REVIEWER COMPA ANA LANGIN KO’Y

SANA MARINIG

Ammocoete larva caudal region

FUNCTIONS:
●
Ammocoete larva pharynx

Functions:
● Epidermis - outer layer covering
● Myomeres - v-shaped muscle segments
Amphioxus anterior
Tite malaki Amphioxus late larva

FUNCTIONS
● Brain- consists of a much simplified version of the ventral brainstem, and a locomotory
control center.
● spinal cord- relatively simple spinal cord region that is just one cell thick.
● gill slits- used to strain food particles out of the water
● Gut- primary and secondary lymphoid-like tissue clustered in the gill, a thicker basement
membrane with a large villus channel and lack of muscular layer in the gut,
● Notochord- as a skeletal element during early chordate embryogenesis
● segmented muscles- innervated by only one segment of the spinal cord. A deficiency
of this muscle permits a distinct conclusion of the localization of the neural lesion
● Anus- is the external opening of the rectum
Amphioxus mid section

FUNCTIONS
● neural tube - serves as the embryonic brain and spinal cord, the central nervous
system
● Myotome - contracting the muscle blocks, or myotomes, that run from end to end
on each side of the body
● Notochord - as a skeletal element during early chordate embryogenesis
● Epidermis - provides protection against the invasion of microorganisms, provides
flexibility in motion, and seals in moisture
● epibranchial groove - helps to carry a stream of mucus with plankton stuck in it,
through the pharynx into the gut to be digested
● Pharynx - Cilia fringing the gill slits direct water through the small mouth opening
of the organism into the pharynx.
● Gonad - organ that produces gametes
● Liver - immune surveillance, clearance of pathogens and acute phase response.
Amphioxus ovary
FUNCTIONS
Dorsal Fin :
Epidermis: provides protection against the invasion of microorganisms, provides
flexibility in motion, and seals in moisture
Notochord: It serves as a source of midline signals that pattern surrounding tissues and as a
major skeletal element of the developing embryo
Neural tube:serves as the embryonic brain and spinal cord, the central nervous system
Myotomes: responsible for a significant number of the body's motor functions.producing a
side-to-side movement of the body when swimming
Nephridium:it expels wastes from the body cavity to the (usually aquatic) exterior
Epibranchial groove:helps to carry a stream of mucus with plankton stuck in it, through
the pharynx into the gut to be digested
Pharynx: a large elongated, sac-like respiratory and digestive organ, extending from
behind velum up to the intestine
Liver: an organ functioning as a key integrator of immunity in amphioxus
Gonad:
Gill Slits: used to strain food particles out of the water
Metapleural Fold: to form a body cavity known as the atrium.
Amphioxus posterior section

● Intestine- not just a digestive organ but also an immune organ. Behind the
pharynx in amphioxus there is the midgut diverticulum and intestine, which are
important parts of the amphioxus digestive system.
● Dorsal aorta- The artery in vertebrate embryos that transports blood from the
aortic arches to the trunk and limbs
● Subintestinal vein- Vein that drains the vascular plexus of the midgut and
hindgut. At early stages the subintestinal vein (SIV) drains into the PCV and the
CCV. At later stages the SIV drains into the hepatic sinusoid.
● Ventral fin- help with steering as well as balance
Ascidian swimming tadpole
frog early blastula

FUNCTIONS
● pigmented cortex-
● blastocoel- Frogs have hollow blastula and well developed blastocoel. Apparently,
it is a coeloblastula.
● area of gray crescent- The grey crescent tends to form on the side opposite to
sperm enrty and marks the dorsal side of the embryo.
● nuclei-
● vitelline membrane
● shrinkage spaces
● blastomeres- Initially the continued division of blastomeres forms a ball like
structure which is solid. It is called the morula stage, as this has superficial
resemblance to a mulberry fruit. The morula stage gives rise to a stage called the
blastula which is a hollow ball like structure.
● ectoderm-forms the outer tube of the embryo
● endoderm- an inner tube that forms the alimentary canal and all its derivative
organs
Amphioxus testis
Frog late cleavage

● Macromeres- a large cell from the vegetative pole of a developing egg and
contains yolk and gives rise to the ENDODERM of the embryo.
●
● Blastocoel- a fluid filled sac in the middle of the embryo(1) it permits cell migration
during gastrulation, and (2) it prevents the cells beneath it from interacting prematurely
with the cells above it.
● Micromeres- one of the small blastomeres formed by unequal cleavage of a
fertilized oocyte as the result of asymmetric positioning of the mitotic spindle.
Frog neural fold

FUNCTIONS
● Neural folds- structure is associated with primary neurulation, meaning that it
forms by the coming together of tissue layers, form neural tissue instead of skin.
This ectoderm grows up into two longitudinal folds, forming the neural folds
stage.
● Neural crest cells- The neural crest is a collection of multipotent stem cells
● Ectoderm- The ectoderm is a germ layer, or tissue layer, that forms in an animal
embryo during development.
● Endoderm- the innermost of the three primary germ layers in the very early
embryo.
● ventral mesoderm
● Notochord- It serves as a source of midline signals that pattern surrounding tissues
and as a major skeletal element of the developing embryo.
● dorsal mesoderm- This will form the notochord.
● Archenteron - the rudimentary alimentary cavity of an embryo at the gastrula
stage.
Frog neural plate

Functions:
● Neural Plate - forms the foundation of the nervous system
● Skin ectoderm -
● Lateral plate mesoderm
● Archenteron - The archenteron is the digestive cavity of an embryo
● Yolk filled with endodermal cells
Frog late gastrula

1. Archenteron roof
2. Outer ectodermal layer
3. Inner ectodermal layer
4. Archenteron
5. Direction of epiboly
6. Dorsal blastoporal lip
7. Yolk plug
8. Ventral blastoporal lip
9. Blastocoel

Lamprey gills
● Buccal funnel- The buccal funnel is a specialized cup-like depression
which acts as a sucker. The mouth is situated just above the tongue at the
base of the buccal funnel.
● Tongue musculature- cut through fish scales and skin due to its abrasiveness
● Pharynx- A lamprey “breathes” by extracting the oxygen present in the
water in which it lives. Water is taken in by the mouth, passes through the
pharynx, and proceeds to the respiratory tube.
● Gill pouch- maintain a flow of water through the gills by alternate
contractions of the gill pouches
● Internal gill slit- these slits are used to filter food particles from the water.
● External gill slit- External gills are the gills of an animal that are exposed
to the environment.
● Gill cleft
● Pericardium- Cushioning heart from outside forces and pressure. Holding
heart in place.
● Common cardinal vein- cardinal vein is formed by the union of the
superior and inferior cardinal veins, which drain the cephalic and caudal
regions of the embryo, respectively.
● Pericardial cavity-