Chapter 1

Historical Perspective

Helicopter:
Take-off, fly forward/backward/sideways, climb/descend Key technical problems 1. Aerodynamics of vertical flight 2. Suitable engine 3. Control weight 4. Rotor-torque reaction 5. Stability and control 6. Vibration 7. Recovery from engine failure

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

Time line before 1950 Toys 400BC Chinese tops Birth of 200BC Scientific principles First ideas 1400AD of mancarrying vertical flight First flying 1700AD small-scale models 1800AD Archemedes Da Vincis aerial screw (1483)

Lomonosov (1754) Paucton (1768) Cayley (1843) Phillips (1842)

Launoy & Bienvenue (1784) Cayley (1792) dAmcort (1863) Edison (1880) Denny Bros. (1907) H. & E. Berliner (1909)

Invention of 1900AD Breguet-Richet internal (1907-08) combustion Cornu (1907) engine

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

Timeline continued:
First attempts at man-carrying machines Successful autogiros First hops and semi-controlled flight First significant successes fully controlled flight 1930 1910 Sikorsky coaxial (1910) Yuriev (1912) Oemichen (1920-1924) de Bothezat quadrotor (1922) Ciervas C-4 Autogiro (1923) Pescara (1920-24) Hafner R-1/2 (1928-1930) Curtiss-Bleeker (1930) dAscanio coaxial (1930) Pitcairn PCA-2 autogiro (1930) TsAGI 1-EA/5-EA (19301934) Cierva C-19 autogiro (1932) Hafner AR-3 autogiro (1935) Ellehammer (1914) H.&E. Berliner (19191925) von Baumhauer (19241930) Brennan (1920-1925) Cierva C-8 autogiro (1928) Florine (1929-1930) Weir autogiros (19321935) Breguet-Dorand(19351936) Focke-Achgelis Fa-61 (1937) Weir W-5 helicopter (1938) Sikorsky VS-300 (1939) Kellett KD-1 autogiro (1939)

1920

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

Timeline continued:
Maturing technology Bell 30 (1943) Hiller XH-44 coaxial (1943) Sikorsky R-5 (19431946) 1945 Sikorsky R-4B (1944) Hiller 360 (1948) Bell 47 (1945) Piasecki HUP-1 (1948) Piasecki tandem XHRP-1 (1946) Kaman K-190 (1949) Westland S-51 (1946) Sikorsky S-55 (1949) Kaman K-125 (1947) Sud-Aviation SE3120 (1949) Bristol 171 (1947) Mi-1 (1949) 1940 Flettner synchropter FL282 (1940) Sikorsky R-4 (1942) Piasecki PV-2 (1943)

Development of gas-turbine engines First production machines

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

Da Vinci (1483): man powered concept

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

Ciervas C-19 autogiro (1931)

rotor runs freely lift is equalized with flapping can not hover, but needs minimal forward speed to maintain flight
Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

Sikorsky R-4B (1944)

single rotor; tail rotor for anti-torque

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

Bell-47

first commercially certified

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

Boeing CH-47

twin rotors (tandem at opposite ends of the fuselage)

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

Synchropter: kaman k-Max

2 masts interchanging egg-beater

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

Sikorsky-Boeing RAH-66 Comanche (cancelled)

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

McDonnell-Douglas (now Boeing) AH-64 Apache

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

kamov ka-50

co-axial rotors
Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

Lockheed AH-56 (Compound helicopter)

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey

tilt rotor
Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

VTOL configuration classifications

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

VTOL configuration classifications (continued)

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

Helicopters Listed in Janes All the Worlds Aircraft (1993-1994)

19 countries 39 organizations 120 models
Configuration Types Side-by-Side Tandem Synchropter Coaxial Single main rotor
Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

Number of Number of Organizatio Models Listed ns 1 1 1 1 35 1 1 1 10 107

After the war is overthe helicopter may well become the average mans flying machine to be usednot right away but inevitablymuch as the average man uses his automobile. That is a very big statement. But it is hard to escape.
Excerpt from LIFE Magazine, June 21, 1943.

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

The Civil Market Disappointments The helicopter has failed, so far, to live up to the early vision in two areas
Personal transportation Intercity airline operation

Why arent Personal Helicopters in Widespread Use?

Too expensive to buy and maintain Reliability inadequate
Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

Few suitable engines Too hard to fly Safety concerns Fatigue failures Autorotation entry on engine failure Too noisyinside and out City and town ordinances Too easy to get lost Air-to-Air collision concerns

Why Arent There More Helicopter Airlines?

Inadequate
Economic viability Infrastructure (Vertiports, ATC) Passenger acceptance Community acceptance

Community Acceptance Problems

Excessive noise Perceived safety problem Not in my back yard The Big Problem: NOISE!

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

Noise Certification RequirementsApproach.

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

How Can We Get There From Here? Technology is mostly in place Demonstration program needed for a quiet, highefficiency helicopter Cooperative Industry/NASA/FAA program(?) International cooperation opportunity(?) Successful demonstration will help open doors to new markets.

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective