Chapter - 1: General Architecture of Digital Switching System

Chapter 1
General Architecture of Digital Switching System A digital switching system uses the S.P.C. concept and a digital switch. The following diagram indicates the basic building blocks of any digital switching system. (Fig.1)
N x 2 Mbps links
Subs access inter face DIGITAL SWITCH
Trunks or V 5.2 access Trunks/PCM interface
Remote Subs & access
CONTROLLERS Other auxiliary inter faces (a) (b) (c) (d) Tone generator Frequency receives Conference call facility CCS# 7 Protocol Manager V 5.2 access manager
Operation & Mtce. system with Dialogue peripherals
(e)
Fig. 1 A brief description of the components is given below:-
1.1
Subs access interface:

Analogue or digital subscribers make entry to the exchange at this interface. Analogue to digital conversion or ISDN protocol translation is done at this interface. Number of digital links (2 Mbps) are extended from this interface to switch. Allotment of T/S on one digital link is done by the subs interface logic. The information is carried digitally on allotted time slot and then switched to called side by a digital switch.
1.2
PCM interface:
Any digital exchange can only accept intelligence in PCM decoded form and hence trunks from other exchange or links from remote subscriber units or other access systems e.g. V 5.2 will be inform of PCMs. These PCMs are terminated in a PCM interface. The basic function of the PCM interface
would be HDB3/ Binary code conversion, CAS handling and forwarding CCS# 7 signals to suitable protocol handler. PCM interface on the other hand are connected to switch and other controllers.
1.3
Auxiliary interface :
The auxiliary interface is again a service peripheral which take care of one or more of the following functions:(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Tone generation e.g. DT, BT, RBT NU etc. MF Signalling dual tone Conference call facility CCS #7 protocol management Access Network (V 5.2) protocol management
1.4
Controllers :
Various controllers are required to control switching based on the digital informations received from subscribers or over the trunks. The main control function are :-
1.4.1. 1.4.2
Call handler (Register) : This is the control function which processes a call right from the point of seizure to called party connection. Translator : This control function basically maintains all data base of subs & trunks and provides necessary information to call handler enabling the same to establish connection between calling links T/S to called link T/S. Charger : Computation of charge based on set principles is carried out by this control function. Other control functions could be controllers for connection, message distribution and formatting and defence for connections and CCS # 7 protocol management functions etc.
1.4.3
The various control processes may be centralised or distributed depending upon type of system. 2. The Switch : A digital switch of different configuration e.g. a pure Time Switch or a combination of time and space switches are used in different type of exchanges and various service peripheral like subs access/trunk access etc. are connected to this by n X 2 Mbps link as shown, Switch connections are established by controllers like call handlers. OM functions : A general purpose computer is generally used with dedicated software to dialogue with the system in order to carryout various operation
3.
and mtce. activities like data base creation, fault/alarm message output diagnostics, creation of new equipments etc. 4. Additional Features in new Switches: New switches are capable of providing ISDN where in i.e. the subs loop is also digital. The ISDN feature necessiates CCS# 7 signalling also.
Chapter - 2
FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF OCB 283 SWITCH 1. The functional architecture : The main functional blocks of a OCB-283 switch are :Subscriber access sub system which carries out connection of different types of analogue and digital subscriber. Connection & Control Sub system which carries out connections and processing of calls including PCM connections. Operation and mtce. sub function which does the management of database and helps in carrying out various maintenance procedures in built in the systems.
Figure 1 shows general functional breakdown and figure 2 shows the detailed functional architecture of OCB-283 switch.
V 5.2 access CCS # 7 Network
Subs access System Analogue or digital subs (Single or Group)
Connection and Control
Telephone Network
Data Network
Value added Network
Operation & Maintenanc Disk Streamer Mag tape
Operator & Mtce Network
Fig. 1
BTT (N) CSNL
Switch Matrix System (MCX)
ETA (N)+1 PU/PE
URM (duplicate)
Com
PCM From CSND CSED V 5.2 access Circuits (CAS & CCS # 7) Recorded Announcement
Commmunications multiplex (MAS)
n=7
MQ
GS
TX
TR
GX
CC
PC
MR
Control functions
Communications multiplex (MIS)
O&M Fig. 2 (OCB 283 Functional Architecture)
O&M functions
The various connection and control functions in OCB-283 system are distributed with appropriate redundancy as indicated in the diagram.
2.
2.1
Brief description of the functional components :BT (Time base) : Time pulses are generated in triplicate and distributed to
LRs at Switching unit. The time base is usually synchronised with the network by a synch. interface. Synchronisation interface gets the clock from PCMs which carry traffic also and synchronises the local clock with the PCM clock and thus network synchronisation is achieved.
2.2
Host switching Matrix (MCX)/Switch Control Function COM

This is a pure time switch of maximum 2048 LRs connectivity capability. The switching of LR time shots are controlled by the function COM which in turn obtains the connection particulars from call handler known as Multiregister. LRs are 2 Mbps binary coded PCM links with 32 time slots.
2.3
Auxiliaries : Following auxiliary functions are available

Auxiliary Equipment Manager (ETA) : The ETA supports the following function: - Tone generation (GT) e.g. dial tone, busy tone etc. - Frequency generation & reception (RGF) for R2 MF signal, tone dial reception etc. - Conference call facility (CCF). - Exchange clock.
2.3.2 CCS # 7 Protocol Manager (PU/PE)

64 kbps signalling channels are connected to this by semipermanent link and carries out level 2 and level 3 of the signalling message transfer. The defence and signalling link resource allocation is done by a control function PC.
2.3.3 V 5.2 Protocol Handler : The signalling protocol between an access

network an d local exchange is processed and managed by this function.
2.4
Call Handler MR
This obtains necessary data from subs and circuits and process for connection and disconnection of call with the help of a database manager TR. In addition this helps in carrying out circuit tests and some observations. Besides MR function there is one CC (Call Contorl) function which again contains register to handle CCS # 7 calls in conjunction with MR registers.
2.5
Data Manager TR:

This function is responsible for managing and storing various subscriber and trunks related data base. The data is returned by the call handler MR as and when required during call processing.
2.6
Charging function (TX):

This function is responsible for charge computation on the basis of certain charging parameters supplied by the translator during analysis of digits received from a source (Subs or Circuit). This also prepares detailed billing messages and forwarding the same to the operation & maintenance function for further processing. Besides the charge related function the TX also is responsible for carrying out some traffic observation on subscriber and trunks.
2.7
Matrix handler (GX)

This function is responsible for processing and for defence of connections on receipt of :(a) (b) request for connection and disconnection from MR or MQ (marker). fault in connection signalled by the switching controller function (COM).
GX also carrier out monitoring of connections and checks data links periodically..
2.8
Message Distribution function (MQ) marker:

Its function is to format if required and distribute messages It also supervises semipermanent links . Interchange of messages between different communication multiplexes.
2.9
PCM controller (URM) :

PCM interface receives PCM from other exchanges remote subs access units, access networks and digital recorded announcement systems and the URM function carrier out the following: HDB3/Binary code conversion Injection / extraction of TS 16 for CAS.
2.10 OM Function:
This function enables to create all data required for subs/circuits and their testing. This also enables spontaneously issuing fault and alarm messages in case of indications coming from OCB units. OM function further provides features for saving detail billing/ billing messages on mag tape (cartridge) . bulk
The OM function possess a two way communication path with the exchange system.
2.11 Subscriber access function :
This functional component is implemented in CSNL/CSND or CSED and is responsible to forward new call connection & disconnection requests to control functions.
Chapter 3 Hardware architecture of OCB-283 Switching Systems

1. Various functional components discussed in the previous chapter are required to be implemented in some hardware unit. For this purpose functions are classified as under:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Subs access functions PCM connection interface Auxiliary functions interface Control functions OM function
OCB 283 system does not include the subs access systems but can support different type of subs access systems. 2. There are different type of subs access units like CSNL/CSND i.e. local and distant digital (Numerique) subs connection unit and CSED i.e. (Distant analogue subs connection unit). A detail description of subs interface provided in OCB shall be discussed in yet another chapter. 3.
Control functions Concept of station

For all control function or functions OCB-283 uses concept of a station. Following type of stations are available:
3.1 3.2
SMT: Trunk multiprocessor station This implements the URM function for PCMs i.e. responsible to handle CAS and be transparent to CCS# 7 signalling. SMA : Auxiliary multiprocessor station. These stations implement one or more auxiliary functions like ETA, PU/PE or V 5.2 functions. However, while ETA & PU/PE functions can be implemented in one station, V 5.2 function is implemented in SMA without any other auxiliary function. SMX: Switch multiprocessor station This implements the switching function (COM) and contains the switch matrix system also. SMC : Command or control multiprocessor station. This type of station implements one or more control functions like MQ, TR, TX, MR, GX, PC etc.
3.3 3.4
3.5
SMM: Maintenance multiprocessor station implementing all OM functions. This supports process for, dialogue with OCB, data base management and handling spontaneous message generated by OCB units. STS : Synchronisation and time base station. This station is responsible for generating exchange clock and synchronise the same with the network. GENERAL CONCEPT OF A STATION A station in OCB is a hardware unit consisting of number of processors and couplers connected on a common bus referred to as BSM i.e. Multiprocessor Station Bus as shown below. Each processors or couplers is a Motorola 60830 processor with sufficient on board RAM and known as an agent on the BSM. Each agent is loaded with one or more application e.g. MR. TR, TX etc. depending upon memory space required and traffic. The couplers besides supporting applications may supports other functions also e.g. couplers to connect token rings used for communication between different stations, couplers to support GT/RF/CCF and CCS#7 functions etc. The diagram shows structure of a SMC type of station Fig. 1
MIS
3.6 4.
BL
C M P
P U P
M C
P U S
1
P U S
2
P U S
3
P U S
4
BSM BUS C M S 1
MAS - 1
C M S
2
C M S 3
C M S 4
MAS - 4
Fig. 1 CMP : Principal Multiplex coupler for coupling to MIS token. CMS 1 to CMS 4 : Secondary multiplex couplers coupling to 1 to 4 MAS tokens. PUP : Principal processing unit. PUS 1 PUS 4 : Secondary processing unit BL : Local bus MC : Common memory.
5.
Functional architecture of different station are described in little more detail in subsequent chapters. Inter Station Communication : The control stations communicate among themselves on a token ring called MIS i.e. Inter Station Multiplex, while the other stations are connected on 1 to 4 MAS i.e. station Access Multiplexes. The concept of token ring is similar to the connection of computers in a LAN. The MAS are connected to control stations also, so that the MAS domain units can communicate with control stations. Most of the time cross over from MAS to MIS domain or vice verse may require a gateway function and this is provided in the SMC with marker function. The application softwares are referred to as logical machines (ML) and are loaded as per some standard configurations in various agents of a station. The various logical machines are : {MLMR, MLTR MLTX, MLMQ, M,LGX, MLPC, MLCC} SMC MLPU/PE, MLETA, MLAN } SMA MLURM } SMT MLOC, MLOM } SMM MLCOM } SMX Little more elaborate description of individual stations shall be discussed in the following chapters.
6.
Redundancy Principles:
For reliability reasons the provisioning of hardware is more than what is required as per traffic, so that either load may be shared or transferred. The redundancy criterion is different in different station. (a) Station: SMC N +1 (N+1)th taking load on failure of any SMC. SMA (PU/PE) (N+1) (N+1) th reconfiguring on failure of any of the N PU/PEs. SMA (ETA) N (load sharing) SMA (V 5.2) 2 N (Pilot/Reserve) SMX 2 N (Parallel) SMT 2 N (Pilot stand by) MR 1 to 7 , MQ, TX, TR, GX, PC are duplicate but PC works on Pilot/Reserve mode & all others on load sharing/mode. Number of MR depends or capacity and traffic.
(b)
Logical Machines :
Chapter 4
MAIN CONTROLS TATION SMC
1.
Role of SMC:
All the control functions are supported in SMC and one or more of these functions can be used during call processing. The main control functions are MR, TR, TX, MQ, GX, PC, CC etc.
SMT
S M A MAS (1 to 4
S M X
(OTHER STATIONS) SMC

MIS (1)
SMC
MAL
SMM
Fig. 1 SMC Environment
2.
Environment of SMC : Relative position of SMC in OCB exchange is shown in the diagram fig.1. Control functions in SMC communicate on MIS. s s While other function (ML ) communicate with SMC on MAS. CSN communication with PU/PE over CCS# 7 link. The PU/PE forwards the messages to SMC (MR). Hardware architecture of SMC :
SMC station consists of following functional hardware components connected on a common bus known as BSM as shown in the diagram below :-
3.
MIS
BL
CMP
PUP
MC
PUS 1
PUS 2
PUS 3
PUS 4
CMS 1
CMS 2
CMS 3
CMS 4
MAS 1 MAS 2 MAS 3 MAS41
Fig. 2 FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF SMC STATION
One Principal Multiplex Coupler (CMP) for connections to MIS token ring implemented in ACAJA/ACAJB One to four Secondary Multiplex Coupler for Connection to 1 to 4 MAS token ring implemented in ACAJA/ACAJB One Principal Processing Unit PUP/ implemented in (ACTUR 5) 1 to 4 Secondary Processing Unit - (PUS) also implemented in ACTUR5 One common memory ACMCS Secondary alarm coupler (CSAL) implemented in ACALA Power supply convertors (DC to DC) 5 V 40A AE 5 V 40
4.
Functional architecture of SMC

The functional architecture and the physical architecture of SMC is shown below diagrammatically.
CSAL
MAL ACALA CMP

PUP
MISB A C A J B
MISA
MC
PUS (1<4)
A C A J A
A C U T R 5
A C M C 5
A C U T R 5
A C U T R 5
5V
A C V 5 V 40
A C V 5 V 40
A C A J A 5 MAS 1 MASB 1
A C A J B 5
A C A J A 5
A C A J B 5
MASA 4
MASB 4
CMS (1 < 4)
Fig. 3
THE PHYSICAL ARCHITECTURE OF SMC
4.1 Function of various agents on BSM 4.1.1 ACAJA 5 / ACAJB 5 as CMP

ACAJA 5 is a Motorolla 68020 processor based coupler with a 128 Kb EPROM and 4 Mb DRAM required for booting. This board is connected as an agent or BSM bus and connected to MISA ring. ACAJB 5 is similar to ACAJA 5 but there is no direct connector with BSM. It gets connected to BSM through ACAJA via a daughter board ADAJ and connects MISB. This also supports registers ICMAT and ICLOG for storing hard and soft fault conditions.
The CMP :
NB : Enables communication between different SMCs & SMM on MIS token ring Enables loading of telephone application data A station gets inserted on MIS right on powering up but on MAS after getting initialised i.e. after application software are loaded.
4.1.2 ACAJA / ACAJB as CMS

This control the exchange of messages with MAS domain units e.g. SMT, SMA, SMX etc. The informations are concerning channel associated signalling from SMA/SMT or messages related to connection/disconnection etc. with SMX. A SMC with marker function (MLMQ) does the job of linking messages between MIS & MAS domain. The messages may be like status setting/operational/and security defence related message.
4.1.3 ACTUR 5 AB as PUP

The PUP i.e. main processing unit also referred to as station processor routes the exchanged informations between different entities present in the station. Each executable function e.g. TR, TX, MR, MQ, PC etc. have their own exchange function requiring practically all the storage capacity of PUP. The PCB presently in use is ACUTR 5 AB. This has Motorola 68030 processor with modularly expendable on board RAM in steps of 64 Mb. The PUP is connected to the common memory ACMCS over a 32 bit local bus.
4.1.4 ACTUR 5 AB as PUS :

The secondary processors hardware wise are similar to PUP but connected only to BSM. The PUS generally support MR (MACRO) TX (macro) MQ exchanger etc. TR and PC functions are essentially supported on PUP. The processors ACTUR 5 AB consists of MOTOROLLA 68030 40 MHz processor with 128 Kb EPROM, 4 Mb DRAM registers ICMAT & ICLOG for storing hardware and software faults respectively and a local bus interface, and a BSM interface. 4.1.5
ACALA board :
This is used as a secondary alarm coupler and do the preliminary processing of converter alarms for onward transmission to SMM over a MAL ring.
5.
External Interfaces to the station :

(a) MIS and MAS rings : There are two rings referred to as A & B operating on loads sharing basis. The rings are connected at the back of the ACAJA/ACAJB on add on boards AIISM. There are two cables for each ring i.e. one coming from up stream station and other going to down stream station. MAL ring : There are two rings A & B in one cable connecting ACALA in different stations and finally to ACRAL board of SMM.
(b)
6.
Internal Interfaces :
The BSM and the BL are the internal interface. While all agents are connected or BSM bus, PUP is connected to memory on local Bus. The station processor PUP use 32 bit BL for certain transactions. BOARDS ORGANISATION IN SHELF FOR SMC STATION The PCB with their relative slot positions in shelf are indicated in the figure below:s
Location and rack assembly Location SLOT 138 132 126 120 114 108 102 96 90 82 78 70 66 58 54 46 42 34 30 24 15
ACMCS ACUTR ACAJA ACAJB ACAJA ACAJB ACAJA ACAJB ACAJA ACAJB ACAJA ACAJB ACALA AE5V40
FRONT VIEW
AE5V40 ACUTR ACUTR ACUTR ACUTR
FIG. 4
CA
CB
CC
UA
UB
UC
SMC SMC
SMC SMC SMC
SMC SMC SMC SMC
SMC
SMC SMT1G
SMC SMA SMA
SMT1G SMA SMT1G SMA
SMM
SMA SMA
SMA SMA
SMC
Fig. 5 Standard Racks with SMC
SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE OF SMC The software orgainsation is as under := The application Software which are supported by :A basic Software Hypervisor. MLSM for communication, loading and defence.
Hypervisor Functions:
This is the software enabling more than one application e.g. MQ, TR, TX etc. to be supported on same agent and it performs: Communications within the station Management of time delays Time allotment for various applications.
The elemental tasks corresponding to an application is taken care of by a software SUPERVISOR which in case of MR & TX is known as sequences. Thus Hypervisor is one per agent but supervisor is one per application on the agent.
General Software Architecture

This is explained in the schematic below :-
SOFTWARE ARCITECTURE OF A STATION Fig. 6
Main coupler (CMP)
Secondary coupler (CMS)
ML SM/P
ML
ML SM/S
SUPERVISOR HYPERVISOR
ML SM/S
MLi
MLj/E ou MLk/P
SEO MLj/M MLk/S ML SM/S
Main processor (PUP) SEQ ML SM/P ML SM/S MLi MLj/E MLj/M MLk/P MLk/S : : : : : : : : sequencer (SMR or TX) main component of MLSM
Secondary processor (PUS)
secondary component of MLSM MLi (Single component) interchange unit software module of Mlj (multi-component) macro component MLj(multi-component) main component (new structure multi-component) secondary conponent (new structure multi-component)
5.2 5.2.1
Examples of location of software machines Small configuration P (Subscribers applications)

CMP CMS 1 CMS 2 M L S M / S
SUPERVISOR HYPERVISSIOR
CMS 3 M L S M / S M L T R M L M R / E
M L S M / P
M L M Q
M
L G X
M L S M / S
BSM
HYPERVISOR SUPERVISOR
M L S M / S
M L M R / M PUS 1
M L S M / S
M L M R / M PUS 2
M L S M / S
M L T X / E
M L S M / S
M L T X / E PUS 4
M L P C
PUS 3
NOTE : ML _ _ /M are managed by a sequencer (SEQ)
Fig. 7
5.2.2
Medium configuration (Subscribers application) (a) SMC = TR + TX + MQ + GX + PC

CMP M L S M / P CMS 1 M L S M / S
CMS 2 M L S M / S
PUP M L S M / S M L T X / E
BSM
M L S M / S
M L T R
M L G X
M L S M / S
M L T X / M PUS 2
M L S M / S
M L T X / E
M L S M / S
M L M Q
M L P C
PUS 1
PUS 3
PUS 4
Fig. 8
(B)
SMC = MR
CMP M L S M / P
CMS 1 M L S M / S
CMS 2 M L S M / S
PUP M L S M / S
M L M R / E
BSM
M L S M / S
M L M R / M
M L S M / S
M L M R / M PUS 2
M L S M / S
M L M R / M
M L S M / S
M L M R / M
PUS 1
PUS 3
PUS 4
Fig. 9
(C)
SMC = TX + MQ + PC
CMP M L S M / P
CMS 1 M L S M / S
CMS 2 M L S M / S
CMS 3 M L S M / S M L T X / E
BSM
M L S M / S
M L T X / M PUS 1
M L S M / S
M L T X / M PUS 2
M L S M / S
M L T X / E
M L S M / S
M L P Q
M L P C
PUS 3
PUS 4
Fig. 10
5.2.3 Configuration TM (SSP application) (a) Station SMC = PC + TR + GX + MQ + TX (B)

CMP M L S M / P
CMS 1 M L S M / S
CMS 2 M L S M / S
CMS 3 M L S M / S M L T R
BSM
M L S M / S
M L G X
M L P C / N
M L S M / S
M L P C / I PUS 2
M L S M / S
M L M Q
M L T X / E
M L S M / S PUS 4
M L T X / M
PUS 1
PUS 3
Fig. 11
(B)
Station SMC = CC + GS + MR (SSP application)
CMP M L S M / P
CMS 1 M L S M / S
CMS 2 M L S M / S
PUP M L S M / S M L C C / P M L M R / E
BSM
M L S M / S
M L C C / S PUS 1
M L G S / S
M L S M / S
M L C C / S
M L G S / S
M L S M / S
M L M R / M
M L S M / S PUS 4
M L M R / M
PUS 2
PUS 3
Fig. 12
5.2.4
Multi-component software machine : MLMR
EXCHAN GER MR
MACRO MR
MACRO MR
MACRO MR
MACRO MR
Each MR MACROPROGRAM BLOCK can generate up to 256 MR REGISTERS simultaneously. An MR REGISTER is a software unit which controls and supervises the establishment pr breaking off of a communication. The EXCHANGER BLOCK carries out interface between all the MR registers (256, 512, 758 or 1024) and the other software machines. Two of the registers in a macro program are reserved for exchange administration.
Fig. 13
5.2.5
Multi-component software machine ML IX
EXCHAN GER TX
MACRO TX
MACRO TX
MACRO TX
MACRO TX
BSM
Each STX MACROPROGRAM BLOCK can manage up to 1500 TX REGISTERS simultaneously. The TX REGISTERS is a software above to charge a communication. The EXCHANGER BLOCK ensure interface between all the TX REGISTERS (1500, 3000, 4500 or 6000) and the other software machines.
Fig. 14
5.2.6
Multi-component machine : MLCC (SSP application)
Main CC
Secondary CC
Secondary CC
Secondary CC
Secondary CC
BSM
Each secondary MLCC can manage up to 3000 process of communication command (or calls) simultaneously. A process is a software in charge of the treatment of a communication (setting-up or breaking down) The main component MLCC assume the function of exchanger (routing of messages received at the MLCC level to the correspondent process (cc)).
Fig. 15
5.2.7
ML multicomponents : ML GS (SSP application)
Main GS
Secondary GS
Secondary GS
Secondary GS
Secondary GS
BSM
Each component of the secondary MLGS can manage up to 3000 service management task (or servers calls) simultaneously. A task is a software in charge of checking the calls to the server at the LEG level (SSP application). The MLGS main component have the exchanger function (send back) the received messages at the MLGS level to the correspondent task manager).
Fig. 16
The distribution of various application on various agents basically depends upon the traffic and certain standard configurations have been fixed for small, medium and large systems. There can not be any choice for a different combination of applications in different agents than those specified by ALCATEL. DEFENCE: In case of any problems encountered e.g. watch dog time out or a hard fault etc. the agent supporting the related application initiates a defence function and communicates to the SMM via CMP. SMM then issues appropriate fault or alarm messages and also initiates testing of faulty station for detecting any hard fault. The stations while extending malfunction message conveys the content of ICMAT & ICLOG registers for the connivance of SMM to issue appropriate message for maintenance personnel. Generally an isolated message may not give useful informations but number of messages related to a function may give sufficient clue to fault.
POWER REQUIREMENT :
ACUTR ACMCS ACAJA ACAJB 6.5 W at 5 V - 5 such boards total 32.5 W 3 board X 4.5 W per board 13.5 V 5 boards X 1 UW per board 50 W 5 boards X 3.5 W per board 17.5 W Total 113.5 W
Hardware addressing :
Every station on token ring has a unique hardware address. The address is programmed by setting of a pair of dip switches provided on a daughter board AARCH at the back panel of the station as follows. OFF = 1 ON = O
APSM (LSB T Y C P DOCP TYOR APSM (MSB)
For 65% convertor efficiency consumption = 173.5 --------.65 = 175 W at 48 V Add 4 W at 48 V for ACALA Thus total = 179 W
APSM DOCP TYCP TYOR
Physical address of SM (in a bits) Domain of coupler Type of coupler Type of organ
NOTE : Refer commissioning guide document for switch positions and value of the various fields set in the Switch.
Chapter 5
SWITCHING MULTIPROCESSOR STATION (SMX) 1. ROLE : A SMX is one module of the entire switch matrix system with independent control. The station is responsible for carrying out connection of an incoming LR time slot to an out going LR Time slot. FUNCTIONS :Switching may effect connection between subscribers, subscriber to junction, junction to junction subs to tone or RF, junction to tone or RF etc. or there may be a semi permanent connection for certain data link. Besides the connection function, functions: 2. the SMX performs following other
1.1
Clock reception from STS and distribution. Fault and alarm processing Defence of the station etc.
SMX Environment - This is shown diagramatically in Fig. 1

LCXE FROM OTHERS SMXs LREA CLOCK FROM STS
CSN SMT OR SMA
LAE
SAB A
I L R A
LCXE A
M A T R I X A
LCXS A
I L R A
SAB A LRSA LAS SAB B
SAB B
LREA
I L R B
LCXS B
M A T R I X B
LCXS B
I L R B
RSB
CSN SMT OR SMA
LCXE FROM OTHER SMXs
CLOCK FROM STS
MAS
TO CONTROL UNITS eg.MR
FIG. 1 (SMX ENVIRONMENT)
LCXE Links
From other SMXS

S A B A 5 A B B I L R A LRS (A)
STS
CSN SMT LA SMA
I L R B
LRS (B)
S A B A 5 A B B
SMT SMA CSN LA
MAS
CONTROL UNITS
FIG. 1 SMX ENVIRONMENT The SMX is connected on 4 Mbs links (LR) to units like CSN, SMT and SMA referred to as service peripherals. On the other hand SMX is also connected to control units over MAS token rings which provide particulars of connections to be effected. The Network synchronised clock from STS is supplied to SMX. Switching is done on the strobe of clock and also this clock is supplied to the service peripherals i.e. CSN, SMT & SMA on LR links. The inlets from other SMXs also make an entry to SMX as LCXE links. 3. BASIC FEATURES OF SMX The switch in OCB-283 is a pure time switch. Ultimate capacity of switch matrix is 2048 X 2048 LR. Modularity 256 X 256 LR in 8 SMX Module 64 X 64 LR matrix by adding PCBs Each module of SMX is duplicated and Switching takes place in either branch parallaly . 2 Mbps access links LA issuing from CSN, SMT or SMA are converted into 4 Mbps LR links by a SAB interface card. The SAB is a functional component of SMX but the hardware is put in service peripherals. Branch is selected by receiving SAB functional unit.
4.
Switching is done at 16 MBps rate but reception & issue of LR links is at 4 Mbps rate.
CONCEPT OF PURE TIME SWITCH A REMINDER
A pure time switch consists of a speech buffer a control buffer and a Read/Write controller. Digital Samples of data carried by TS of LRs are written sequentially in consecutive locations of the speech memory. The control buffer contains the addresses of a location of speech memory to be read at a defined TS i.e. write operation on speech memory is sequential while read operation is controlled, by the contents of control memory The contents of the control memory are based on the connection particulars decided by the MR by going through the call processing sequence. Based on above mentioned logics, the functional architecture of a switch shall be as shown in diagram below:
SPECH BUFFER LRE 4 Sl to parallel conversion
20 1
LRS
Parallel to serial conversion CONTROL MEMORY
MATRIX Controller
4
20
4
20
Fig. 2 Functional Architecture of a Time Switch

Note: Control memory contents indicate a connection between TS 4 and RS 20.
Here speech and control memory constitutes the switch matrix. The digital samples of T/S of LRE are as it is reproduced in the speech memory e.g. location 4 contains the speech sample of TS 4. If TS 4 is to be connected to T/S 20 then location 4 of control memory should point to address of location 20 of speech memory and location 20 of control memory should point to address of location 4 of speech memory as shown. These contents are written by matrix controller by getting the connection particulars from MR.
5.1
Functional Architecture of a SMX module in OCB 283
A SMX station uses the concept of digital pure time switch as discussed above and further provides a coupling to the MAS token ring for communication with control units for obtaining connection particulars. Also the station should have interface for receiving time links and the inlets from other SMX station for realising full availability of inlets in each station. Accordingly functional diagram shall be as shown below :
LCXE from other SMXs
LA From CSN SMT SMA From STS
Fig.
S A B A S A B B
LCXE
LCXs 4 Mb paral -lel ILR LRS 4 Mb Serial
4 Mb Parallel
To Receiving SAB in CSN SMT or SMA
ILR
Control
{
BTT
MATRIX COUPLER
MATRIX System consisting of speech & control memory
BSM MUX coupler MAS SMC
Fig. 3 Functional diagram of SMX 5.2 PHYSICAL IMPLEMENTATION AND PURPOSE OF PCBs OF SMX . The MATRIX is constituted of RCMT and RCSM boards. One RCMT board is capable of providing a square matrix of 64 LRs i.e. 64 X 64 Switchings are possible. Thus for one SMX module 4 RCMTs are required to cater to 256 LRs. Since we need to have the capability of switching any incoming LR time slot to any O/G LR T/S the LRs of other SMXs as LCXE links are multipled by providing RCMT boards. Thus in a SMX module 256 LRs are connected through LR interface (ILR) to 4 RCMT boards and there can be a max of 28 more RCMT boards provided in each SMX to receive inlet LCXE links from other (max 7) SMXs. Whereas number of outlets derivable are 256 only. Each SMX module therefore can be said to serve a max ,of 2048 inlets and 256 unique outlets. Of course the size of the rectangular matrix supported in each SMX will depend upon actual number of LRs and hence number of SMXs equipped.
5.2.1
The connection of RCMTs/RCSM in a SMX branch are as shown below:
256 LRE CSN SMT or SMA
SAB
MAX 256 X 7 LCXE LINKS Multiplied from other MAX 7 SMXs
16 RCID Serial to parallel

256 LCXE
4 RCMT
28 RCMTs
4 RCSMs (Main) 4 RCSMs (Extn.) 256 LCXS 16 RCID 256 LRS to SAB of receiving unit
Fig. 4 Connection of RCMTs/RCSM in SMX As shown in diagram max no of RCMT boards required is (4 + 28) i.e. 32, of which 4 belong to SMX itself catering to 256 inlets of its own and other 28 are referred to as receptors for the I/C (2048-256) LRs served by other SMXs. No of SMXs required will be as per traffic & no. of connector units. Writing takes place on all RCMT boards corresponding to inlet in all SMXs and buffered in a RCSM boards corresponding to outlet in particular SMX to which the outlet belongs. The ultimate capacity of switch 2048 X 2048 is realised in two group of 1024 X 1024. The RCSM boards are provided for buffering the read output of RCMT (at 16 MHz), but set out at 4 MBPs in 4 groups of 16 LCSM links. The final readout is at 4 Mbps rate from RCSM board giving 64 LCXS links at 4 MBps . One RCSM can accommodate 64 LRs and hence 4 RCSMs are required. However for more than 1024 LR capacity each SMX module needs extension shelf to accommodate RCMT boards. Inlets corresponding to the RCMTs in extension shelf when required to be switched to a outlet of SMX, the buffering is done in RCSM provided in extension shelf only i.e. max number of RCSM required for ultimate capacity of 2048 X 2048 will be 8 per SMX. 5.2.2 The interface for LRs (ILR) is differential interface implemented by PCB RCID. Each RCID is capable of supporting 2 GLRs (or 16 LRs) and hence one SMX will have 16 RCID boards to cater to the 256 LRs. The RCID boards receive the LREs in serial format and convert the same to parallel 4 Mbps format known as
LCXE links. Similarly the output from RCSM board is in parallel format (LCXS) Parallel to serial convertion again taken place in appropriate RCIDs board and LR s is derived. 5.2.3 Read/write operations on the MATRIX System (Speech & control memory) is done by a MATRIX coupler implemented by a PCB RCMP. The RCMP carries out read and write operations at strobe of Network clock, which it receives in triplicate from STS. RCMP board has a majority logic decision interface for choosing the best clock out of the three received. Read and write controls are independently carried out in the main and extension shelves. For this RCMP is provided both in main & extension shelves. The speech buffer is duplicated & Read & write are done in alternate frames. 5.2.4 SAB function is performed by different PCBs in CSN, SMT & SMA e.g. TCBTL (CSN) ICIDS (SMT 2 G) & ICID (SMA). This hardware units are a part of SMX but physically mounted in CSN, SMT or SMA. What is SAB Function & How implemented SAB stands for selection & amplification of branch. The logic used for selection of a branch is :(1) Sending unit calculates the parity in the data sent and sends the parity to receiving unit. Receiving SAB also calculates parity on data received and compares with parity received. If there is difference in parity or branch A and branch B then the one which matches with sent parity is chosen. A bit by bit comparison of data on branch A & B is carried out to check whether there is any change because this is likely even with parity tallying. There should be a method to send parity bit from source to destination or an error indication either in parity received on bit by bit Comparision made. For this purpose three additional bits are required. Actually 8 bits are added in every time slot making 16 bits per slot i.e. the rate on LR link becomes 4 Mbps. This addition is done by SAB function.
CSN SMT OR SMA
6.0
(2)
2 Mbps
LA
S A B
4 Mbps LR 8 bit 8<12 131415
I L R
MATRIX
8bits
Fig. 5 Position in SMX There are two types of checks on connections in the two branches of switch.
(1)
Permanent Check : This is done whenever a connection is made by calculating the parity and comparing the same with sent parity and also by making a bit by bit comparison of samples coming on two branches. Multiframe check : This type of check is initiated by GX when SAB defects a fault of switching and conveys the same to GX via COM.
(2)
Use of additional bits
In Permanent mode:
Bit Bit 13 14 is O (Zero) Value is Zero on O/P and I/P line and is 1 or input line if an error is detected in comparison.
Bit 15 Parity bit is sent In Multiframe mode: Bit 13 is use for marking multiframe of 32 frames. This bit will be 31 times 1 and 32nd time O. Thus a change from 1 to O marks end of multiframe. on output lines it is control bit for multiframe and or input line is the status bit of the SAB. reception of One bit of CRC every frame and after 32 frames 32 bit CRC is received.
Bit Bit
14 15
Functions of various PCBs in SMX.
7.0
Modular expansion from 64 X 64 LR matrix to 256 X 256 LRs by RCMT boards

(a) 64 X 64 LR
16 LRE From SAB
R C I D
R
C I D
R C I D R C I D
64 LCXE link
64LCXS
RCMT Board
16 LCSM 0 64 X 64 64 X 64
16 LCSM 1
64 LCXE at 16 Mbps
64 X 64 64 X 64
16 LCSM 2
16 LCSM 3
R C S M
LXS
LXE
FIG. 6
64 X 64 LR Matrix system with one RCMT and one RCSM board
There are 4 64 X 64 LR matrices in a RCMT board as shown.
64 LREs enter the 4 RCID boards in groups of 16 and 64 LCXE links are derived . Four LCXE link at 4 Mbs/parallel are multiplexed to derive a 16 Mbps parallel link and at 16 Mbps the contents of Time slots are written sequentially in the speech memory of RCMT board. After switching in RCMT 64 LCSM links are received in four groups. The output is buffered in RCSM boards from RCSM 64 LCXS links are read out at 4 Mbps and by parallel to serial conversion again at the RCID board corresponding to the output GLRs LRs links are obtained. As shown in the diagram for 64 LRs only one chip of 64 X 64 matrix out of 4 in the board is used. Others are used when the size of matrix grows. This is discussed case of 128 X 128 LR Matric (refer figure)
64 LCXE RCMT 0
16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 RCMT 1
to RCSM 0 128 LCSM to RCSM 1
64 LCXE
FIG. 7
(128 X 128) LR MATRIX
For 128 X 128 two RCMT boards will be required 64 LCXE will enter RCMT No. 1 & another 64 LCXE in RCMT No. 2 . By interaid connector the multiplexed LCXE link (L X S) 1t 16 Mbps from one RCMT is connected the 64 X 64 LR matrix chips in the second column n of second RCMT. Switching among the 128 LRs are thus possible in the 4 chips of 64 X 64 LR in first RCMT card only as shown. 2nd card in this case is used only to receive the 64 LCXE links and multiplexing these in to 16 Mbps LSX link. The interaid is done by a front connector between two adjacent RCMT board.
Case of 256 X 256 LR Matrix (Refer fig. 8)
The above concept is extended 4 RCMT cards are used and each pair of cards is connected in such a way that 2 X 128 X 256 LR connection is realised from two pairs of RCMT. The same principal is further extended to realise bigger switch sizes.
64 LCXE RCMT0 64 LCXE RCMT 2
64 LCSM
64 LCSM
64 LCSM
64 LCSM
Inter aid RCMT 1 RCMT 3
To 4 RCSM boards
64 LCSM
64 LCSM
64 LCSM
64 LCSM
64 LCXE
64 LCXE
Fig. 8
(256 X 256) LR Matrix
Standard Racks
XA00
ILR (A) ILR (B) SM X A1
XA01
ILR (A1) ILR (A2) ILR (A) ILR (B)
SMX A1 SMX A2
SMX (A1) SMX (A2) SMX (Ext.) SMX (Ext.)
SMX B1
For 256 LRs both branches in same rack
For upto 1024 LR Each rack will have 2 SMXs of one branch So two racks required for two branches for upto 512 LR and 4 racks will be required for more than 512 LRs Fig. 9
For beyond 102 4 LRs Requires extension shelves to accommodate additional RCMTs i.e. beyond 16 RCMTs
Standard SMX Racks
Maximum No of rack required for ultimate capacity i.e. all 8 SMXs will be four per branch.. 8. 8.1 Function of PCBs of SMX
RCMP:
There can be two RCMP boards in a SMX, viz one in min. shelf and other in extension shelf. The min, shelf RCMP carries out following function. (a) (b) (c) (d) Performs majority logic decision on BTT from STS. Clock distribution to RCID boards, main switch and extension with BSM bus. Interface with BSM bus. Serial transmission and reception of information with differential interface (RCID), main and extension switch. (e) Generator of alarms towards ACALA board The extension shelf RCMP carries out : (a) Ensures retransmission to the boards of its shelf, the serial control link clock and signals received from main RCMP board (b) and ensures retransmission tot he main RCMP board of the serial link signals received from the boards of its shelf.
8.2
RCID board :
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Provides interface between connection units and switch matrix. Connection security. Help in fault location for locavar.. Serial to parallel and parallel to serial conversion. Clock reception and distribution. Time switching of 128 LCXE links to yield 128 LCSM links. (64 LCXE belonging to itself and 64 received from counterpart through inter aid). RCMT consists of two 128 X 64 buffer memory blocks. One of the blocks switches LCXE (0 to 127) lines towards LCSM (0/63) lines and other switches LCXE (0 to 127) lines towards LCSM (64 to 127) lines.
8.3
RCMT board :
(a)
(b)
8.4
RCMS board :
(a) Receives 64 LCSM links at 4 Mbps in four sets of 16. (b) Sending of 64 LCXS differentially at 4 Mbps to boards of different interface with sifting at high impedance control for configuration above 1024 LR (c) Sending of time signals accompanying the LCXS lines to the differential interface boards if installed in the main switch.
8.5 & 6 ACAJA / ACAJB and ACALA :

boards have their usual function like coupling to token ring and secondary processing of converter and time base related alarms respectively.
9.
Layout of Cards in racks

LOCATION AND RACK ASSEMBLY (1) Differential interface subrack (2) Min subrack (3) Extension subrack
R C I D 0 0 5 0 1 0
R C I D 0
R I D 0
R R R R I I I 0 I 0
R R R R R C C C C I 0 7 3 5 I I I 0 I 1
R R R R C C I I 1 1 I 1 I 1
R R R R R R R R R C C C C C C C C C I I I I 0 I I I I I D 0 D D D D D D D D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
R R C C I I
R R R R R C C I 1 I 1 C I 1 C C I 1 I 1
C O N V E R 1 T 5 1
(1)
O N V E R 0 0T C
C C C C C
C C C
D D D D D D D D D 0 0 0 0 8 9 0 1 4 4 5 5 2 6 0 4
D D D D
D D D D 0 0
D D D
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 8 2 6 0 4
2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 6 6 7 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 8 2 6 0 3 7 8 8 9 9 9 0 0 1 1 2 6 0 4 8 2 6 0 4 R R C T R C T R R S M R C M T R R C M T C M T 0 1 6 1 6 R C M T 0 1 7 2 2 R C S M 0 1 3 2 8
9 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 8 2 6 0 4 8 2 6 C R C M T 1 1 4 3 2 R C M T 1 3 5 8 1 O N V E R 1 T 4 6
(2)
O N V E R 0 0T 0 0 0 6
A C A L A 0 0 9
A C J B 0 1 6
A C J A 0 0 2 2 0 4
R R R R R R R R R M M M S M M M M S P T T M T T T
C C C C C C C C C C T M T
C C T
A A
M M
M M
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 4 5 6 6 7 1 8 2 3 3 4 8 9 2 3 1 0 7 8 4 95 02 02 1 3 8 2 8 4 8 4 0 6 2 6 2 8 4 0 4 8
C O A C A L A R R R R R R R R R R C M 1 0 R R C M T 1 1 C T 1 4 R R S M 0 2 R C T 1 2 R C T 1 3 R C M T 0 6 R C M T 0 7 R C S M 0 R C M T 1 R C M T 1 5
C O N V E R T C C C C C C C C C M M M S P T 0 0 0 1 0 0 M M M M S T T 0 2 0 3 0 0 8 9 0 1 T M T T C C T 0 5
(3)
N V E R T
M M
M M
M T
3 4
0 0 0
0 0 6
0 0 9
0 2 8
0 3 2
0 3 8
0 4 4
0 4 8
0 5 4
0 6 0
0 0 6 7 6 2
0 7 6
0 8 2
0 8 8
0 9 4
1 0 0
1 0 4
1 0 8
1 1 6
1 2 2
1 2 8
1 3 2
1 3 8
1 4 6
Wiring of GLRs and LCXE as viewed from Rear of rack PARTIAL REAR VIEW OF A SMX RACK (indicating wiring for GLRs & LCXE Cables)
Wiring of GLRs and LCXE as viewed from Rear of rack
Wiring of GLRs and LCXE as viewed from Rear of rack PARTIAL REAR VIEW OF A SMX RACK (indicating wiring for GLRs & LCXE Cables)
Wiring of GLRs and LCXE as viewed from Rear of rack

GLRS
RCID Boards on front side
30 31
2 3
0 1
ILR SHELF
L C X E
L C X S
L C X E
L C X S
L C X E
L C X S
L C X E
L C X S
L C X E
L C X S
L C X E
SMX SHELF
LCXC TO OTHER RAX
R C M T 9
R C M T 8
R C M T 0
R C M T 1
R C M T 0
Fig. 11 : PARTIAL REAR VIEW OF A SMX RACK (Indicating wiring for GLRs & LCXE Cables)
CHAPTER 6 Auxilary Multiprocessor Station (SMA) 1. Function of SMA

Tone generation (GT) Conference call (CCF) Frequency generation & reception for R2 MF signalling or for receiving DTMF frequencies (RGF) Clock CCITT 7 signalling management (PU/PE) Access network management (AN)
2.
SMA Environment
SMA MAS to other stations The SMA is connected to the switch by one GLR (i.e. 8 LR links), On the other side it is connected to MAS token ring over which it communicates with control units. A MAL ring collects converter alarms of the station. The time base is obtained by the SMA from STS via the switch over GLR cable.
8 LR 1 GLR SMX
3.
Functional Architecture of SMA :

A SMA station can provide following functions (O) combination. ETA & PU/PE PU/PE alone ETA alone AN (access network) alone. First two SMAs essentially have GT functions and clock function besides other ETA or PU/PE functions. For the above functions and to adapt on token ring different type of couplers and processors are provided. The functional name and PCB names are listed below: CMP - implemented by ACAJA5/ACAJB5 or ACAJAG ACASB4 PUP - ACJTR5 AB PUS - ACUTR5 AB Only one PUS MC (Common memory) ACMCS
Coupler CTSV i.e. coupler Traitement Signal Vocal or Voice signal processing couplers. These couplers are used as GT, RGF, CCF and as psophometer.
Coupler CSMP Coupler signalling Multiprotocol for CCS#7 or V 5.2 signalling implemented by ACHIL 2 & ACHIL 3 PCBs. The functional architecture is indicated diagramatically below:MAS BL
C M P C T S V
P U P
C M
P U S
BSM
C T S V Max 12 Couplers
C S M P
C L O C K
4. 4.1
Board Functions: ICTSH/ICTSS

(a) These cards can perform following functions Conference call facility - 8 numbers of 4 party conferencing is possible with following features:(i) (ii) (iii) Add on conferencing with discreet listen in Call hold indication Making operator call
One ICTSH board can implement 8 such facilities. (b) Tone generator function : (GT) This function is for generation of tones like dial tone, busy tone etc. The frequencies may be single or combination of one two three & four frequencies with different pauses. One ICTSH board generates 32 voice frequency signals. (c) Frequency reception & generation function (RGF). This function takes care of generation and reception of dual frequencies used for R2 MF signalling One ICTSH board can implement 8 RGF terminals and one ICTSS board 16 RGF terminals. (d) Modulation detection function: This function carries out supervision of modulation on recorded announcement time slots. This is processed as a particular RGF code defined.
4.2 ACHIL 2 Board :

This board carries out HDLC level 2 functions for 16 channels. There are two servers carrying out following functions:HDLC direction: Sending Receiving -
Sending flag, CRC Calculation and O insertion Elimination of O inserted, flag framing, CRC verification. CCITT 7 direction Send Automatic sending of filler frames Receive Automatic elimination of filter frames which do not carry useful information.
4.3
ICHOR Board
This board ensures generation of accurate exchange clock required for correctly labelling various messages flowing between various units.
4.4
ACAJA/ACAJB card:
This board provides coupling of SMA station with token ring over which communications is made with control units. Following type of informations are exchanged:CAS R2 MF signalling Status messages and CCS# 7 related messages
4.5
ICID Board (One for each branch of SMX)

Receptor of 8 LRs and associated time base from RCID board of SMX and convertion to LA to give to SMA and similarly converting LA link to LRE toward RCID of SMX. Mutual help to extend LR link to counterpart ICID for the purpose of bit by bit check Processing of additional bits on LR Selection of time base (4 MHZ)
Distribution of 8 access links (LA) Case : 1 LA 1 LA 2 LA 3 LA 4 LA 5 LA 6 LA 7 LA 8 Case : 2 SMA 1 or SMA 2 with clock, GT, RGF and ACHIL function. CCF GT ACHIL ACHIL 2 RGFS 2 RGFS 2 RGFS 1 RGF
11 Couplers + 1 Clock (1 CHOR) Coupler
Where GT & clock are not there i.e. SMA 3 onward.
LA 1 & LA 2 to Two CCF (ICTSH) LA 3 & LA 4 TO Two ACHIL LA 5, LA 6, LA 7, LA 8 each to pair of RGFs (Total 8 RGFs) Total 12 Couplers SMA Rack card layout:
A E 5 V 4 0 1 4 A C A L A 2 3 A C A J B 2 9 A C A J A 3 3 A C U T R 4 1 A C M C S 4 7 I C T S H 5 3 I C T S H 5 9 A C H I L 2 6 5 A C H I L 2 7 1 I C T S H 7 7 I C T S H 8 1 I C T S H 8 5 I C T S H 8 9 I C T S H 9 3 I C T S H 9 7 I C T S H 10 1 I C T S H 10 5 A C U T R 11 3 I C I D A 11 9 I C I D B 12 5 A E 5 V 40 14 2
Slot Slot Slot
ACUTR 5 AB PUP ICTSH for CCF ICTSH for GT in SMA 1 & SMA 2 and for CCF in other SMA Slot 71, 77, 81, 85, 89, 93, 97, 101 ICTSH or ICTSS for RGF Slot 105 either ICTSH/ICTSS for RGF or ICHOR (SMA 1 and SMA 2) Slot 119 & 125 are ICIDs for SABA & SABB function TYPE OFRACKS MOUNTING SMA : UC UE SMC SMC SMA SMT SMA SMT SMA SMA & MA SMA
41 53 59
SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE
Following Software machines in different combination are loaded in SMA depending upon requirement: MLSM (P) MLSM (ACHIL) MLSM (S) + ML PU/PE MLSM (S) + MLETA in in in in CMP ACHIL board (for level 2 function of CCS # 7) PUP for CCS # 7 protocol management PUS for ETA function
Firmware for GT, CCF, RGF, etc. or various CTSV (ICTSH or ICTSS) depending upon Slot locations as indicated earlier.
CHAPTER 7 TRUNK MULTIPROCESSORS STATION (SMT) 1. GENERAL :
The SMT is a interface for PCM coming from RSU, RLU (E-10 B CSED) and as junctions from other exchanges. With the initial supply of OCB-283 exchanges first Generation SMT (SMT 1G) was supplied and subsequently SMT-2 G replaced them since no more SMT 1 G are existent in the field only SMT 2 G is included in the handout. The functions of SMT are same whether it is SMT 1 G or SMT 2 G. SMT 2 G is more powerful and intelligence is extended at the PCM terminal level.
2.
Function of SMT:
(i) Provide terminations of a maximum of 128 PCM and CSND . (ii)
from trunks, CSED
Carrying out URM (Multiplex connection unit function) consisting of : (a) (b) HDB 3/ Binary code conversion. Injection and extraction of CAS on time slot 16 and making over to another functional unit called CLTH for processing.
(iii)
Transforming the intelligence in PCM TS to LR T/S for switching to destinations TS and transforming the switched LR time slot into PCM TS.
3.
Specific features of SMT 2 G :

Beside above mentioned general functions of SMT following special features are available in SMT 2 G. (i) Digital Access cross connect (DACS) where the additionals bits (bit 8 to 12) can be used to carry channel associated signalling for PABX numbering scheme. (ii) (iii) (iv)
with linked
Can support higher order PCM multiplexes e.g. 34 M bit /S. Can support ISDN PRA (30 B + D) links. Reduction of load on MIS/MAS by introducing decentralised processes in a software way.
4.
SMT Environment :
SMT on one end receives the external PCM which are HDB 3 coded and after decoding in Binary extends LR links to Switch matrix. For the purpose of communication with the control stations SMT is connected to MAS token ring. For reliability reasons SMT logic part is duplicated and there is a link for inter communication between two logic parts. The timing links for synchronisation are also derived from some dedicated PCM terminals of SMT. Accordingly the environment of SMT shall be as shown diagramatically below:
Synch PCM Link LISM to other logic (Receive)
STS
2 Mb HDB 3 Coded PCM from and to circuits CSND or CSED
LR SWITCH MATRIX Clock
Logic -------SMT
MAL to other stations

MAS
CONTROL UNITS
Fig. 1
SMT Environment
5.
General Architecture of SMT 2 G

The SMT 2 G Comprises following three functional components. (a) Exchange termination (PCM termination) which is not duplicated. (b) Control system for processing the CAS, Comprising two processing sub systems known as SMTA and SMTB. (c) SAB function one each for issuing LRC links Switch matrix systems branch A and branch B.
6.
Internal Architecture of SMT 2 G

The internal architecture is as shown in the diagram below. (Fig. 2)
BETP 1 (A)
C M
M A S
P & V B
S M T A
BETP 2 (A)
E T U 1
E T U 2
E E T T U U 3 4
E E T T U U 25 26 64 LA
E T U 27
E T U 28
64 PCM
ILSM
C M P & V B
S A B
S M T B
64 LA BETP 1 (A) E E T T U U 5 6 E T U 7 E T U 8 E E T T U U 29 30 E T U 31 E T U 32
S A B
64 PCM
BETP 2 (B)
(ETU) ET 1 ET 2 ET 3 ET 4 MULTIPLEX : ETP ETP ETP ETP EXCHANGE TERMINAL UNIT (ETU) SUPPORTED BY ICTRQ BOARD EACH ETU SUPPORTS 4 ET (PCM) ALONG WITH CORRESPONDING PROCESSOR (ETP)
CMP A&B, LOGICS AND ETU ALONGW SAB INTERFACE ALL EQUIPPED IN TWO SHELVES REFD. TO AS SMTA S
CONTROLL LOGIC BETP BUS A&B LAPD PROTOCOL ICTSM BOARD 750 Kb/S (DUPLICATED) INTERCHANGE WITH CONTROL UNITS OVER MAS THROUGH PRINCIPAL COUPLER AND CONTAINS A COMMN. MEMORY INTER COMMON BTN. LOGICS ON LISM LINK IN HDLC (LAPD at 250 Kbls)
SAB INTERFACE SUPPORTED BY ICID EACH ICIDS SUPPOR S 2 GLR
FIG. 2 GENERAL INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE OF SMT 2 G
-82-
As already mentioned before, the SMT consists of three parts viz. logic part (duplicate) PCM terminator part (not duplicate) and the SAB part. Interconnection of the three components are indicated in the diagram. 6.1 The PCM part is implemented on a functional unit known as ETU (Exchange termination unit) which consists of 4 ET (exchange termination for 2 Mb/s PCM) and 4 ETP i.e. ET processor. Partial processing of PCM & CAS signals is carried out by ETP .
6.2
The logic part is duplicated which on one side is connected to ETU by BETP bus and on the other side is connected on MAS ring via coupler for communication with control units. There are signalling links, Switch over links and PRS (Pilot/Reserve) links between the two parts of logic. The information on the PCM Time Slots are subject to a code conversion i.e. HDB 3 to binary for incoming junction and Binary to HDB 3 for O/G junctions at the ETU level. The binary coded access links (LA) are connected to SAB unit which issue a 16 bit LR link toward the Switch matrix.
6.2.1 Processing Subsystem architecture :

As already mentioned before there are two processing system which can work in pilot/standby mode, normal/back up mode or load sharing mode. Usually Pilot/Standby mode is used. The active subsystem is chosen by a hardwired device supported by the first CLTH (HDLC Trans link coupler) out of two. The processing system architecture is as indicated below: (Fig.3)
BETP 1 MAS CMP PUP BL MC BSM NB: PUP is optional CLTH means HDLC Transmission Link Coupler. (Fig. 3)
CLTH 1
BETP 2
CLTH2
To ETU
LISM to counter part SMT
6.3
SAB Function Part Organisation

For selection and amplification of branch there are couple of cards for issue and receipt of LR links for branch A and B towards SMX. The SAB functional unit is a part of SMX and implemented by hardware housed in SMT. Entire SMT is broken up into 8 modules referred to as a URM supporting 16 PCMs or 2 GLRs (PCM on external side and GLR towards the switch). A pair of PCB ICIDS is associated with each UR performing SAB function for branch A and branch B. 2 GLR (E &S) From to SMXA i.e. 8 LRE + 8 LRS + timing
2 Mb/S
from & to SMXB s There is an inter aid link between branch A and branch B SAB function card 8 LRE + 8 LR + for the purpose of receiving the sample of TS on counter part branch so that a timing comparision may be possible.
16 PCM HDB3 Coded
4 ETU per UR i.e.
16 LAE + 16 LAS at 4 Mbps
SA B A
16 ET + 16 ETP Fig. 4 SAB function
SA B B
2 GLR (E & S)
7.
7.1
Functions of the hardware components of SMT : ETU : The ETU i.e. exchange termination unit is implemented on a PCB ICTRQ
and this consists of 4 ET (exchange termination for PCM) and 4 ETP (exchange termination processor)
This card carries out following functions: (a) (b) HDB3 Binary conversion for 120 Looping of PCM viz. external, internal, both side and through connection. This is done by a connector (4 connectors are provided per ICTRQ PCB). There is a arrow mark on the connector and type of loop depends on the direction of arrow as shown below: (Fig. 5)
PCM
External loop
Exchange side loop
Through Loop or both connector exchange and external side Fig. 5 Hardware link for PCM looping
(c)
Synchronisation on local call The time slot contents are received and buffered at the clock rate coming from other station but are read and switched at local clock rate. The local clock itself is synchronised with the network by extracting clock from some defined PCM .
(d)
CRC 4 : This cyclic redundancy check is an optional feature and is performed for measuring the transmission quality of 2 Mb/s PCM .
(e)
Alarm Processing: The ICTRQ board has a alarm processing sub function for handling following type of alarms:F I i.e. fault indication alarm Failure of clock by code convertor part Frame loss Faulty ICIDS etc.
Alarm conditions are conveyed to CLTH for onward relaying to CMP and then to central defence i.e. SMM for editing and message output on appropriate terminal. (f) Processing of positioning messages sent by CLTH. The position messages are:Disabling recognition of signalling transition on PCM link. Loop on TS 0 for LA continuity check (refer GLRCT command)
(g)
For CAS looping I/C trunk on O/G trunk Trunk assignment control Micro controller reset control etc. etc.
PCM LA Switching There is no cross connection between PCM T/S and LA T/S. These are one is to one. A 8 bit to 16 bit conversion is also done at ICTRQ card level so as to make use of DACS, unlike 8 bit/16 bit conversion by SAB in other cases. All T/S except TS 16 and TS 0 are switched through between PCM end to LA end.
(h)
Signal processing: In case of CAS TS 16 is injected (for O/G calls) and extracted for I/C calls. The signalling information for I/C calls is made over to CLTH for forwarding to MR for handling the call. For O/G calls signalling conditions are conveyed by MR to CLTH via CMP of SMT. CLTH in turn makes it over to ICTRQ which injects appropriate bits in TS 16 for onward transmission over PCM. For CCS#7 signalling the ICTRQ card remains transparent. The ICTRQ also processes the CAS and semaphore signalling from CSED of E-10 B.
(i)
Synchronisation link for STS There are defined ETU ET for deriving timing clock from receive part of PCM to drive the synchroniser part of STS. BETP bus management: BETP is a full duplex point to multipoint bus connecting one CLTH to 64 ETP. In order to ensure communication between only one ETP and one CLTH a contention system is designed. A ET wanting to send a message has to claim the BETP bus acquire this and then send the message.
(j)
7.2
Processing System :
This consists of principle coupler implemented by ACAJA 4/ACAJB 4 or ACAJA 5/ACAJB 5, CLTH function implemented by two ICTSM boards Common Memory implemented by ACMGS board.
The multiplex coupler and memory board functions are already covered elsewhere.
7.2.1 Function of CLTH (ICTSM board) :
MAS I/C OCB Messsage
CLTH (ISTSM)
PCLTH 68030
C 2
CONFLICT RESOL
CMP
ACAJA &B
MC
PCLTH 68030
BETP
ETU / ETP
Standard OCB Bus
LISM COUNTER PART CLTH
SERVES BANK OF ETPS WITH MULTIDROP MULTIL DISREGARDING EACH OTH
TRANSMISSION ARCHITECTURE
CMP RECEIVES MESSAGE OVER MAS AND ACCORDING TO DESTINATION TRANSFERS IT TO MC. PROCESSOR PCLTH EXTRACTS THE MESSAGE FROM MC AND LOADS IN ITS PRIVATE MEMORY. PCLTH CHECKS DEST ADDRESS AND TRANSFERS MESSAGE TO PHDLC PHDLC THEN CHECKS THE DESTINATION, IF IT IS ETU THEN COLLECTS FROM BUFFER AND TRANSFERS TO E ETP INJECTS SIGNALLING (CAS) ON TS 16 OF APPROPRIATE FRAME
NOTE : THE EXCHANGE CAN BE EFFECTED ON CLTH COUNTERPART ON LISM LINK e.g. a MODIFICATION COMMAND LIKE ETUM
FIG. 6 CLTH : HDLC TRANSMISSION GISSION LINE COUPLER (ICTSM B
-88-
GENERAL ORGANISATION OF ETU ( IET + IETP) ICTRQ

HDB 3 BINARY * RESYN RECPCMON CALCULN. OF CRC 4 LOCAL TIMER AND INJN. ON TRANS * RETRIEVAL OF ALM AND CRC 4 * FR. & MF ATRANS. * LINE QUALITY MONTR. TO
PCMR PCME
LOOPS
* SYNCH MUL. FR. * SIGN. INJ/EXTRN. * DETN/CONFN OF STATUS TRANSITION * TRANSFER OF DACS SIG ON LA
LRE MTRB TRANSCODING MSJB RESYNCH SIGNAL PROCESSING SAB INTER -FACE LRS OSCILLATOR
:: :: ::
DT
(ET PART)
BUS
128 Kb REFROM
BETPEDA
128 Kb RAM
ETP MICRO CONTROLLER 16 bit ADD 8 bit DATA 68302
BETPECA BETPEDA CONT. BLKG BCA PRS
H D L C
I C T S M
L L T H
LISM
TO MAS VIA CMP
3 HDLC CONTROLLER 3 TIMER (WATCHDOG/PROGMBL REAL TIME INTRPT. INTERRUPT CONTROLER PORTS/ADD DECODING GENERATES TIMER FOR MTRB REC. TIME SIG FROM SAB REL TIME SIG FAB BETP FROM CLTH & EXTL PCM TIMER FROM REC PCM
CONT. CONTAINS
RESET CONT. BLKG
BCB BETPRDB BETPRDB

BETPECB
H D L C
I C T S M
C L T H
TO MAS VIA CMP
(ETP PART)
BLOCKING /REINSTATEMENT FUNCTION TO RECOGNISE BLOCKING/REINST FRAME AND ACCORDINGLY BLOCK OR REINSTATE TR AMP AND RESET
CONTLR WHEN A BLOCKING FRAME COMES FROM CONLLOG
MANAGEMENT OF CONTAINMENT BUS
DETN. OF FREE STATUS ON CONT. BUS PUTS A CLAIM TO ACQUIRE BETP BUS ON RECEIPT RES (FROM HDLC (CONTLR) ON ACQUIRING BUS ENABLES BETPRO AMPLIFIER SENDS A CTS SIG. TO HDLC CONTRLR TO ENABLE TRANSMISSION OF HDLC FRAME.
WHEN A ET WANTS TO COMMUNICATE WITH LOGIC CORRESPONDING ETP FIRST LOOKS FOR P/R STATUS, THEN LOOKS FOR STATUS ON CONFLICT RESOLVING BUS. IF BUS IS FREE THEN ACQUIRES IT AND SENDS THE HDLC FRAME.
FIG. 7 CLTH ETP COMMUNICATION
This board is organised around a 68030 CLTH microprocessor (PCLTH) having a 4 Mb DRAM and BSM interface. There is a second microprocessor in this board known as HDLC microprocessor for supporting ETP interfacing over BETP bus. Messages related to signalling from MR are received by PCLTH through common memory. PCLTH after checking address of destination transfer this to PHDLC. PHDLC checks the address. If the address is for a ETU then transfers the message in HDLC format to the ETU. The other functions supported by CLTH are:Inter SMe dialogue : For this the first ICTSM board is linked to its counterpart by a HDLC link known as LISM link. SMe switch over management device implemented only on the first ICTSM.
Transmission architecture in CLTH is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 6. Fig. 7 explains the communication between CLTH & ETP
MESSAGE FLOW FOR NEW CALL

(THROUGH VARIOUS LOGICAL MACHINES)
MLMR
MAS
CMP
MLURM (P)
MLURM (S)
IN LAPD
ETP
New call ON Cct.. or CIC NO.
Cct. NO. & status
MSGE PREPARED TRANSITION FROM PHDLC TO PCLTH
NB : ACCORDING TO TTC TABLES THE MLURM (S) DECIDES THE NATURE OF MESSAGE e.g. OFF/ON HOOK OR DIGITS etc.
(information related to tele call set up on the basis of int/ext. past events call status at any point of time is in TTC and transactions are decided accordingly) JOB OF MLURM (S)
FIG. 8
7.3
Functions of ICIDS board :

Interface for LAS sending to ET and LAE receiving from ET. Receipt of timing distribution signals H 4 M and SBT from the RCID boards of the host switching matrix (MCX). Interface for timing distribution signals DH 4 M and DSBT between the boards of the SMT and MCX. Branch selection on LRS channels, based on parity fault with choice of branch dictated by MCX. Resynchronization on 16 LRS (in groups of 8) originating from the two MCX branches and transmit mode amplification of the 16 LRE (in groups of 8) to an MCX branch. Backup links on 16 LRS between the two branches of the MCX. Processing of the three control bits crossing the LRE and LRS. Recognition of parity faults and check multiframes on request. Implementation of the LR link loop back function for LOCAVAR purposes. Implementation of the LA link loop back for LOCABAR purposes with regard to TMIC (LAE to LAS loop). Loop back controlled by a positioning signal from the TMIC and operates in the space domain (looping the entire link). To minimize the equipment needed for the loop back function, it is initiated with timeslots rearranged (offset).
NOTE: The ICIDS boards are entirely independent of the ACTIVE/STANDBY concept, which remains an operating mode affecting only the control system, if adopted. .
8.
Physical form of SMT 2 G: (The physical connection of components of

SMT on BSM is shown in the diagram.
PCM A C A J B
A
C A J A
I
C T S M
BSM
I C T S M
BETP Buses
ICTRQ I
LA C I D LR
to SMX
Fig. 9
(Physical architecture of SMT 2 G)
9.
There are two switch over modes : (a) Forced switch over Calls being set up are lost. (b) Controlled switch over No calls are lost. The switch over is always activated by Active SM. Forced switch over is controlled by CMP in response to serious hardware fault in the station controlled switch over is always activated by program.
SMe Switch over :
10.
Software Organisation :
Just like other stations the application ML are supported on a basic software (Hypervisor) and on the system software. The hypervisor allows cohabitation of more than one ML on same agent, and carries out following: Communication within the station Management of time lags Processor sharing by different ML .
Supervisor in each agent takes care of elemental tasks. The applications are :(i) (ii) MLSM (P) loaded in CMP. This carries out positioning, defence, audit security and communication. MLSM (GETU) loaded in CMP This carries out the management of ETU
(iii)
MLURM (P) - Main component of MLURM loaded in CMP. This carrier out Communication with control units Context Management Timing Management Handling UR/TS/EQ/LR positioning CSED positioning] UR-PCM extension Observation Initialisation of exchange date Traffic migration inch Regeneration MLURM (S) secondary component loaded on CLTH carrying out Processing of TTC tables CCS#7 processing Inch of PRS configuration Switch over supervision Regeneration, alarm processing PCM & CRC4.
1.
CMP (ACAJB/ACAJA)
ML (GETU) MLURM (P) Supervisor Hypervisor CLTH 1 (ICTSM) HYP SUP MLSM (CLTH) MLUR M (S) LAPD Comm. ETP HYP SUP MLSM (CLTH) MLUR M (S) LAPD Comm. ETP CLTH 2 (ICTSM)
Fig. 10 Software Architecture

Fig. 8 Indicates message flow for a new call, while passing through various logical machine functions.
Chapter 8
Maintenance Multiprocessor Station (SMM) 1. 1.1 ROLE : The SMM provides the facility for carrying out operation and mtce. of
OCB units and also manage the data base.
It carries out following functions:(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Data base management and storage (secondary) Central defence of the OCB system Supervisor of token rings Processing of various commands General initialisation of the exchange.
It provides local link for data processing devices and administration terminals. This can also be connected through X-25 link to a network management system (NMS).
2.
SMM ENVIRONMENT :
In order to carry out the function mentioned above the SMM should be accessible to exchange units on one side and to the dialogue peripherals on the other side. The SMM should also have access to mass storage devices for storage of data. Accordingly the environment shall be as indicated below Fig. 1
SMT
SMX
SMA
MAS (1 to 4)
SMC 1
SMC 2
SMC
MIS
TERMINAL BUS
SMM (Duplicate)
SCSI BUS
X 25 Synch links for TMN
Alarm ring (MAL) V 24 asynch links For dialogur terminal via suitable coupler
DISK A&B Streamer with with coupler

coupler
Mag tape with coupler (Optional
Fig. 1 (SMM Environment
3.
HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE :
The SMM consists of two processing subsystem. One acting as pilot and other as a hot standby. Both systems share a common communication bus supporting various communication peripherals and common SCSI bus for access to mass storage devices. The two subsystems are referred to as SMMA and SMMB. The overall, hardware architecture is indicated below in (fig. 2) and Fig. (3).
Disk.
AD=0 AD=1 (*) Disk. MTU A B AD=0 AD=1 (*) Disk. Stream A B SCSCI bus AD = 0 AD = 0
MIS A B
A C B S G Disk.
A C B S G
MIS B A
A C A J A
A C AJ B
A C B S G
A C A B C S B G S G
A C A J B
A C AJ A
XBUS
XBUS
A C F T D
U T
A C M G S
U T
A C M G S
A C C S G
A C C S G
U T
A C M G S
U T
A C M G S
A C FT D
Local bus
Local bus
Local bus
Local bus
From/to
Terminal BUS A SMM
From/to -Processing units-
Terminal BUS B SMM
(*) optional Disk. = ACCDT Stream = ACST2 UT = ACUTG
(380 Mb) or ACDDG1 (1.2 Gb) (525 Mb) or ACSTG1 (1.2 Gb) or ACUTG 2
Fig. 2 SMM HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE (X-Bus & SCSI bus components)
to SMM A
to SMM B
A B
A C J 6 4
A C T U J
A C R A L 2
MAL
links J 64 (4)
Async V 24 (8)
Alarm multiplex MAL 16 A1
A C A L A 16 A1
A C A L A
A C A L A
1 or 2
1 to 4 1 or 6
1 to 2
1 ACALA for each SM
1 ACALA (Terminal bus/ streamer)
- Lime Couplers -
Fig. 3
SMM hardware architecture (Terminal bus Components)
4.
PROCESSING SYSTEM :
The processing system comprises following functional component connected on a common bus referred to as the X-bus.
(a)
Processor Memory pairs (ACUTG 2 ACMGS)

These boards support the RTOS operating system and application software running in SMM. The ACTUG 2 board is built around Motorolla 68030 processor (40 MHZ) with 16 mb private RAM. ACMGS is a 16 Mb RAM. This can be addressed on 4 G bytes by X-Bus on local Bus (BL). One to four such processor memory pairs can be provided depending upon amount of processing required.
(b)
Duplex Coupler ACCSG board:

This is the board that provides communication between two subsystems and also provides keys for carrying out different modes of initialisation and reset. This also provides for connecting assistance console terminals. This board is also responsible for control of locavar on stand by SMM system.
(c)
Terminal Bus Coupler or Communication coupler ACFTD :

This coupler supports the input output processor. The operating system of this board (SYSPES) enables handler software to perform terminal bus line management functions. The terminal bus issued by the ACFTD board can support X 25, V 24 links and alarm link. For different communication protocol different handlers are provided.
(d)
SCSI Coupler ACBSG board :

ACBSG board supports complete input/output software for SCSI bus. ACBSG also has ROM resident software controlling SCSI access, used when initialising processing unit. There are two ACBSG boards, each supporting two SCSI buses. The mass storage devices like hard disks, streamer and mag tapes are connected to these SCSI buses through appropriate couplers.
(e)
MIS or Secondary Coupler ACAJA/ACAJB

These are usual coupler for coupling to MIS token ring.
9 Console functions:
The console function consists of some physical keys and lamps on the ACCSG board edge strip and the PCB. These are : Switch V 1 : middle position normal lower position for automatic RTOS startup
Switch V 2 : up position temporary reset middle position is normal lower position is for permanent reset Switch I 1 : up position for manual start & down position for automatic start Switch I2 : relevant only when I 1 is down i.e. if. It is up with I1 down and a reset is given by V2 up then OM & exchange both will initialise and If I2 is down with I1 down and reset is given then only OM will initialise with through connection to exchange. lamp D 1 when lit indicates pilot system D 2 when lit indicates RTOS loaded in system.
It addition to these keys there are two more physical keys V 3 and V 4 on a DACLE mini board placed behind ACCSG board in the back panel. Switch V 3 up position is the idle position middle position (stable) defining sub system always master. lower position (instable) indicating sub system is master. Switch V 4 up position is idle indicates manufacture absent mid position (stable) and lower position (instable) indicate manufacturer present.
6.
LOGICAL KEYS
Beside the physical keys there are a set of 48 logical keys. 16 keys are dedicated to RTOS, 16 keys are divided between RTOS and TMNK, sixteen keys are dedicated to OM. The logical keys can be set in assisted mode (V 1 down) from console and in RTOS environment by MMC from WAM. Normal setting of these keys is Zero but depending upon requirement. These can be set. Some of the key settings are defence of the system. Only with the V 3 switch set to manufacturer present state the dangerous keys can be set.
7.
LINE COUPLERS:
Besides the X-Bus components there are different line couplers for different type of peripherals. The peripherals used are TTY, CV, IR & WAM type of terminals. These type of terminals are connected to asynchronous lines derived from ACTUJ boards. One ACTUJ board gives eight asynchronous lines. A max of 48 asynchronous line can be derived from a max of 6 ACTUJ board. ACTUJ board consists of an EPROM (for self test and code loading function via terminal bus) and a coupler software on ACFTD board of X-Bus supporting the terminal bus. Other peripherals could be computers at NMS connected to SMM over 64 Kbps X-25 links. These links are derived out of PCB ACJ64. One ACJ64 card can support 4 synchronous links. The ACJ 64 boards are connected or terminal
bus supported by ACFTD board. In new supplies ACV11 board is being supplied which has inbuilt modem. In addition to the synchronous and asynchronous line couplers the terminal bus also supports MAL rings through line coupler ACRAL 2.
8.
Alarm processing function : Just as other stations SMM also has ACALA
board one in each system to take care of convertor alarms in main shelf and for streamer also.
9.
Mass storage Devices:

The following mass magnetic storage devices are placed on the SCSI bus derived from ACBSG boards. These devices are used for data management and loading.
9.1
Hard disk (ACDDG 2) This PCB is an integral PCB supporting a coupler to SCSI bus and disk drive. The disk capacity supplied at present is 4 Gb or 10 Gb. There are two hard disks supported on different controllers of SCSI bus and physically mounted in the SMMA and SMMB shelf. These are known as DISK A and DISK B.
9.2
Quarter inch Streamer (ACSTG 2)

<
This PCB also is an integral PCB supporting a streamer drive and its controller for SCSI bus. This is generally used for initial loading of software and also during upgrades.
9.2.1
Magnetic tape units: This is an optional item of provided, there will be two mag tape units with controllers for SCSI bus inbuilt and mounted on a separate rack. Mag tapes are used for data management and for storage and processing of bulk billing and detail billing data. At present with release R24 mag tapes are not being supplied but mag tape management functions are still in use for which one hard disk partition has been ear marked to function as a mag tape and referred to as external support LFNE = DGMA.
10.
10.1
DEFENCE :
Hardware defence : Hardware defence is provided by duplication of SMM subsystems. In case of a fault in the working system stand by is made operational and a locavar is initiated on the faulty one.
10.1.1 Software defence : A supervisor software keeps on watching the activity of other software sets loading and presence and keeps track of malfunction messages transmitted by these. In case of a major failure switch over or reinitialisation is initiated. In the event of a major problem in the pilot subsystem a post mortem dump (PMD) is generated and possibly reloading of faulty system.
11.
Position of SMM in the rack:

The hardware of SMM is provided in three shelves on a CA type of rack. The top two shelves accommodate one SMC and STS respectively. Shelf No. 3 and 5 contains the X-bus components of SMMA and SMMB respectively and these shelves are known as ABUTP shelf. Shelf No. 4 partly accommodates the infrastructure alarm couplers and recorded announcement system card and partly contains the streamer and other line couplers. Shelf No. 4 is known as ABLAS shelf. A second rack known as DBM rack adjacent to CA rack accommodates a couple of magnetic tape units. The SCSI bus is extended from first rack to second rack for connecting mag tape. The DBM rack is optional and with current supply DBM is not being supplied. The rack layout and the card allocation in ABUTP and ABLAS shelves are indicated below (fig. 4, fig. 5 and fig. 6)
MEB/PEB SMC STS
ABUTP
(SMM A)
ABLAS or ABLAS 2
SSE
Streamer & announcement machine
Terminal bus
ABUTP
(SMM B)
ABLAS subrack (for CAO2) = SSE (infrastructure alarms/rack lamp panel controls) + announcement machine and streamer + terminal bus with 4 ACTUJ + 2 ACJ64 ABLAS2 subrack (for CAO3) = same as ABLAS excepted for terminal bus where 6 ACTUJ can be fitted (or 2 ACJ64 + 4 ACTUJ) ABUTP subrack=SMM A or B + SCSI devices (other than the steamer)
Fig. 4 SMM Rack layout (CA rack)
BACKPLANES The ABUTP subrack has two back planes : one AFUTP backplane connecting the boards of a processing unit with its converter and its ACALA board and two ACDDG1 (or ACDDT) locations. one AFALI backplane connecting one or two AE12V boards and an AE5V40 converter (see next section). - ABUTP SUBRACKA E 5 V 4 0 A C A L A A C A J B A C A J A A A A C C C U MU T G T G S G . A C M G S . A C U T G . A A A C C C M U M G T G S G S . . . A A A A A A A C C C C C C C B B C F F D D S S S T T D D G G G DD G G 1 1 . . A E 1 2 V A E 1 2 V . A E 5 V 4 0
AFUTP (ACUTG = ACUTG ou ACUTG 2
AFALI
FIG. 5 SMM or SMMB SUBRACK WITH X-BUS COMPONENTS AND ONE HARD DISK (ABUTP)
In CA02 rack The ABLAS subrack has three backplanes : one AFMML2 backplane connecting the line coupler boards one AFMPS backplane connecting the ACST2 (or ACSTG1) streamer, an ACALA board marshalling the subrack alarms and where applicable the two announcement machine boards. 1 AFMMA2 backplane connecting the SSE boards. -ABLAS SUBRACKA C A L A I C M P N 2 . I C S M P . A C S T (2 ou G 1) A A C C J J 6 6 4 4 .. A A A A C C C C T T T T U UU U J J J J ... A A C C R R A A L L 2 2 . A A E E 5 5 V V 4 4 0 0
SSE
AFMMA2
AFMPS
AFMML2
FIG. 6 SMM sub rack with line couplers (ABLAS)
12.
SMM Software :
Basic operating system RTOS Administrative Exploitation system (AES) Station Alarm Interface ( 1AS) Supervisor OM application software Software for TMN connection System and telephone application
12.1 SMM software is composed of :
RTOS
Fig. 7 Software organisation 12.2 Functions of RTOS

Task and event Management Clock Management Inter processor communication Duplex function management through link between the two ACCSG boards, e.g. Data update and SMM switch over.
12.3 Function of AES :

This software (RTOS application) enables to carrying out operation and mtce. of SMM by using MMC from specific terminal referred to as PCWAM e.g. LOCAVAR on SMM X-Bus and other PCB and Physical disk management etc. can be carried out from WAM using the AES part of RTOS.
12.4 Function of software IAS :

This is again a RTOS application for managing alarms. This application actually keeps watch on State of Boards in different units of OCB and in the event of change of state gives necessary input to OM for issue of appropriate alarm message.
12.5 Function SUP Software:
This is again a RTOS application incharge of global defence i.e. Thus in case of a likely switch over of SMM this RTOS application should give suitable indication to an application wanting to use RTOS. The likely switch over might be initiated by either RTOS or another application.
12.6 Function of OM application software:

This is the main software used to carry out operation and maintenance on exchange units. This consists of a subs system of operation and maintenance (SSOM), system application and Telephone applications. The SSOM basically comprises various handlers like: CWT : for clock Management QTC : Queue Management REC : Programme executor PLT : Loading from DISK to RAM DCT : Disk Management TCT : Mag tape Management LCC : Exchange command Management LCT : Terminal communication Management SER : Service console Management
12.7 System and Telephone application functions : 12.7.1 . Telephone Application : Subs Management
Translation & routing Trunk circuit Management Charging Management Observation Management etc. 12.7.2. System Applications Comprises: Equipment Management Fault/Alarm Management Locavar Management Terminal Management Data Management
12.8 Function of TMN :

The contains different type of Software to enable Management of exchanges from a common node i.e. Telecom Management Network centre. The various software components of SMM as also copy of data of various units of OCB are all loaded on hard disk of SMM. For this the hard disk is divided in number of logical partitions referred to as logical disks (DL). There are as many as 60 partitions on the disk at present. The logical disks are exactly alike in the two hard disks i.e. DISK A and DISK B but physical disks are not same and not interchangeable. A disk defined as disk A must be put in the position marked for disk A.
Some of the logical disk are for the RTOS and others for different applications and some are for exchange data, secondary storage.
CHAPTER 9 SYNCHRONISATION AND TIME BASE STATION (STS) 1. This is the clock system of OCB-283 system which happens to be the most vital unit of any digital switching system as switching takes place at the strobe of clock. Since all modern switches not only switch voice but also picture graphics and other data, the clock needs to be synchronised with the network. This ensures almost a common clock at every switching station. The clock system in OCB-283, therefore consists of two parts i.e. synchronisation part and time base generator part. Functional Components of Clock System & their Role The clock system consists of. HIS Synchronisation system implemented by two RCHIS PCBs working on mutual exclusion. The synch interface carries and following functions. Receives MAX 4 clock inputs from PCMs commg. from other exchange (higher level) selects one of the PCMs as basic input on the basis of a defined crithrian (usually first priority goes to first PCM and so on) and tries to phase lock its clock with the clock of chosen PCM. In the event of a error detected on the chosen PCM it shifts to other PCM and gives alarm concerning the faulty PCM. It maintains reasonably high quality of clock in terms of precision of frequency irrespective of the quality of Synchronisation links. Counteracts losses of all Synchronisation links by very high stability oscillator. In the event of loss of PCM Synch runs on free run mode. Triplicate time base (BTT) carries out following functions:-
2. 2.1 2.1.1
2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.2
2.2.1 BTT is driven by Synchroniser and distributes the clock to the switch. 2.2.2 In the event of loss of synch. BTT is capable of maintaining stable clock over a reasonably.
LSRX
LCAL To SMXs branch A and branch B
PCM
S M T
3 X 16 Supplies
STS
LH8M LSBT
LMES ALARMS
3.
Fig. 1 Environment STS Environment : The location of STS with respect to other OCB-283 units is indicated diagramatically in Fig. 1.
The STS has following links in its environment. 3.1 Reception: 3.1.1 1 to 2 LSRX (one for each synch unit from high stability caesium clock (optional) 3.1.2 1 to 2 LCAL links (one for each synch unit) at 5 MHZ for calibration (resetting) 3.2 3.2.1 Transmission: 48 LH8 M/LSBT Each BT at the output gives 16 LH8M links at 8192 KHZ and 16 LSBT link at 8 KHZ for Synchronisation of trainees. This is given to switch matrix. 3.2.2 3.2.3 1 to 2 LMES links (1 for each synch.) for frequency measurements of synch pilot. Alarm link to the MAL.
4.
Functional Architecture:
There are two functional level of STS viz : HIS - Synchronisation level which is duplicated with priority to HIS. BTT - Triplicated time base giving clock to the entire system irrespective of whether HIS is operational or not.
5.
Hardware implementations: STS comprises two RCHIS boards and 3 RCHOR board with one converter for each RCHIS and RCHOR.. Besides these there are two ACALA board for processing of alarms in the HIS and BTT parts.
DH4M 3 DSY8K DMSY LCAL DLSRX DLSR DLVR 3 1 1
RCHIS0
4 LCM 4
3 5 DSY8K DMSY
1 1
RCHOR1
1
16
6 16
RCHOR1
3 1 1 1 6
RCHIS1
DLSRX LCAL 3 LMES
AHIS 1 FHIS 1
RCHOR2
5/ 1
16
DH4M
MSHIS1
NFLSR 1 NFLSRX
ACALA
ACALA
NFH 1 NFHIS0
6/
AHIS0 FHIS0 MSHIS0 CONVERT 3,4 5 ALARM RING
NFHIS1 NMSEXT
ALARM RING
Fig. 2 Architecture of STS station
CONVERTER 4 CONVERTER 3
HIS backpanel
pos 144 134 130 110 084 pos 064 052 040 028 019 010 001
ACALA 1 RCHIS 1 RCHIS0 RCHOR 2 RCHOR1 RCHOR 0
BTT backpanel
ACALA 0 CONVERTER 2 CONVERTER 1 CONVERTER 0
Fig. 3
STS station sub-rack assembly
5.1 5.1.1
STS is mounted on a CA rack in the position of the second shelf. Function of hardware components of STS. RCHIS Board. Deliver a reference frequency to ensure RCHOR and BTT board Synchronisation in the presence or absence of Synch links. Monitor the quality of Synchronisation links with respect to cuts, frequency jumps frame alignment loss, Error rate etc. Allotment of next best quality PCM link for Synchronisation on failure of highest priority link and return to highest priority link or restoration of PCM. The priority order for Synchronisation is LCAL, LSRX LSRO-LSRI-LSR2LSR3 Filtering of jitter Generate alarms related to quality of LSRX and LSR links. Generate visual signal on edge strip of RCHIS board. 5.1.2 RCHOR board: To deliver faithfully 8.192 MHZ clock and clock synch link (DLH8MDLSBT) Ensure clock supply inspite of failure of one RCHOR and identify the faulty board. Generate alarms related to clock and HIS> Generate visual indicator related to alarms on edge strip of RCHOR board. 5.1.3 ACALA board: There are two ACALA board One ACALA processes the alarm related to RCHOR and its converters and second related to RCHIS and its converters.
6.
Operating Regimes of STS :

The operating regimes depend upon various factors like : Operating Regimes of STS link missing HIS faulty or out of service RCHOR faulty or out of service. The following regimes are automatically generated by STS>
6.1
Normal synch regime: STS is synchronised with one of the several synch links like LCAL, LSRX or LSRO to LSR3. Normal independent regime In case of loss of synchronisation (i.e. missing of external synchronisation links.. The RCHIS contribute to give out the last memorised frequency and drives the RCHOR.
6.2
6.3
BTT regime : The RCHIS no longer drives the BTT but the RCHORs continue to deliver the last memorised frequency at the time of faul in RCHIS. Free Oscillation Regime : The STS is used with the synchronisation links. The frequency delivered is that generated in free run mode of the RCHOR. The frequency stability is defined by factory calibration.
6.4
7. 7.1
Identification of the input and output links

HIS : reception 4 DLSR 0 to 3 links (2048 KHz) and 4 DLVE 0 to 3 links (for validation) common to the 2 HIS DLSR : synchronous differential reception link. DLVR : validation differential reception link. 1 to 2 DLSRX links (0 for HISO and 1 for HIS 1) at 2048 KHz. DLSRX : external synchronous differential reception link. 1 to 2 LCAL links (0 for HISO and 1 for HIS 1) at 5MHz. LCAL : Calibration link DHAM link (0 to 2) at 4096 KHz sent by BTT. DH4M : clock differential at 4.096 MHz. 1 5 MHz LCM link (0 for HISO and 1 for HIS 1) sent by other HIS. LCM : mutual control inks
7.2
HIS : receiption 3 DSY8K 0-2 links (8 KHz) and DMSY 0-2 (validation) to BTT from each HIS. SDY8K : 8 KHz synchronous differential. DMSY : non-synchronous differential 1 5 MHz LMES link ( 0 for HISO and 1 for HIS 1) LMES : measurement link 11 alarms to ACALA board from HIS modules. HISO and HIS 1 sends : NFLSRi : LSRi (i = 0 to 3) no fault, NFLSRX : LSRX no fault HISO sends : AHISO : HISO alarm FHISO : HISO fault MSHISO : non synchronous HISO HIS 1 sends : AHIS 1 : HIS 1 alarm FHIS 1 : HIS 1 fault MSHIS 1 : non synchronous HIS 1
7.3 7.4
RCHOR : reception
1 DSY 8 K link and 1 DMSY link for each HIS
RCHOR : transmission
1 4096 KHz DH4M link to each HIS. DH4M : 4.096 MHz clock differential 16 8192 KHz DLH8M links and 16 DLSBT links at 8 KHz. DLH8 M : 8.192 MHz clock differential link DLSBT : time base synchronization differential link 6 alarms to an ACALA of BTT module. NFHISO : non-clock fault (i= 0 to 2). NFHISO : HISO no fault. NFHIS 1 : HIS 1 no fault NMSEXT : external synchronization present.
7.5
ACALA board for HIS module

This board receives alarms from HIS and 2 converters (no 48 and + 5 V, over current) It sends these alarms on an alarm ring.
7.6
BTT module ACALA board

This board receives alarms for 3 RCHOR boards and 3 converters (no 48V and + 5V, over current) The board sends all these alarms on an alarm ring.
8.1
D1 D2 D3 D4 V1 AR LX L3 L2 L1 L0
Visual signalling on HIS module

R R G G C G G G G G G -steady 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
AHIS MSEXT LSRX/LCAL LSR / LCAL INT A AS RAP LSRX LSR3 LSR2 LSR1 LSR0
LEDs ON CONNECTING STRIP RCHIS BOARD (RCHIC + RCHIP) LEDs ON BOARD
D1 red :
FIG . 4 = HIS alarm -flashing = HIS alarm by manual deactivation -steady = no HIS external synchro (free oscillation) -steady = synchronization on LSRX -steady = synchronization on LSR -flashing = synchronization on LCAL (external calibration) -momentary high position = activates sequence for reinitialization of configuration (definition of synchronization link priorities) - middle idle position = normal operation - permanent low position = manual deactivation (conditional) - steady = rapid control status -steady/flashing = active LSRX input - steady/flashing = active LSR3 input - steady/flashing = active LSR2 input - steady/flashing = active LSR1 input - steady/flashing = active LSR0 input
D2 red: D3 green: D4 green: D3/D4 : V1 INTER :
AR green : LX green : L3 green : L2 green : L1 green : L0 green :
8.2
D1 D2 D3 D4
Visual signalling of BTT module

FHO FH1 FH2 MSEXT G G G R G G 0 0 0 0
LEDs ON CONNECTING STRIP RCHOR BOARD
V1 FHIS1 V2 FHIS0
Fig. 5
D1 green : D2 green : D3 green : D4 red: V1 green : V2 green :
-off - off - off -lit -off - off
= = = = = =
clock error on RCHORO clock error on RCHOR1 clock error on RCHOR2 lack of external synchronization on BTT (free oscillation) no HIS 1 synchronization no HIS 0 synchronization
CONVERTER 4 CONVERTER 3
HIS backpanel
pos 144 134 130 110 084 pos 064 052 040 028 019 010 001
ACALA 1 RCHIS 1 RCHIS0 RCHOR 2 RCHOR1 RCHOR 0
BTT backpanel
ACALA 0 CONVERTER 2 CONVERTER 1 CONVERTER 0
Fig. 2 STS station sub rack assembly
LSMP
DSY8K DSY8K DMSY DMSY LCAL DLSRX DLSR DLVR 4 DLSRX LCAL 3
DH4M 3 DH4M 31 1 1 1 1 1 3 6 16 6 DLHBM DLSBT DLHBM DLSBT DLHBM DLSBT
RCHIS0
4 LCM 4
3 5 DSY8K DMSY
RCHOR0
1 1
RCHOR1
1 1 1 1 6
16
RCHIS1
3 LMES
AHIS 1 FHIS 1
5 5/ DH4M
RCHOR2
16
MSHIS1
NFLSR 1 NFLSRX
ACALA
ACALA
NFH 1 NFHIS0
6/
AHIS0 FHIS0 MSHIS0 CONVERT 3,4 5 ALARM RING
NFHIS1 NMSEXT
ALARM RING
Fig. 3 Architecture of STS station

Chapter - 1: General Architecture of Digital Switching System

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter - 1: General Architecture of Digital Switching System

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1

Subs access inter face DIGITAL SWITCH

Trunks or V 5.2 access Trunks/PCM interface

Remote Subs & access

Operation & Mtce. system with Dialogue peripherals

Fig. 1 A brief description of the components is given below:-

Subs access interface:

Subs access System Analogue or digital subs (Single or Group)

Connection and Control

Value added Network

Operation & Maintenanc Disk Streamer Mag tape

Operator & Mtce Network

BTT (N) CSNL

Switch Matrix System (MCX)

ETA (N)+1 PU/PE

Commmunications multiplex (MAS)

Communications multiplex (MIS)

O&M Fig. 2 (OCB 283 Functional Architecture)

Host switching Matrix (MCX)/Switch Control Function COM

Auxiliaries : Following auxiliary functions are available

2.3.2 CCS # 7 Protocol Manager (PU/PE)

2.3.3 V 5.2 Protocol Handler : The signalling protocol between an access

Data Manager TR:

Charging function (TX):

Matrix handler (GX)

Message Distribution function (MQ) marker:

PCM controller (URM) :

2.11 Subscriber access function :

Chapter 3 Hardware architecture of OCB-283 Switching Systems

Control functions Concept of station

(OTHER STATIONS) SMC

Fig. 1 SMC Environment

MAS 1 MAS 2 MAS 3 MAS41

Fig. 2 FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF SMC STATION

Functional architecture of SMC

MAL ACALA CMP

4.1 Function of various agents on BSM 4.1.1 ACAJA 5 / ACAJB 5 as CMP

4.1.2 ACAJA / ACAJB as CMS

4.1.3 ACTUR 5 AB as PUP

4.1.4 ACTUR 5 AB as PUS :

External Interfaces to the station :

SMC SMC SMC

SMC SMC SMC SMC

SMC SMA SMA

SMT1G SMA SMT1G SMA

Fig. 5 Standard Racks with SMC

General Software Architecture

SOFTWARE ARCITECTURE OF A STATION Fig. 6

Main coupler (CMP)

Secondary coupler (CMS)

SEO MLj/M MLk/S ML SM/S

Secondary processor (PUS)

Examples of location of software machines Small configuration P (Subscribers applications)

NOTE : ML _ _ /M are managed by a sequencer (SEQ)

Medium configuration (Subscribers application) (a) SMC = TR + TX + MQ + GX + PC

NOTE : ML _ _ /M are managed by a sequencer (SEQ)

NOTE : ML _ _ /M are managed by a sequencer (SEQ)

NOTE : ML _ _ /M are managed by a sequencer (SEQ)

5.2.3 Configuration TM (SSP application) (a) Station SMC = PC + TR + GX + MQ + TX (B)

Station SMC = CC + GS + MR (SSP application)

Multi-component software machine : MLMR

Multi-component software machine ML IX

Multi-component machine : MLCC (SSP application)