Alphabetical Statistical Symbols:

Symbol
a b

Text Equivalent

Meaning
Y- intercept of least square regression line Slope of least squares regression line

Formula
a = y b x , for line y = a + bx b=

Link to Glossary (if appropriate)

Regression: y on x Regression: y on x

( x x)( y y) ( x x)
2

for line y = a + bx

B (n, p)

Binomial distribution with parameters n and p

c
n

n-c-r

n, r

n-c-r

Cov (X, Y) CV
df

Covariance between X and Y

Discrete probability If X follows B (n, p) then, n distribution for the P (X = r) = C r p r (1 p) n r , probability of number of successes in n Where, 0 < p <1, independent random r = 0,1,2, ...n trials under the identical conditions. Confidence level c = P( z c < Normal (0,1) < z c ) Combinations n! n C r = r!(n r )! , where n r (number of combinations of n objects taken r at a time) Combinations n! C n,r = r!(n r )! , where n r (number of combinations of n objects taken r at a time) Covariance between Cov (X) =E [(X-E (X))(Y- E (Y)] X&Y Coefficient of S tan dard Deviation . CV= variation Arithmatic mean Degree(s) of freedom

Binomial Distribution

Confidence interval

Symbol
E

Text Equivalent

Meaning
Maximal error tolerance E = zc

Formula

n for large samples.

Link to Glossary (if appropriate)

E (f (x)) f F

Expected value of f (x) Frequency F-distribution variable

E (f (x)) =

f ( x) P ( x)
F-distribution, Hypothesis testing for are the equality of 2 variances.

f = number of times score.

12
F=
n1

2 2

where n1 and n2

n2 corresponding degrees of freedom.

F (x) or F x f (x) or f x H0
H1

Distribution function Probability mass function H-naught H-one Null hypothesis. Alternate hypothesis.

Fx

f x dx

Depends on the distribution. f x 0 & f x dx = 1.

x

IQR MS M-S

Interquartile range Mean square

The null hypothesis is the hypothesis Testing of hypothesis about the population parameter. An alternate hypothesis is constructed in Testing of hypothesis such a way that it is the one to be accepted when the null hypothesis must be rejected. Measures of central IQR = Q - Q 3 1 tendency. Analysis of variance SS (ANOVA) MS=

df

n N

Sample size. Population size

n = number of units in a sample. N = Number of units in the population.

Symbol

Text Equivalent
n-p-r

Meaning
Permutation (number of ways to arrange in order n distinct objects taking them r at a time) Permutation (number of ways to arrange in order n distinct objects taking them r at a time) Sample proportion

Formula

Link to Glossary (if appropriate)

n, r

n,r

n! , where n r (n r )!

Pr

n-p-r

Pr =

n! , where n r (n r )!

p P (A | B) P (x) p-value

p-hat Probability of A given B Probability of x

Conditional probability Probability of x The attained level of significance. Probability of not happening of the event First quartile Second quartile Or Median Third quartile

Binomial distribution number of success . number of trials P( A B) P (A | B) = P( B) No.of favorable outcomes P (x) = Total no.of outcomes P value is the smallest level of significance for which the observed sample statistic tells us to reject the null hypothesis. q=1p p= = Median of the lower half of the Measures of central tendency data that is data below median. Q2 = Central value of an ordered data. Measures of central tendency Q3 = Median of the upper half of the Measures of central tendency data that is data above the median.
1

Q Q Q

Q-one Q-two

Q-three
3

Symbol
R

Text Equivalent
r-square
r-square

Meaning
Sample Correlation coefficient Coefficient of determination Multiple correlation coefficient
Sample standard deviation

Formula
r= Co var iance( X , Y ) [ SD( X )] * [ SD(Y )]
2

Link to Glossary (if appropriate)

2 r = (Correlation coefficient )

R2
S

R2 = 1
s=

mean square error 2 Sy

2

(x x)
n 1

for ungrouped data.

2

Measures of dispersion

S-square

Sample variance

f (x x) s= ( f ) 1 (x x) = s n 1 f (x x) s = ( f ) 1
2 2 2

for grouped data. for ungrouped data. for grouped data Measures of dispersion

S e2
SD

s-e- square

Error variance Sample standard deviation

S e2 =
s=

sum of squares of residuals . n

(x x)
n 1

for ungrouped data.

2

s=

f (x x) ( f ) 1

for grouped data. Measures of skew ness Measures of skew ness

skb skp

Bowleys coefficient of skewness Pearsons coefficient of skewness

skb =

(Q3 Q 2) (Q 2 Q1)

(Q3 Q1)

skp =

Mean Mode S tan dard Deviation

Symbol
SS x t

Text Equivalent

Meaning
Sum of Squares Students t variable.

Formula
SS x = ( x x) 2 for ungrouped data. SS x = f ( x x) 2 for grouped data.

Link to Glossary (if appropriate)

t=

Normal (0,1) n
2 n

t-distribution

tc

t critical

The critical value for a confidence level c.

Var (X) x

Variance of X

x-bar

Variance of X Independent variable or explanatory variable in regression analysis Arithmetic mean or Average of X scores.

t c =Number such that the area under the Testing of hypothesis t distribution for a given number of degrees of freedom falling between t c and t c is equal to c. Var (X) = E (X- ) 2 Eg. In the study of, yield obtained & the irrigation level, independent variable is, X= Irrigation level.

x=
x=

x
fx f
n

for ungrouped data. for grouped data.

Measures of central tendency

y Z Z-score

zc

z critical

Dependent variable or response variable in regression analysis Standard normal variable (Normal variable with mean = 0 & SD = 1) The critical value for a confidence level c.

Eg. In the study of, yield obtained & the irrigation level, dependent variable is, Y= Yield obtained. Standard normal x z= , where X follows distribution Normal ( , ).

z c = Number such that the area under Testing of hypothesis the standard normal curve falling Confidence interval between z c and z c is equal to c.

Greek Statistical Symbols:

Symbol Text Equivalent
Alpha Beta
Epsilon

Meaning
Type I error or Level of Significance. Type II error or Power of the test.
Error Term in regression/statistics; more generally used to denote an arbitrarily small positive number

Formula
= P [Rejecting the null hypothesis |
Null hypothesis is true]. = P [Accepting the null hypothesis | Null hypothesis is False].
y = 0+ 1 *x +

Link to Glossary (if appropriate)

Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis Testing Regression

Chi-square Chi-square

Chi-square distribution Chi-square distribution

= Sum of n independent Standard Chi-square distribution. normal variables Goodness of fit test (O E ) 2 2 = where O is the E observed frequency and E is the expected frequency. Or (n 1) s 2 2 = (?) 2
2

(n)

Gamma-n Lambda

Gamma function Parameter used for Poisson distribution

(n)

= (n-1) ! Poisson distribution

= Mean of Poisson distribution

Symbol

Text Equivalent
Mu

Meaning
Arithmetic mean or Average of the population. rth central moment rth Raw moment Population correlation coefficient Summation Population Standard Deviation

Formula
=

x
N

Link to Glossary (if appropriate)

= E (x) =

Mu-r
r

xP(x)
Measures of central tendency. Measures of central tendency.

= E [(X- )r]

'r

Mu-r-dash Rho

'r = E (Xr)

Co var ianvce( X , Y ) SD( X ) * SD(Y )

2

Sigma Sigma

x = Sum of x scores. (x ) =
N

Measures of dispersion
2

E[( x ) 2 ] =
(x )
2

( x ) P ( x)
Measures of dispersion

Sigma square Population variance

=
2

Mathematical Statistical Symbols:

Symbol
!
c

Text Equivalent
Factorial Complement Union

Meaning
Product of all integers up to the given number not or

Formula
n! = n (n-1) (n-2) .. 1. 0! = 1 For example: A is not A For example:(A B) is happening of either event A or event B
c

Link to Glossary (if appropriate)

Symbol

Text Equivalent
Intersection And

Meaning

Formula
For example: (A B) is happening of both event A and event B

Link to Glossary (if appropriate)