If F ( x ) is a function such that

dF ( x ) dx

= f ( x)

we write F ( x ) = f ( x ) dx and say that F (x) is an integral of f (x)

Since the derivative of a constant function is zero, we usually write

f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + c

DIFFERENTIATION
xn nx n1 , n 0 ex ex ln x 1 x sin x cos x

sinh x cosh x cosh x sinh x

tanh x 1 cosh 2 x coth x 1 sinh 2 x

cos x sin x tan x 1 cos 2 x

cot x 1 sin 2 x

arcsinh x 1
2

x2 + 1 x 2 1, x (1, )

arcsin x 1 1 x

arccosh x 1

arccos x 1 1 x 2 arctan x 1 (1 + x 2 ) arccot x 1 (1 + x 2 )

arctanh x 1 1 x 2 , x ( 1,1) arccoth x 1 1 x 2 , x R ( 1,1)

INTEGRATION

Since
arcsinh x = ln x + x 2 + 1

arccosh x = ln x + x 2 1

1+ x arctanh x = arccoth x = ln 1 x we have

( ln ( x +

ln x + x 2 + 1
2

) x 1)
1+ x 1 x

1 1

x2 + 1 x 2 1, x (1, )

ln

1 1 x 2 , x ( 1,1) 1 1 x 2 , x R ( 1,1)

1+ x ln 1 x

Two easy rules

( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) dx = f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx

a f ( x ) dx = a f ( x ) dx

Integration by parts

d ( f ( x ) g ( x )) dx

= f ( x) g ( x) + f ( x) g ( x)
'

'

f ( x ) g ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) dx + f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
' '

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
' '

Example f ' = sin x g = x2 f ' = cos x g=x f = cos x g ' = 2x f = sin x g =1

'

x sin x dx =
2

= x 2 cos x + 2 x cos x dx =

x cos x dx =

= x sin x sin x dx = x sin x + cos x

x 2 sin x dx = x 2 cos x + 2 x sin x + 2cos x + c

Example

sin xe dx =
x

f ' = sin x g = ex f ' = cos x g = ex

f = cos x g ' = ex f = sin x g ' = ex

= cos xe x + cos xe x dx =

cos xe dx =
x

= sin xe x sin xe x dx =

sin xe x dx = cos xe x + sin xe x sin xe x dx 2 sin xe x dx = cos xe x + sin xe x

( cos x + sin x ) e x + c sin xe x dx =

2

Integration by substitution We are to calculate f ( x ) dx and suppose that we manage to find a u ( x ) such that f ( x ) = g ( u ( x ) ).u ' ( x ) . Then we can write

f ( x ) dx = g ( u ( x ) )

du dx = g ( u ) du dx

If, in turn, we can view the independent variable x as a function

x = ( t ) then

f ( x ) dx = f ( ( t ) )

dx dt = f ( ( t ) ) ' dt dt

We can then use the following schemes for integration

u ( x) = u f ( x ) dx = ' = g ( u ) du u dx = du

x = (t ) f ( x ) dx = = f ( ( t ) ) ' dt dx = ' dt

Example

1 3 sin x cos x dx = cos xdx = du = u du = 3 u + c =

2 2

sin x = u

1 = sin x 3 + c 3

Example

1 x dx =
2

x = sin t dx = cos tdt

= 1 sin 2 t cos tdt = cos 2 t dt =

1 + cos 2t t 1 = + cos 2t dt 2 2 2 = 1 sin u sin 2t cos u du = = = sin t cos t 2 2 2

cos 2t dt =

2t = u 2dt = du

t + sin t cos t 1 x dx = +c 2

t = arcsin x

arcsin x + x 1 x 2 +c 1 x 2 dx = 2