
88
x h = W

Component 2
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 3
2 2 2
2
2 2 /2
/2
3
3
2
2 2 2
2
2
3
3 2 3
5
24
h
h
h
h
h
a a x
V h x dx h x
h h
h a h
h h h
h
a h

(
= =
(

(
(
| |
(
( =
`
|
( \ .
(

(

)
=

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2 /2
2 2 4
2
2
/2
2 4
2 4
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
and
2 4
2 4 2 4
9
64
h
EL
h
h
h
h h
a
x dV x h x dx
h
a x x
h
h
h h a
h h
h
a h
(
=
(

(
=
(

(
(

(
( =
`
(
(

(
)
=

Now

2 2 2
2 2 2
2
5 9
:
24 64
EL
x V x dV x a h a h
| |
= =
|
\ .

2
27
or
40
x h = W

PROBLEM 5.118
A paraboloid of revolution.

SOLUTION

Then
2
EL
, dV r dx x x = =
2
2
h
x h y
a
= so that
( )
2
2
a
r h x
h
= and then

( )
2
a
dV h x dx
h
=
Component 1
( )
2
/2
1
0
/2
2 2
0
2
2
3
8
h
h
a
V h x dx
h
a x
hx
h
a h
=
(
=
(

=

( )
2
/2
1 0
/2
2 2 3
0
2 2
and
2 3
1
12
h
EL
h
a
x dV x h x dx
h
a x x
h
h
a h
(
=
(

(
=
(

=

Now
2 2 2
1 1 1
1
3 1
:
8 12
EL
x V x dV x a h a h
| |
= =
|
\ .

1
2
or
9
x h = W

Component 2
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
/2
/2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
1
8
h
h
h
h
h
a a x
V h x dx hx
h h
h a h
h h h
h
a h

(
= =
(

(
(
| |
(
( =
`
|
(
( \ .

(

)
=

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 3
2 /2
/2
2 3
2 3
2
2 2
2 2
and
2 3
2 3 2 3
1
12
h
h
EL
h
h
h h
a a x x
x dV x h x dx h
h h
h h a
h h
h
a h

( (
= =
( (

(
(

(
( =
`
(
(

(

)
=

Now

2 2 2
2 2 2
2
1 1
:
8 12
EL
x V x dV x a h a h
| |
= =
|
\ .

2
2
or
3
x h = W

PROBLEM 5.119
Locate the centroid of the volume obtained by rotating the shaded area
about the x axis.

SOLUTION

First note that symmetry implies 0 y = W
0 z = W
Then
2
,
EL
dV r dx x x = =
Now
2
2
1
x
r b
a
| |
=
|
|
\ .
so that

2
2
2
2
1
x
dV b dx
a
| |
=
|
|
\ .

2
2 2 4
2 2
2 2 4 0 0
3 5
2
2 4
0
2
2
2
Then 1 1
2
3 5
2 1
1
3 5
8
15
a a
a
x x x
V b dx b dx
a a a
x x
b x
a a
ab
ab

| | | |
= = +
| |
| |
\ . \ .
| |
= +
|
|
\ .
| |
= +
|
\ .
=

and
2 4
2
2 4 0
2
1
a
EL
x x
x dV b x dx
a a
| |
= +
|
|
\ .

2 4 6
2
2 4
0
2
2 4 6
a
x x x
b
a a
| |
= +
|
|
\ .

2 2
1 1 1
2 2 6
a b
| |
= +
|
\ .

2 2
1
6
a b =

Then
2 2 2
8 1
:
15 16
EL
xV x dV x ab a b
| |
= =
|
\ .

15
or
6
x a = W

PROBLEM 5.120
about the x axis.

SOLUTION

First, note that symmetry implies 0 y = W
0 z = W
Then
2
,
EL
dV r dx x x = =
Now
1
1 r
x
= so that

2
2
1
1
2 1
1
dV dx
x
dx
x
x
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
= +
|
\ .

( )
3
3
2 1
1
3
2 1 1
Then 1 2 ln
1 1
3 2 ln3 1 2 ln 1
3 1
0.46944 m
V dx x x
x x x

| | (
= + =
|
(
\ .
(
| | | |
=
| | (
\ . \ .
=

( ) ( )
( )
3
2
3
2 1
1
2 3
2 1
and 1 2 ln
2
3 1
2 3 ln3 2 1 ln1
2 2
1.09861 m
EL
x
x dV x dx x x
x x

(
(
| |
= + = +
(
| (
\ .

( (

= + +
` ( (

)
=

( )
3 4
Now : 0.46944 m 1.09861 m
EL
xV x dV X = =

or 2.34 m x = W

PROBLEM 5.121
about the line . x h =

SOLUTION

First, note that symmetry implies x h = W
0 z = W
Then
2
,
EL
dV r dy y y = =
Now
( )
2
2 2 2
2
h
x a y
a
= so that
2 2
h
r h a y
a
=

Then
( )
2 2
2 2
2
h
dV a a y dy
a
=
and
( )
2 2
2 2
2 0
a h
V a a y dy
a
=

Let sin cos y a dy a d = =
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
/2
2 2 2
2 0
2
/2
2 2 2 2
2 0
/2
2 2 2
0
/2
2 3
0
2 2
Then sin cos
2 cos sin cos
2cos 2cos sin cos
sin 2 1
2sin 2 sin
2 4 3
1
2 2
2 3
0.095870
h
V a a a a d
a
h
a a a a a a d
a
ah d
ah
ah
ah
=
(
= +

=
(
| |
= +
| (
\ .
(
| |
= ( |
|
(
\ .
=
2

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 0
2
2 2 2 3
2 0
2
3/2
2 2 2 2 4
2
0
2
3/2
2
2 4 2
2
2 2
and
2 2
2 1
3 4
1 2
4 3
1
12
a
EL
a
a
h
y dV y a a y dy
a
h
a y ay a y y dy
a
h
a y a a y y
a
h
a a a a a
a
a h
(
=
(

=
(
= +
(

( (
=
`
( (
)
=

( )
2 2 2
1
Now : 0.095870
12
EL
yV y dV y ah a h = =

or 0.869 y a = W

PROBLEM 5.122
Locate the centroid of the volume generated by revolving the portion of
the sine curve shown about the x axis.

SOLUTION

First, note that symmetry implies 0 y = W
0 z = W
Then
2
EL
, dV r dx x x = =
Now sin
2
x
r b
a
=
so that
2 2
sin
2
x
dV b dx
a
=
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
Then sin
2
sin
2 2
1
2
a
a
a
x
a
a
a
a a
x
V b dx
a
x
b
b
ab
=
(
=
(
(

(
=

=

and
2
2 2
sin
2
a
EL a
x
x dV x b dx
a
| |
=
|
\ .

Use integration by parts with
2
2
sin
2
sin
2
x
a
a
x
u x dV
a
x
du dx V

= =
= =

( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
sin sin
Then
2 2
2 1
2 cos
2 2 4 2
3 1 1
2
2 4 4 2 2
a
x x
a
a a
EL a
a a
a
a
a
x x
x dV b x dx
a a a x
b a a x
a
a a
b a a a

(
| | | |

= ( | |
`
| |
(
\ . \ .
)

(
( | | | |
= +
` (
| | (
\ . \ .

)
(
| |
= + +
(
|
\ .

2 2
2
2 2
3 1
4
0.64868
a b
a b
`

)
| |
=
|
\ .
=

2 2 2
1
Now : 0.64868
2
EL
xV x dV x ab a b
| |
= =
|
\ .

or 1.297 x a = W

PROBLEM 5.123
Locate the centroid of the volume generated by revolving the portion of
the sine curve shown about the y axis. (Hint: Use a thin cylindrical shell
of radius r and thickness dr as the element of volume.)

SOLUTION

First note that symmetry implies 0 x = W
0 z = W
Choose as the element of volume a cylindrical shell of radius r and
thickness dr.
Then ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2 ,
2
EL
dV r y dr y y = =
Now sin
2
r
y b
a
=

so that 2 sin
2
r
dV br dr
a
=
Then
2
2 sin
2
a
a
r
V br dr
a
=

sin
2
2
cos
2
r
u r dv dr
a
a r
du dr v
a
= =
= =

( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
Then 2 cos cos
2 2
2 4
2 2 1 sin
2
a
a
a
a
a
a
a r a r
V b r dr
a a
a a r
b a
a

( | | | |
=
`
| | (
\ . \ .

)

(

( = +
` (

)

2 2
2
2
2
4 4
2
1
8 1
5.4535
a a
V b
a b
a b
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
=

2
1
2
2
2 2
Also sin 2 sin
2 2
sin
2
a
EL a
a
a
r r
y dV b br dr
a a
r
b r dr
a

| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
=

2
2
sin
2
sin
2
r
a
a
r
u r dv dr
a
r
du dr v

= =
= =

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
sin sin
Then
2 2
2
2 cos
2 2 4 2
2 3
2 4 4 2 2
a
r r
a
a a
EL a
a a
a
a
a
r r
y dV b r dr
a a r a r
b a a
a
a a a a
b a
a

( | | | |

= ( | |
`
| |
(
\ . \ .

)

(
( | | | |
= +
` (
| | (
\ . \ .

)
(

( = + +
`
(

)
=

2
2
2 2
3 1
4
2.0379
b
a b

| |
|
\ .
=

Now
( )
2 2 2
: 5.4535 2.0379
EL
yV y dV y a b a b = =

or 0.374 y b = W

PROBLEM 5.124
Show that for a regular pyramid of height h and n sides ( 3, 4, n = ) the
centroid of the volume of the pyramid is located at a distance / 4 h above
the base.

SOLUTION

Choose as the element of a horizontal slice of thickness dy. For any
number N of sides, the area of the base of the pyramid is given by
2
base
A kb =
where ( ) ; k k N = see note below. Using similar triangles, have

s h y
b h
=

or

( )
b
s h y
h
=

( )
2
2
2
slice
2
Then
b
dV A dy ks dy k h y dy
h
= = =
( ) ( )
2 2
2 3
2 2 0
0
2
1
and
3
1
3
h
h b b
V k h y dy k h y
h h
kb h
(
= =
(

=

Also
EL
y y =
( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2 3
2 2 0 0
2
2 2 3 4 2 2
2
0
so then 2
1 2 1 1
2 3 4 12
h h
EL
h
b b
y dV y k h y dy k h y hy y dy
h h
b
k h y hy y kb h
h
(
= = +
(

(
= + =
(

Now

2 2 2
1 1
:
3 12
EL
yV y dV y kb h kb h
| |
= =
|
\ .

1
or Q.E.D.
4
y h = W
Note
( )
2
base
tan
2
2
1
2
4 tan
N
b
N
A N b
N
b
k N b
| |
=
|
\ .
=
=

PROBLEM 5.125
Determine by direct integration the location of the centroid of one-half of a
thin, uniform hemispherical shell of radius R.

SOLUTION

The element of area dA of the shell shown is obtained by cutting the shell
with two planes parallel to the xy plane. Now
( )( )
2
EL
dA r Rd
r
y

=
=

where sin r R =

2
EL
so that sin
2
sin
dA R d
R
y

=
=

| |
2 2
2 2
0 0
2
Then sin cos A R d R
R

= =
=

( )
2
2
2
0
3
0
3
2
and sin sin
sin 2
2
2 4
2
EL
R
y dA R d
R
R
| |
=
|
\ .
(
=
(

=

( )
2 3
Now :
2
EL
yA y dA y R R
= =

1
or
2
y R = W
Symmetry implies
1
2
z y z R = = W

PROBLEM 5.126
The sides and the base of a punch bowl are of uniform thickness t. If
t R << and 350 R = mm, determine the location of the center of gravity
of (a) the bowl, (b) the punch.

SOLUTION

(a) Bowl
0 z = W
for the coordinate axes shown below. Now assume that the bowl may be
treated as a shell; the center of gravity of the bowl will coincide with the
centroid of the shell. For the walls of the bowl, an element of area is
obtained by rotating the arc ds about the y axis. Then
( )( )
wall
2 sin dA R Rd =
and ( )
wall
cos
EL
y R =
| |
/2 /2
2 2
wall
/6 /6
2
Then 2 sin 2 cos
3
A R d R
R

= =
=

( )
( )
( )
wall wall
wall
/2
2
/6
/2
3 2
/6
3
and
cos 2 sin
cos
3
4
EL
y A y dA
R R d
R
R
=
=
(
=

=
2
base base
3
By observation ,
4 2
A R y R
= =
Now y A yA =
2 2 3 2
3 3
or 3
4 4 4 2
y R R R R R

| |
| |
+ = +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

or 0.48763 350 mm y R R = =
170.7 mm y = W
(b) Punch
0 z = W
and that because the punch is homogeneous, its center of gravity will
coincide with the centroid of the corresponding volume. Choose as the
element of volume a disk of radius x and thickness dy. Then
2
,
EL
dV x dy y y = =


Now
2 2 2
x y R + = so that
( )
2 2
dV R y dy =
( )
0
0
2 2 2 3
3/2
3/2
3
2 3
1
Then
3
3 1 3 3
3
2 3 2 8
R
R
V R y dy R y y
R R R R

(
= =
(

(
| | | |
(
= =
| |
(
\ . \ .

( )
( )
0
0
2 2 2 2 4
3/2
3/2
2 4
2 4
1 1
and
2 4
1 3 1 3 15
2 2 4 2 64
EL
R
R
y dV y R y dy R y y
R R R R

(
(
= =
(

(
| | | |
(
= =
| |
| |
(
\ . \ .

3 4
3 15
Now : 3
8 64
EL
yV y dV y R R
| |
= =
|
\ .

5
or 350 mm
8 3
y R R = =
126.3 mm y = W

PROBLEM 5.127
After grading a lot, a builder places four stakes to designate the corners of
the slab for a house. To provide a firm, level base for the slab, the builder
places a minimum of 60 mm of gravel beneath the slab. Determine the
volume of gravel needed and the x coordinate of the centroid of the
volume of the gravel. (Hint: The bottom of the gravel is an oblique plane,
which can be represented by the equation .) y a bx cz = + +

SOLUTION

First, determine the constants a, b, and c.
At 0, 0: 60 mm x z y = = =
60 mm ; 60 mm a a = =
( )
At 7200 mm, 0: 100 mm
100 mm 60 7200
1
180
x z y
b
b
= = =
= +
=

( )
At 0 , 12 000 mm: 120 mm
120 mm 60 mm 12000
1
200
x z y
c
c
= = =
= +
=

It follows that
1 1
60
180 120
y x z = where all dimensions
are in mm.
Choose as the element of volume a filament of base dx dz and height
| |. y Then
,
1 1
or 60
180 200
EL
dV y dxdz x x
dV x z dxdz
= =
=

( )( )
( ) ( )
12000 7200
0 0
7200
12000
2
0
0
2
12000
0
12000
2
0
9 3 3
1 1
Then 60
180 200
1 1
60
360 200
7200 7200
60 7200
360 200
36
576000
2
9.504 10 mm 9.50 m
V x z dxdz
x x xz dz
z dz
z z
| |
= + +
|
\ .
(
= + +
(

(
( = + +
(

(
= +
(

= =

3
9.50 m V = W

( )
12000 7200
0 0
7200
12000
2 3 2
0
0
12000
6
0
12000
6 2
0
13 13
13 4 4
1 1
and 60
180 200
60 1 1
2 540 400
2246.4 10 129 600
129 600
2246.4 10
2
2.695 10 0.933 10
3.63 10 mm 36.3 m
EL
x dV x x z dxdz
x x x z dz
z dz
z z
| |
= + +
|
\ .
(
= + +
(

= +
(
=
(

= +
= =

Now

( )
3 4
: 9.50 m 36.3 m
EL
xV x dV x = =

or 3.82 m x = W

PROBLEM 5.128
Determine by direct integration the location of the centroid of the volume
between the xz plane and the portion shown of the surface
( )( )
2 2
2 2
16
.
h ax x bz z
y
a b

=

SOLUTION
First note that symmetry implies
2
a
x =

2
b
z =

Choose as the element of volume a filament of base dx dz and height y. Then
( ) ( )
EL
2 2
2 2
1
,
2
16
or
dV ydxdz y y
h
dV ax x bz z dxdz
a b
= =
=

Then
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 0 0
16 b a h
V ax x bz z dxdz
a b
=

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 3
2 2 0
0
3 2 3
2 2 3
2 2 2
0
16 1
3
16 1 1 8 1 4
2 3 2 3 2 3 9 3
a
b
b
h a
V bz z x x dz
z a b
h a b ah b
a a z z b b abh
a b b
(
=
(

( ( (
= = =
( ( (

( )( ) ( )( )
( )( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 0 0
2
2 2 3 4 2 2 3 4
4 4 0 0
2 2
2 2 3 4 3 4 5
2 4 0
0
2 2 2
3 4 5
3
4 4
1 16 16
and
2
128
2 2
128 1
2
3 2 5
128 1
3 2 5 3
b a
EL
b a
a
b
h h
y dV ax x bz z ax x bz z dxdz
a b a b
h
a x ax x b z bz z dxdz
a b
h a a
b z bz z x x x dz
a b
h a a b b
a a a Z
a b
( (
=
( (

= + +
(
= + +
(

(
= +
(

( ) ( ) ( )
4 5
0
2 3
3 4 5
2
4
1
5
64 1 32
3 2 5 225 15
b
Z Z
Z
ah b b
b b b abh
b
(
+
(

(
= + =
(

Now

2
4 32
:
9 225
EL
yV y dV y abh abh
| |
= =
|
\ .

8
or
25
y h =

PROBLEM 5.129
Locate the centroid of the section shown, which was cut from a circular
cylinder by an inclined plane.

SOLUTION

Choose as the element of volume a vertical slice of width 2x, thickness dz, and height y. Then
1
2 , ,
2
EL EL
dV xy dz y y z z = = =
Now
2 2
x a z = and 1
2 2 2
h h h z
y z
a a
| |
= =
|
\ .

So
2 2
1
z
dV h a z dz
a
| |
=
|
\ .

( )
( ) ( )
3/2
2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2
0
2 1 1
2
1 1
Then 1 sin
2 3
1
sin 1 sin 1
2
2
a
a
a
z z
V h a z dz h z a z a a z
a a a
a h
a h

( | | | |
= = + +
`
| | (
\ . \ .
)
(
=

=

Then
2 2
1
1 1
2 2
a
EL
a
h z z
y dV h a z dz
a a
( ( | | | |
=
| | ( (
\ . \ .

2 2
2 2
2
1 2
4
a
a
h z z
a z dz
a a
| |
= +
|
|
\ .

( )
3
2
2
2 2 2 1 2 2
1 2
sin
4 2 3
h z
z a z a a z
a a
( ( | |
= + +
| ( (
\ .

( )
3
2
2 4
2 2 2 2 1
2
1
sin
4 8 8
a
a
z a z a z
a z a z
a a

(
| |
+ + +
` (
|
\ .

)

( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
5
sin 1 sin 1
32
h a

(
=

Then
( )
2 2 2
5
:
2 32
EL
a h a
yV y dV y h

| |
= =
|
|
\ .

5
or
16
y h =

and
2 2
1
a
EL
a
z
z dV z h a z dz
a
( | |
=
| (
\ .

( ) ( )
3 3
2 2
2 4
2 2 2 2 2 2 1
1 1
sin
3 4 8 8
a
a
z a z a z
h a z a z a z
a a

(
| |
= + +
` (
|
\ .

)

( ) ( )
3
1 1
sin 1 sin 1
8
a h

(
=

2 3
:
2 8
EL
a h a h
zV z dV z

| |
= =
|
|
\ .

or
4
a
z =

PROBLEM 5.130

SOLUTION

2
, in A
, in. x , in. y
3
, in xA
3
, in yA
1 14 20 280 = 7 10 1960 2800
2
( )
2
4 16 = 6 12 301.59 603.19
229.73 1658.41 2196.8

( )
2 3
Then
229.73 in 1658.41in
X A xA
X
=
=

or 7.22 in. X =
( )
2 3
and
229.73 in 2196.8 in
Y A yA
Y
=
=

or 9.56 in. Y =

PROBLEM 5.131
For the area shown, determine the ratio a/b for which . x y =

SOLUTION

A
x y
xA yA
1
2
3
ab
3
8
a
3
5
b
2
4
a b

2
2
5
ab

2
1
2
ab
1
3
a
2
3
b
2
6
a b

2
3
ab

1
6
ab
2
12
a b

2
15
ab

2
Then
1
6 12
X A xA
a b
X ab
=
| |
=
|
\ .

or
1
2
X a =
2
1
6 15
Y A yA
ab
Y ab
=
| |
=
|
\ .

or
2
5
Y b =
Now
1 2
2 5
X Y a b = =
4
or
5
a
b
=

PROBLEM 5.132

SOLUTION

Dimensions in mm

2
, mm A
, mm x , mm y
3
, mm xA
3
, mm yA
1 126 54 6804 = 9 27 61 236 183 708
2
1
126 30 1890
2
= 30 64 56 700 120 960
3
1
72 1728
2
= 48 16 82 944 27 648
10 422 200 880 277 020

( )
2 2
Then
10 422 m 200 880 mm
X A xA
X
=
=

or 19.27 mm X = W

( )
2 3
and
10 422 m 270 020 mm
Y A yA
Y
=
=

or 26.6 mm Y = W

PROBLEM 5.133

SOLUTION

By observation
1
1
h
y x h
a
x
h
a
= +
| |
=
|
\ .

For
2
: y At ( ) 0, : 1 0 or x y h h k k h = = = =
( )
2
2
1
At , 0: 0 1 or x a y h ca C
a
= = = =
2
2
2
Then 1
x
y h
a
| |
=
|
|
\ .

( )
2
2 1
2
2
2
Now 1 1
x x
dA y y dx h dx
a a
x x
h dx
a a
(
| |
| |
= = ( |
|
|
\ .
( \ .

| |
=
|
|
\ .

( )
2
1 2
2
2
2
1
1 1
2 2
2
2
EL EL
h x x
x x y y y
a a
h x x
a a
(
| |
| |
= = = + (
| |
\ .
\ .
(

| |
=
|
\ .

2 2 3
2 2 0
0
Then
2 3
1
6
a
a x x x x
A dA h dx h
a a a a
ah
| | (
= = =
| (
|
\ .
=

2 3 4
2 2 0
0
2
and
3 4
1
12
a
a
EL
x x x x
x dA x h dx h
a a a a
a h
( (
| | | |
= = ( ( | |
| |
( ( \ . \ .

=


2 2
2 2 0
2 2 4
2 4 0
2 2 3 5
2
2 4
0
2
2
2 3
2
1
2 10 5
a
EL
a
a
h x x x x
y dA h dx
a a a a
h x x x
dx
a a a
h x x x
ah
a a a
(
| | | |
= (
| |
\ . \ .
(

| |
= +
|
\ .
(
= + =
(

2
1 1
:
6 12
EL
xA x dA x ah a h
| |
= =
|
\ .

1
2
x a = W

2
1 1
:
6 10
EL
yA y dA y ah a h
| |
= =
|
\ .

3
5
y h = W

PROBLEM 5.134
Member ABCDE is a component of a mobile and is formed from a single
piece of aluminum tubing. Knowing that the member is supported at C
and that l = 2 m, determine the distance d so that portion BCD of the
member is horizontal.

SOLUTION

First note that for equilibrium, the center of gravity of the component
must lie on a vertical line through C. Further, because the tubing is
uniform, the center of gravity of the component will coincide with the
centroid of the corresponding line. Thus, 0 X =
So that 0 xL =

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0.75
Then cos55 m 0.75 m
2
0.75 m 1.5 m
1
1.5 m 2 m cos55 2 m 0
2
d
d
d
| |

|
\ .
+
(
| |
+ =
| (
\ .

( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 1
or 0.75 1.5 2 0.75 2 cos 55 0.75 1.5 3
2
d
(
+ + = + +
(

or 0.739 m d = W

PROBLEM 5.135
A cylindrical hole is drilled through the center of a steel ball bearing
shown here in cross section. Denoting the length of the hole by L, show
that the volume of the steel remaining is equal to the volume of a sphere
of diameter L.

SOLUTION
Calculate volumes by rotating cross sections about a line and using Theorem II of Pappus-Guldinus

For the sector:
2
2 sin
3
AA
R
y A R
= =
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1
For the triangle: 4 4 ,
2 2 3 3
AA
L
h R R L y h R L
| |
= = = =
|
\ .

( )( )
1
2
A L h =

2 2
1
4R
4
L L =
Using Theorem II of Pappus-Guldinus
( ) ( )
( )
( )
ball 1 2
1 2
2 2 2 2 2
3 2 2
2 2
2 sin 1 1
2 4 4
3 3 4
2
2 sin 4
3 12
AA AA
V y A y A
R
R R L L R L
L
R R L

=
( | || |
=
| | (
\ .\ .

(
=
(

Now sin
2
L
R =
2 2 3
3
2 1 1
Then 2
3 2 3 12
6
L
V R LR L
L
(
| |
= +
| (
\ .
=

Note
sphere
4
3
V r = where r is the radius
If , then
2
L
r =
3
3
sphere
4
3 2 6
L
V L
| |
= =
|
\ .

Therefore,
3
ball sphere
Q.E.D.
6
V V L
= =

PROBLEM 5.136
beam supports.

SOLUTION

( )( )
( )( )
I
II
( ) Have 4 m 200 N/m 800 N
2
4 m 600 N/m 1600 N
3
a R
R
= =
= =

I II
Then :
or 800 1600 2400 N
y
F R R R
R
=
= + =

( ) ( ) ( ) and : 2400 2 800 2.5 1600
A
M X =
or
7
m
3
X =
2400 N = R , 2.33 m X =

(b) Reactions
0: 0
x x
F A = =

( ) ( )
7
0: 4 m m 2400 N 0
3
A y
M B
| |
= =
|
\ .

or 1400 N
y
B =

0: 1400 N 2400 N 0
y y
F A = + =
or 1000 N
y
A =
1000 N = A , 1400 N = B

PROBLEM 5.137

SOLUTION

( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
I
II
III
1
Have 3 ft 480 lb/ft 720 lb
2
1
6 ft 600 lb/ft 1800 lb
2
lb 2 ft 600 lb/ft 1200
R
R
R
= =
= =
= =

Then 0: 0
x x
F B = =

( )( ) ( )( ) 0: 2 ft 720 lb 4 ft 1800 lb
B
M =
( ) ( )( ) 6 ft 7 ft 1200 lb 0 Cy + =
or C 23601b
y
= 2360 lb = C

0: 720 lb 1800 lb 2360 lb 1200 lb 0
y y
F B = + + =

or 1360 lb
y
B = 1360 lb = B

PROBLEM 5.138

SOLUTION
First, assume that the sheet metal is homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the form will coincide with
the centroid of the corresponding area.

( )
( )
( )
I
I
III
1
1.2 0.4 m
3
1
3.6 1.2 m
3
4 1.8 2.4
m
3
y
z
x

= =
= =
= =

2
, m A
, m x , m y , m z
3
, m xA
3
, m yA
3
, m zA
I ( ) ( )
1
3.6 1.2 2.16
2
= 1.5

0.4 1.2 3.24

0.864 2.592
II ( ) ( ) 3.6 1.7 6.12 = 0.75 0.4 1.8 4.59 2.448 11.016
III ( )
2
1.8 5.0894
2
=
2.4
0.8 1.8

3.888 4.0715 9.1609

13.3694 3.942 5.6555 22.769

( )
2 3
Have : 13.3694 m 3.942 m X V xV X = =

or 0.295 m X =

( )
2 3
: 13.3694 m 5.6555 m Y V yV Y = =
or 0.423 m Y =

( )
2 3
: 13.3694 m 22.769 m Z V zV Z = =
or 1.703 m Z =

PROBLEM 5.139
The composite body shown is formed by removing a semiellipsoid of
revolution of semimajor axis h and semiminor axis
2
a
from a hemisphere of
radius a. Determine (a) the y coordinate of the centroid when h = a/2, (b)
the ratio h/a for which 0.4 . y a =

SOLUTION

V
y yV
Hemisphere
3
2
3
a
3
8
a
4
1
4
a
Semiellipsoid
2
2
2 1
3 2 6
a
h a h
| |
=
|
\ .

3
8
h
2 2
1
16
a h +

( )
( )
2 2 2 2
Then 4 4
6 16
V a a h yV a a h

= =

Now Y V yV =
so that ( )
( )
2 2 2 2
4 4
6 16
Y a a h a a h
(
=
(

or

2
3
4 4 (1)
8
h h
Y a
a a
(
| | | |
= (
| |
\ . \ .
(

(a) ? Y = when
2
a
h =
Substituting
1
2
h
a
= into Eq. (1)

2
1 3 1
4 4
2 8 2
Y a
(
| | | |
= (
| |
\ . \ . (

or
45
112
Y a = 0.402 Y a =

( ) ?
h
b
a
= when 0.4 Y a =
( )
2
3
0.4 4 4
8
h h
a a
a a
(
| | | |
= (
| |
\ . \ . (

or
2
3 3.2 0.8 0
h h
a a
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .

Then
( ) ( )( )
( )
2
3.2 3.2 4 3 0.8
2 3
h
a

=

3.2 0.8
6
=

2 2
or and
5 3
h h
a a
= =

PROBLEM 5.140
A thin steel wire of uniform cross section is bent into the shape shown.
Locate its center of gravity.

SOLUTION
First assume that the wire is homogeneous so that its center of gravity will coincide with the centroid of the
corresponding line.

( )
( )
1
1
2
6
2
6
2
0.3sin 60 0.15 3 m
0.3cos60 0.15 m
0.6sin30
sin30
0.9
m
0.6sin30
cos30
0.9
3 m
0.6 0.2 m
3
x
z
x
z
L

= =
= =
| |
= |
|
\ .
=
| |
= |
|
\ .
=
| |
= =
|
\ .

, m L , m x , m y
, m z 2
, m xL
2
, m yL
2
, m zL
1 1.0 0.15 3 0.4 0.15 0.25981 0.4 0.15
2

0.2
0.9
0
0.9 3
0.18 0 0.31177
3 0.8 0 0.4 0.6 0 0.32 0.48
4 0.6 0 0.8 0.3 0 0.48 0.18
3.0283 0.43981 1.20 1.12177

Have

( )
2
: 3.0283 m 0.43981m X L x L X = =

or 0.1452 m X =

( )
2
: 3.0283 m 1.20 m Y L yL Y = = or 0.396 m Y =
( )
2
: 3.0283 m 1.12177 m Z L z L Z = = or 0.370 m Z =

PROBLEM 5.141
about the x axis.

SOLUTION

First note that symmetry implies 0 y =
and 0 z =
Have ( )
2
y k X h =
( )
2
At 0, : x y a a k h = = =
2
or
a
k
h
=
Then
2
,
EL
dV r dx X x = =
Now ( )
2
2
a
r x h
h
=
so that ( )
2
4
4
a
dV x h dx
h
=
( ) ( )
2 2
4 5
4 4 0
0
2
Then
5
1
5
h
h a a
V x h dx x h
h h
a h
(
= =
(

=

( )
( )
2
4
4 0
2
5 4 2 3 3 2 4
4 0
2
6 5 2 4 3 3 4 2
4
0
2 2
and
4 6 4
1 4 3 4 1
6 5 2 3 2
1
30
h
EL
h
h
a
x dV x x h dx
h
a
x hx h x h x h x dx
h
a
x hx h x h x h x
h
a h
(
=
(

= + +
(
= + +
(

=

2 2 2
Now :
5 30
EL
xV x dV x a h a h
| |
= =
|
\ .

1
or
6
x h =

Statics Chapter 5

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PROBLEM 5.

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