Lecture #20 Date ________

◆ Chapter 47 ~
Animal Development
Embryonic development/fertilization
◆ Preformation~ until 18th century; miniature infant in sperm or egg
◆ At fertilization/conception:
◆ Acrosomal reaction~ hydrolytic enzyme action on egg jelly coat….
◆ Fast block to polyspermy~ membrane depolarization prevents multiple fertilizations….
◆ Cortical reaction~ release of calcium causes hardening of egg outer layer and creates a...
◆ Slow block to polyspermy and...
◆ Egg activation~ increases metabolic activity; protein synthesis
 The Fertilized Egg & Cleavage
◆ Blastomeres~ resultant cells of
cleavage/mitosis
◆ Yolk~ nutrients stored in the egg
◆ Vegetal pole~ side of egg with
high yolk concentration
◆ Animal pole ~ side of egg with
low yolk concentration
◆ Morula~solid ball of cells
◆ Blastocoel~fluid-filled cavity in
morula
◆ Blastula~hollow ball stage of
development
Cleavage

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 Gastrulation
◆ Gastrula~ 2 layered, cup-shaped embryonic
stage
◆ 3 Embryonic germ layers:
◆ Ectoderm~ outer layer; epidermis; nervous
system, etc.
◆ Endoderm~ inner layer; digestive tract and
associated organs; respiratory, etc.
◆ Mesoderm~skeletal; muscular; excretory, etc.
◆ Invagination~ gastrula buckling process
to create the...
◆ Archenteron~ primitive gut
◆ Blastopore~ open end of archenteron
Organogenesis: organ formation
◆ Blastodisc~ cap of cells on
top of yolk
◆ Primitive streak~
invagination of blastodisc
◆ Neural tube~ beginning of
spinal cord
◆ Somites~ vertebrae and
skeletal muscles
◆ Neural crest~ bones and
muscles of skull
 Amniote embryos
◆ Extraembryonic membranes:
•yolk sac (support; circulatory function)

•amnion (fluid-filled sac; protection)

•chorion (placenta formation)

•allantois (nitrogenous waste)