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sw+ >+q H\ e, sw |\ d+, y] d+e T+
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l q] sDY esY s& (jTH..sY) >sT nq~ ]y<+X+ mesT
n+^]+q, es+q ~ yde+.
2

 sw+ |&T mH sjT b\T, m+<s sjT

H\T eHsq~ MT n+<] *dq $wjTyT. nsTT |\
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4

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6

eTVdu <e\T s|&+, 1956e d+es+ s+&T \T>T sc\T

H{ eTq sw+ > $s$ +#&+ ]+~. s +&T \T>T sc\ \sTT
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sw n_e~ e+ >=&e\ e\q +T&TH ek+~.
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m+<s eTTKeT+T\T eTq sc |]b*+#sT. ssXq
n+jT>sT d+ eTq sw eTTKeT+> | #XsT. |C d+eT+
d+ bT |&sT . <<| n|{ qT+& 1982e d+es+ es VQX
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ke+> esTq _{wt <=s\| n\T|s> bsT q&|q CrjT
+>dt k+q+s+ sjT b> e] us C dy T
d+ bD >\ L&q T++ # Vd+ >TsT> e] <X
| \ , | e TTK k + d e Ts j < T \T H V Q >] T++
n+&<+&\+~++~.
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<+~.
7

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b>=Te+ ]+~. d+es\+| eT q |s jTq
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jTH eTTKeT+> =qk>sT. s =+\+ VQX 1989 qT+&
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n+ eTT+<T mes yqTbT sj\T q&|<? n
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8

#+<uT m+ <sTD+> yqTbT b&e>\sT n+f

eTTKeT+ | < $ qT+& j T H . { . sY . ~+ qT | < $
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9

eTq \T>T |\+<] #+<uT yd+ #dq+> +es

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10

+{ eTqd+ >\ #+<uT |&T |<q || H>

sT bsTu |sT sT\ zT d+ b<j\T #d TH&T.
sE |+\ s+<, es\T , s+T \T u]+# sT\+
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<>H sE $<TY >T]+ e{&TTHsT. #+<uT n~s+
eq|&T k] nyT] n< &T sw |s q se&+ ]+~.
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sE ||+ e# e# m\ yTeTT L& $<TY
keT |#s+ #dT+f #+<uT e @eT ns+ #d Ty*...!
ss \ |uT |< \ |sT q k+ |< \T Hsy s T q #+<uT
m+H b>&<q e.
sw+ |< $<sT\T | |E\T #<Te\T eHd
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wt >sT e+ nyT] #~ysT. +<T |+{. n|{
eTTKeT+ =&T < n nqT+THs? $q+& !
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11

#+<uT yd>&T ` ||+# u+ J>&T ~ H H<+

<T. H{ eTdt HjT\ H |]*q $|e H<+.
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| | n<&> eq #+<uT |uT L\q #q
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n$Xd rsq+ |yX |{ nudTb\j&T. sw+ \+>D
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eTsesT eTq +#sT. $wjT+ e+ #+<uTqT nqTd]+#
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12

~e+> eTVH &sY y.jTdt. sXKsY s& >sT

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CrjT n<s\T leT kj>+B >] qeTdT&q nqT#sT&>,
sw+ >T]+| b+~q H\ \yTq e> jTq >T]+|
+~. sE sw+ +>dt |uT+ n~s+ e+~ n+f <
|<qyTq sD\ jTq sT.
9 d+es\T> eTTKeT+ |<$ eq #+<uT,
||+ e+& y. jTdt.sY yqT eDT |{+ #sT. e+<\ MTs
b<j #d m+& m+&q |+ b\ eT< q&q HjT& T
nqT. ksTT jTq ]|q b<j sw+ jTqH= sT>T
H> $s$+| #d+~.
| &T +>dt b ndeT H> eq jTq \eT+>
n~c qeTyTq nqT#sT&> essT.
n*|] #+<uT | qT eT+<Tbs |*q|&T
d.jT+.> eq #+<uT q |]b\q| |\ eq esK qT+&
u |&{ q| ]q <& sdq> |uT s<T# d 2004
m\ u] \ |\ qT y, HqT y n |\
eTT+<T=#&T. n|{ #+<uT| eq esK e\q, <X y|+>
Mq +>dt >* e\q, sw+ sXKsT& b<j |]q b
\+ e\q #+<uT <sTD+> z&bj&T. y. jTdt.sY. eTTKeT+>
n~cq+ # jT$T+#&sT.
13

| |+ e+&> e sTTq y. jTdt.sY. n~s+ #| >H

$<TY |\ T |q =* d++ #d q X ~ s|+#THsT.
s |< |\ * rs& 2 sbjT\ _jT+
|<+ |yX|{sT. |< $<], $<sT\T #<Te <s+ L&<T,
] deTd\ e\q y] #<Te bL&<T nH d<T<X+ |E
]jT+sYyT+{ |<+ |yX|{sT. |<\ qjT+ T\T ed
]+> ysT Ts sJy s>l, n> 104, 108 |<\T,
e<T\, $+>T\ |+#qT, yd >V\T *+#+<T +~seT
|<+, |+b\\ ]#+<T \jT+ ~s |< \T
|yX|{sT. s 2009 ]q m\ n|{ |.d.d. sw
n<\T &. lydt >sT eT]jTT & y.jTdt.sY. >sT *d
eTVL$T> eTT+<T =q {.&.|., {.sY.jTdt., d.|.., d.|.jT+.\qT
z&+ s+&e k] sw+ +>dtqT n~s |syT+#sT.
s \+ s#+& nH eTs seT bs+u+ d+
jT\T<]q deTjT+ yesD+ nqTL*+# V*|s Y |e<+
]s y[bjsT y.jTdt.sY >sT.
d+|Tq s sw |\+ X deTT<+ eTT
bjsT. jTq \+ n$ ]+<q $wjT + =+#+ | q |&,
jTH.{.sY. s #| q eTsH y.jTdt.sY. n| &Tq sw
|]dT\qT <w e+#Tq n~cq+ n|{ mH d+e s\ qT+&
+>dt b ] eT+> de\+~+q djTsY H l =DC{ sXjT
>] eTTKeT+> jT$T+#sT.
sXKss&>] eTsDq+s+ sw |\T reyq $|s
|]dT\qT m<Ts=Hsq~ ssyde+.
14

swy|+> <e\ VAsT

syq sjT+ q&|q =+<sT ndeT H\T
sweTTKeT+> l =DC{ sXjT>sT u<\T d]+q
y+H {.sY.jTdt. b n<\T l .d.sY. >sT \+>D &e+&
eTs=k] s| rdT= e#sT. yT< d~| \ +>D sw
k<q deT eTsD sVs B LsTHsT. d+<s + > sw+
\+>D b++ <eT d>s *+~. d+<s + > .d.sY. bdT
jT++>+ nsdT #jT&+, KeT+ C\T s*+#&+ ]+~. KeT+
C\T eq .d.sY s+&e sE eTsd+ B$s$T+#s u{
b&+ \+>D $<sT\T {.sY.jTdt. n~H .d.sY. Xej\T
.jTT. ]bsT. $<sT\ rsT .d.sY. B$ s$T+#< |{ + #&+
]+~. .d.sY. Vd #]q s jTq B e+& >
.d.sY. s>+ Dkq n|{ |uT+ n\ | + deyX+
@sT #jT &+, sw b\ |<T \+<sT \+>D nqTL\eT
#|&+ &d+sY 9e Bq jTT.|.m. sT|q +< VA+XKeT+
l <+s+ >sT \+>D |jT s bs+_keT, .d.sY.qT
B $s$T+e\d+~> s&+, jTq B $s$T+#&+, \+>D
d+s\T sT|e&+, B es+> sw+ dyTK+>H e+&\
+<sjT\deT b+\ sjT H\T +sY e<e\T q&|&+
## ]bjsTT. +<|uT+ &d+sT 23q |q yq
rdTe&+ L& < eT+ ]+~.
s+&T b+\ ]q <e\ e\q sw y|+> X+
u<\T n<T| |&+, \+>D sTTe&+ <q |+ $<sT\T
V\T #dTe&+ sw+ >&|q |]dT\T X d
#sTHsTT.
15

 y| sw+ X+ u<\T >&|&+, eTs=y| +>dt

b y.jTdt. >H ndeT esZ+ syq sj\T q&|&+,
\+>D b+ +>dt H\ T n~cq+ | msC+ & m>sy j
T&+, sXjT
>] eTTKeT+ |<$ qT+& =\+#\ &| H re &
|+#&+, +<, sjT\deT, \+>D <e\ q e+T +
bjT&+ y+ y+H ]bjsTT.
\+>D b+ #+~q =+<sT sjT H\ T ` &|
#+~q z \ H , neT&T be&+ sw |]d eT]+ <jT jT+>
e]+~.
@~ @yTH =+<] ks| P ] sj \ e\ = e+<\ eT+~
$<sT\T <eT d>\ eT< >\& *<H\T #XsT.
\+>D sw d$T .d.sY. @sT #dq H{ +f eTT+< T
sw+ {.&.|. b .d.sY. >sT jT+.jT.m.> &|P { ds>Y
|#XsT. H&T dyT y~> eq .d.sY. dyT sw+ d+ nd+;
>yTq d.&.\T H&T n> eHsTT.
{.sY.mdt. b @sT #dq sE H T+ duT\T mes
sj \ ss #| q .d.sY. q =&T, n\T&T , LTsT yTT+
+<T es+Z {.sY.jTdt. b y\eT <=s\ b> e] yX&T. mesH
q es+> e{& y] \+>D <VQ\T> r]+ Ts<
.d.sY. eT \+>D <=s\ |H H+~|*&T.
\+>D b+ |\T H&T @ <=s\ |q+ eT| e<
d]V<T\ es ]$T ]$T ={s, n< |\T H&T n< <=s\
+ < < eT+ |s T q*b b T Hs T .
<eT+ m+>=|<H HjT+ qeT~q~q|&T mesT e+
@+ #jT>\sT #|+&. \+>D <e seTT+<T #|d s
16

yqT q&T|Tq sj\T jT |&~ m|& eT...! \+>D

b++ |s{+# @ de+< HH ds eTT+<T .d.sY . syqT
|+<+ #dT b eTVuu< >H ]q neeqyT
sT>TT+~ nH~ ss d+. y sjT+> syqT |+<+
#dT+f e+ \+>D @ H nsTTH dCe> s>e#T.
Ceu< >H ]|q s T B dCe> s>& y T B dJe sD+.
H \+>D dyT |T=#eTH sd H\ dyTswyT
+&\ bsyT+{ |sT\T |Tq, >H b m $T|yT+<
+>D y<T\, {.sY.jTdt. de<q+ #| rs*+<.
|\T, {.$.\T |>*q &T m& qT+& e+< +<
b+ HjT\ ybs d++<\T m q&T|THs, +< $<
d+d\ qT, +|\qT q&T|jTq .d.sY. m+<T eTq+ eV dTH s,
\H> syJ | d{ <TqTeT #|q .d.sY . m+<T
yq >Zs d\ qT\ dyT qT d + {> m+<T *|yX s .d.sY.>s
de<q+ #b*.
z d+, d d+, H d+ sjT + #d .d.sY.
+{ H\ |$<+> T~ #bs y #&*+<eT]...!
\+>D b++ <e\ |{\T. bs&+ & |\
=+ <T.. |\T $wjT+ >T]+#Ty*. beTT b\T bd
+{ |+#TH n~ T yd rsTT+~. m+<T+f n~ < |T
eq T~.
n< $<+ > HjT + qeT<q~ b m+ >=| <eTyTq
rs+ #s&+ nk<+.
```
17

y.jTdt. >H +>dt qT+& weTD

k+ b @sT yq >\ sD\T
y.jTdt. >H, y.jTdt.sY.+>dt b sw n<&>,
y.jTdt.sY. >] esT&> sw |\+<] dT|]yT q e.
y. jTdt.sXKs s &> sT eTTKeT+> eq \+ &| jT+.|.>
b{ #d >\Tb+<sT. yde+> y.jTdt.sY. eTTKeT+> eq|&T
>H me u>+ q ybs $dsD b<q #ysT. nsTT
sXKsY s&>sT q esT&q >HqT k<sD e b
#sTy\ sT<T. +>dt b jo\+> >H #s&+
+f # \+ eTT+<T>H sw |\ eT< >H #]c | +#+<T
ePV+> be\T <| & + ]+~. n+<T u>+>H >H jTTedq,
>H $<] dq, ~s $u>\ nq~] #jTqT n+~+#&+
]+~.
>H jTTe dq |sT >H sj\ sy\ sw
y|+> s\T, se\T ]|+#&+ ]+~. n|{ es
eTTKeT+ esT&> eyT >T]+| eq >H |C_eq+
|+b+~+#+<T >H |sT nq~s+> |#d d+d\ T w#X sTT.
>H sw y|+> >T]+| e# $<+> #d <T |] \+
>H b #s&+ ]+~. >H b #] &| jT+.|. > >*q
s +>dt y. jTdt. s >Hq T eTTKeT+ #d+<T =+<sT
H\ T n|& be\T ~bsT. n+<T u>+>H 2009 k<sD m\
>H esZ+> |#dq yTC]{ e\ eyT {T {sTT+#&+
]+~. @ $<+ >HH +>dt b eT]jTT |uT + >H eT< T >
*# e\qT eTT+<T>H d #dT= sXKsY s&>] n+&<+&\
>H n|& ePV+> eeV]+#sT. 2009 |P]> ePV
neT\T #d dTesT 100 |> {T >H d+q eTqTw\
e&+ ]+~.
18

 deTjT+H s# +& seT+ d+ u ] q y. jTdt.sY.>sT

V*|sY |e<+ eTsD+#&+ ]+~. d+|Tq sw |\qT
re ~>+ >T]#&j
T + ]+~. sXKsT& eTsDysq T $q m+<s
|\T >T+&\$X @&sT. =+<sT ys $ >T+& #bjsT.
b\ r+> | s sT |THsT. qeTT q y]
y.jTdt.sY. b&Tq rsT, jTq e+, jTq |yX|{q d+eT
|<\T, |Ts |e<+ jTq d+> #be&+ e |\T
sTT+> u<|&{ sD\T e#T.
@~ @yTH eTVH eTsD+#sT. jTq eTsD+ sc
n\\+ #d+~. nsTT >H esZ H\ |esq e+ +>dt
n~cq+ bT sw |\ L& =+ >V eT]=+ Xs
sDyT+~.
sXKs s& >] bse <V+ +{ e+&>H, >HqT
eTTKeT+ #j\ sT esZ H\T n|& d+\ d sD
bs+_+#&+ , | | \ eT< T d+ |jT +#&+ <sTD+ n|++~.
>H >] <X\T +&H <+ ]+~ n+f $ \ysT mesH
n+ s> qeTsT.
s >HqT eTTKeT+ |s+ MT< Ls |f+<T >H
esZ+ n~cq+ <>Zs re+> |jT++~. m> +& #bjsT
{ n~cq+ eTTKeT+ |s+ | >HH Ls|&TT+~ n +>dt
# eT+~ |C|<T\T jTq eT<T |\&+ ]+~.
< deTjT+ +>dt b n~cq+ sw |]dT\ <c
nqTue+ *q djTsY H nsTTq l sXjT>] eTTKeT+>
|s+ | Lsu{+~. qT +q eTTK eT+ |<$ < >H
n esZ+ re nd+| >Ts+<q~ yde+. eTT+<T>H m\
19

>H qT+& {{\T b+~q |C|<T\T nqTq $<+>H jTq

n+&> *#sT. eTTKeT+ u<\ eq sXjT >] m>H
|s+ MT< qT+& ~+#+<T m <sT\THj n+{ q&#sT >H,
jTq eT<T <sT\T.. y| sw+ ysT + bdq <eT
d>\T s>T\T T+&>H eTs= y| bes\ >T <>Zs |eD+ #XqT
nq k z<sT j |sT sXjT >] |uT+| <+&j
ls+ #T{sT >HyVH s& >sT.
q +& eTsDys $ T eTsD+q T+u\qT
z<s& y* nq #q |X+ XjT+. < mesT | | s T .
z<sT j |sT >H sw |uT +| <+&j sT|TH&q
$wjT+ s>H n~cq+ >T]++~. <+ eTTKeT+ |<$ q
eq+<T sT>T+< y\H >H u~]+| <sD ~>&q $wjT +
n+<] H\ s>H nsyT+~.
#bsTTq T+u\qT z<s& 100\ s y*q
neds+ yde+> <T. z<s&yT >H <XyT 23 \ q
+& d+ #bsTTq e\ T+u\qT z<s+<T H\ sE\T
#\T. >H <X+ n~ <T. |\ q+ kqTu e+<
sw+ q+ eT+~ n_eqT\THs n~cH #b\q~ >H
ePV+. $<+> >H q |<$ e b <H kq
|s+> n~cH V#]+#&T. ~ #<qT z<sT jqT
sjT z<sTj> es&T. sw |uT +| re $eTs\ ~>&+
]+~. +& >*|+q |uT qqT eTTKeT+ #jT< q
<X+ |u L\>=& d+ @ e+ yq&< T >H.
sw+ sT>TTq \ |]De\qT +> >eT+q
b n~cq+ >HqT eTT+< |* V#]++~.
20

z<sT jqT *| yjTeTHsq +{ k #| >H

+>dt b sJHe #d, q * L& b ]CH #sTT+#&T.
|\ e+ b m+ de #dq, eT T+u n~cq+ d
>se+ e< >se+ dyT b $& |&TTHeT |&T
|#s+ #d <s kqTu |+#T=H+<T, zsqT q y|
|H+<T u ePV sBXsT >H.
>H sTq~ =+ es ]+~ L&. >H, q *
$jTeT\ sJHe\ |\ +>dt b | =+ yTs |+,
n> M] | C* *>sTT. M{ |*yT &| ]q |m\T,
nsTT ]q d+|Tq\ yqT >H ePVyT e+< *jT &|
|\T >H +]> $T&, +>dt b >HqT yd+
#d+<qT= u yTC{ M] >*|+#sT. >H eTqdT eq
qT, >H ks m+&>f $wjT+ b\ $|\yTHjT
u$+#e#T.
&| |m\ +f eTT+<T>H ]q >+Z | Vs+> du
>H q +& |sT *| y.jTdt.sY. +>dt b |sTqT eT
sjT b> |{+#&T.
+>dt b sJHe #dq H{ qT+& \B, s T B, |E
bsT
~s |s >H q&|q kqTu sj\ =<y<T . H&T
yTT<\T |{q z<sT j Xe sjT j> e] d+e s\qT
<T+ k.......>TH e+~.
$wjT+ e+ >H >] yT#T+& e+&
bTHqT. q +& eTsD L& + #> sjT+> y&T
XesjT + #d L&, d>T |Z & +& H\ eT< <s> sT>TTH&T.
~ jTq eyT k++... >& q s +&T H\\ + {.&.|. n< &T
|uT+ | n$Xd rsq+ |yX |{q|&T {.sY.jTdt., {.&.|.
\d q esZ| +>dt ndeT myT\qT |uT es+> zT
ysTT+ q +& q |uT+ | q+ ndTe+< eTs= k]
y>&T >H.
21

sw eTTK eT+ |<$ sXKs s& >] &T|\ bjT md{

<T <. ysd +> >H se&. \ T neT+> d+b~+q
&T eTTKeT+ |s ns e+<+f M\T |&<T <...! >H
$wjT+ L& n< ]+~. b #]q y+H y.jTdt.sY. >]
L& eTTKeT+ |<$ s<q $wjT+ >H *jT<? @ ns
jTq eTTKeT+ |s+| HXs >H *j* !
eTTKeT+ |<e+f ybs+ jT+.&.|<y, #sHs <T.
=&T +& u&. <+ *d L& >H m+<T
|e]+#ed e+< MT nseTjT e+T+~.
<jT+ q~ yTT<\T q +& >T]+# e{& >H
y. jTdt.>] kj>+B>sT, sVQ >+B>] | n#+#\ yTq u ,
$Xk\T e+&e *jT<. 2014e d+es+ sVQ >+B >]
|<> #&\q< q XjTeT y.jTdt.sY. nHs | >HqT
eTTKeT+ #jT &yT q \ eT @H&T e esd L& y. jTdt.sY.
nq<T. b n~cq+ L& y.jTdt.sY. sw sj\ |P]
d+ +<+ qT+ n+&<+&\T n+~++~.
q +& n+> <]+q n~cq+ q $wjT+ e+
m+<T >V++< >H \jT<qT+f bsbf. +& n~s+
n&+ |T= y\ |&>q >H, q nedT\ |]sD
=s eTTKeT+ |<$ sTHsq~ ]y<+X+. & < n&+
]+~.
+>dt b qT eq|&T z<sT j |sT |sq
y[q|&T \+>D sw d$T ss\ T, $<sT\ T >H |j D+q
s\T | s <& #XsT. d+<s+> >HqT ~ |]dT\T H\=
q H|<+ bdt jT++>+ nsdt #jT&+ ]+~. s
]q sw s j T | ] De\ X T \qT | q |{ ,
{.sY.jTdt.`y.jTdt.sY.d.|.$T |\T> es&+, s yq d+|Ps
dVjT dVs\T n+~+#Te&+ eTq+<] *d+<.
22

 $wjT+ e+ HqT dw+> #|>\qT. sjTeT+f

kqTu eyT <T. y >H &| | m\ |* \T q
>=| qyT nqT+f n+ H nejT +, eTs + eTs={ e+&<T .
sXKsT kq+ eTs eTTKeT+ #bsTTq, nTe+{
|]dT\T sw+ eq|&T #bsTTq eTTKeT+ mesH n
es T & T , u s | m \ b{ \& y | * \T
|qseeTesTT.
m+<T \Tk? sw+ |\qT yd+ #dq sjT
H\THs |, |\ #T ydbsTTq HjT\T mes sT. <
\T>T |\ >=|q+.
M{ &T >H eeVs X* L& >H |< yTqdt bsTT+{
n #| e#T. #| &T e\T $H q +, b H\ H\d] J*#
q |<, q ke +<T>TD | me] qeT q eTqd+
e q \Vq.
deTse +yT q sjT HjT& e+&*q \D \T eTq
u<+ y~q >H |+#e. me] eTH uy\ $\Te e
>H sbsTT 1000 sbjT\T> es&+ u> \TdT
n_e+# e\qT <]+#&+ e+ *jT<T. sjT+ ybs+
<T < !
@~ @yTH >H nedT\| d._.. =s& |TT*|+#&+
bs+_+q s >H H<sD Z+<q~ yde+. >H |q
eqysT L& >H # J\ X|& =+<sT. ys b\ y
|]d =+<sT, #T]+ eT] =+<sT, ybs d++<\ e\
=+<sT, ke esZ+ f e&+ +=+<sT, MsT | mes
>HqT *d |]d b <T. sT& #e m sD\THj
23

>Hq H<sD >TZ be& n sD\THsTT. me]HH

k] yd+ #jTe#T. n+ n+<] n ksT yd+ #j Te#T
n nqTe&+ >H eTsyT neT+~. |\T n+ nejT\
HqT nqTe&+ <T.
@~ @yTH >H | eq n$ s|D\T sTEy e+ >H
bT >H uq|sT\T L& l w qkH b<j #jT
|<T. |]d qyT >HqT b&+ Vs + L&
<T.
eTTK eT+ |<$ dyT |T=q y.jTdt.sY.+>dt b
|H<T\ dV |\+#&+ |<T. y n$X eT<T>
zT ydq >H esZ jT+.jT.m.\| |uT + #s \ d<| & s>u jT
| m\ >H esZ jT+.jT.m.\T s +{ #&q ys s& | \&
|<T.
z&\T +&T ` +&T z&\T nejT+f <Hy eT].....
```

24

d<+\qT $&q eTdtt b\T

|+<e]q qT
|+ < eed sTy b\ esK+> |< |\ | q
bs&+<T esY. H #q\ |T=q eTdtt b H&T
eTq sw+ eTVAq bs{\ HjT+ eV++~. &T> T,
\Vq |< |\ | q s |s & ms C+&> $|e H<yT eTT+<T
q&+~. sw #] eTdT\ |yTq u >+ e+~.
|CkeT jTT+> bsy T + |+< \q$ = eTdt b\T,
eT]= e+ jTT<\H eedqT |qsY ]keT n&e\T u
|{ qT> essT.
|C eed bsyT+ |+< m\ *q eTdt
b d<+ |syTq $u<\ s+&T> N*bsTT d.|.., d .|.jT+. >
$s$+# eTdt\ bue+ >TZ e+~. H&T sjT
eed mesT eTTKeT+ |s+ m ssTT+# *> ksTT eq
eTw\ T sE ny |q +<] b\ bT\ d+ b& |]d
eHsTT..!
m eTVdu\T sT|H, m ksT $eTs\T ]H
eTdtt\T e+ eT |+< esTe&+ <T.
e{& sesY >T]+ e{& eTdt\t jTq q&|q
<e\T, jTq Jeq $<q+, b sD |<T\T *jT$ e.
||+# |T& < eedqT |+, ||+# <X\ q+{
q y| #d = |+<qT dw+ #]qT s>s dq ndq
eTdt HjT&T sesY >] d+ k++> ue q+ L&
<+f eT+ n+f m e+T+<, HjT+ m e+&
eTqseTeT+~.
25

|{ eTdtt b\ H\ qT, y dT\ qT, y] b _*+>\qT

#d e+ << = eT+ n n|+# eq<T. H{ eTdt
b C + & ms T | s + > T e y T H { es < T . $T*qe
e]bjsTT..!
|< |\ |q |+ < eed| bs+ sT|e\dq
eTdtt\T bwH sj\, z sj\ n\yT | &sq~
eTT+<T eq yde +. | &T $T*q sjT b\ H\ n$|
|d\T, s|\T |#T]+q eTdt b\T sE eT b
H\ |H $T*q b\T n$|, nedT\| |d\T | s+#
ksTT ~>CssTT.
| &T |< |\ d+ e T+ d+ se\ s|\ q ]|q
eTdt\ T, sE e\+ MT&j |#s+ d+ eyT se\
s|\ q #d $ |]d eHsT. |+ < eed |ejT+>
m<>*q eTdt\T ny sTy b\ \T> jsHsT.
e #b\+f {.&.|., +>dt, _.C.|.> d.|..,
d.|.jT+.\T L& sjT b\T> e]bjsTT. M{ eT< m+{
& +& bsTT+~. eT sw |\ eT< b&T e&
|&T b\T HH +{\T |&TTHsTT. eTVL$T |sT mH
d+<s\ {.&.|. T {q d.|.., d.|.jT+.b\ T +>dt b
zyT \+> |#dH y{ X Hsys<T. d<+eTq~ +&
b\T eeV]dTq rsT eT+ eq yde ns | P]
$sT<+> e+T+~.
b\T {.&.|. n~s+ eq|&T #+<uT |uT +|
#+<uT eH`n$ KCH |sT |d\T |#T]+ eT,
m\ eTT+<T |\ |+|{sTT. sE d.|.., d.|.jT+. b\
$T*q eTdt\ #+<uT ||+#u+ J>&T>, |<
26

n$|sT&> |+#&T. |]q $<TY #\T Z+#\ &e+&

#d eTdt\T ]|q |<sq| wsYu> #+<uT bdT\ #
\T\T ]|q|&T {.&.|. sjT+> uk|+ #keT Xy\|
|eD+ #dq eTw\ T eT {.&.|.H m bT |T +THs
sw |\ de<q+ #| rs*.
yde+> eTq+ #d n sjT b\ eH d.|..,
d.|.jT+., $T*q eTdt\T s|+ esTHsT. $s\T |sT
&T ed, bT\ |sT d |+| eyT H{ eTdt\T
|sT>+#sT.
d.|.., d.|.jT+. b\ |]d e+f q >T ]+
|+> #|qeds+ <T.
|< |\ | q |+ <sT\qT, u keTT\qT m~]+ nq\T>
|\e&q MsT e> |rs\d+ $|e +qT |P]> <] eT[dTH sT.
d<+\T m+ >=|yH #sD e+ ne+&+ <T nq~ yde +.
y| n~s+ eq |uT\T mH+sY\ |sT y\
eT+~ qqT @]bsdTHsT. |{ sw+ ]q mH+s
<T.
|uT + b<+ y|&+ q sb\T sw+
sTT|&T # es >ZsTT. |&T d<+\ ]T # eT+~
jTTer jTTe\T q #sysT. d<+ D e\q ysT $Tq
Xj\ d+ bs&sT. |&T |]d <T. e>+> eT
]q nHj\| |>rsTe&+ d+ =+<sT. eed| >V+
eT]=+<sT, DyX+ +=+<sT q \TdTHsT. qT
b\ <<| sE M]H q&|&TTHsTT. $|y<e\
HjT+ eV+q H\T> |sT bT, #+<\ dyT <+<\T
q&| ksTT = q >|\T #sTHjT sjT+> #|>\qT.
27

 sE qT <eT+ |sT eT+<Tbs\T |\&+,

jTT<\ \&+ eT sD d+ eyT bs& |]d
H&sT.
@~ @yTH q <sD, q| |uT eeVs X* es*q
neds+ m+H e+~.
q n&e\qT $& |C deTd\ |]cs+ d+ |\
| q bs&+<T |\ eT< sy*q neds+ m+H e+~. jTT<+
` |\qT, q <s+ #k+~. <X |]dT\ <c q
|+<sT\ m\ eTTUeTT \|&*q neds+ m+H e+~.
eTw H\ MT< y\~ @<H e+<+f nB bDyT.
bD #+<T d<|&q qT |\ eT< n&e \qT $&,
jTT<\T e~* sy*q neds+ m+H e+~. |uT + L& +<T
nedsy T q #s \T rdTy*. sT| \ eT< keTsX |Ps ysesD+
<s eyT deTd |]cs+ <=s T+< |CkeT y<T\
n_bjT+. < H n_bjT+ L&.
```

28

zT y _.C.|, #\ |&q d
V+< eT |]sD , us C dyT K d+ b y\
=+<sT sjT H\ # @sT #jT&q b _.C.|. (u srjT
q b) nj< se\jT+ {\q~ b |<q &e+&.
V+< eT b> b eTT< e+~. <X y|+> b
|]d m eH eTq sw+ $wj ed e+ # yq&
e+~. <<| sw+ eTTd+, wjTH, yTH]{ esZ\ |\+<s
b |P]> <s+> eHsT. eT b> |sT+&+ # b\T
b bT n+fH ujT|& |]d sw+ H\= e+~..!
|dT + b jT+.jT.m.\ d+K sw+ s +&T. n+<T
sT b n<&T l wH s& >sT. eTs=sT m+&\ \HsjTD
>sT. |&T sw sj\ #+ |q b |dT+ bsTTq
q |uy d+b~+#TH+<T $X |jT\T #k+~. @ n+X+
n+~ eq sjT+> n~ q nqTL\+> esT+H e+~.
eT< \+ wHs& >sT b n<&> |<q u<\T
#|{q s b |+ #d+<T ePV+> eTT+<T
<T\TTHsT.
sw+ |< q deTd> eq | \+>D sw <e
_.C.|. |P] ksTT eT eT< T |{ + +~. n+<T u>+> \+>D
b++ Vs+> du\T s|&+, s<j\ |sT \+>D |\
eT< zT u+ |+#Te&+ d+ re |jT\T #k+~.
\+>D sw k<q e e\q eyT k< eT &+ uC sTT+
#|q _.C.| e\T $q& u>H eH, B > #] e+
+<T |P] $sT<+> e+~. +<+ +>dt b n~s |>Z\T
#| eTT+<T \T>T<X+ b bT |T zT s+&T
sc\T nH H<+ H& du rsq+ #d ~s+ ed
29

\+>D | sw+ keT |{+q usrjT q b (_.C.|)

n~s+ eq s s=Ve+> \+>D |\qT yd+
#d+~. q e |&yT n~s+ eq+ \+ _.C.|.
sw HjT+ , CrjT H\T \+>D >T]+ HsT ]
e e{&q bbq b<T.
n< eqT _.C.|. H\qT n& sE yTeTT \+>D
<eTqTH+ {.&.|. n<&T #+<uT HjTT&T eTeT*
n&T Hs d>T> de<q+ dTH sT. +<+ eT b n~s+
eq+ \+ >TsT s \+>D, n~s+ bjT d] eT
_.C.|.HjT >Ts=+~. +<T Xs|& $wjT+ @MT
bsTTH $wjT+ e+ eTq dw+> seTT+~.
n<$T+f n~s+ d+ _.C.|. |\ eTHuy\qT yd+
#d+<TH s#=f+<TH m|&T yq&<T. *d *d _.C.|.
n~s+ e&eT+f eTs >TsY eT\qT sc seT ms
yN |s#&yT neT+~.
sw+ | |H \ esTd $T*q eTs= e, d
b n~H L{|* jT+.jT.m. l jT|wt HsjTD >sT. e
.m.jTdt. |dsY nsTTq MsT sjT eed n$
syT\TT+<, deC es\ dqT eTT+<T d#+<
d+d> bs+_+#sT. q .m.jTdt. |<$ sJHe #XsT. n$
esK <eT+ |sT sw y|+> ]>sT. s =+
d qT sjT b> |{ + #sT. 2009 ]q k<sD m\
] d b *+~. b{ #dq | # d b
nu sT\ T |T s |sj #$ #XsT. L{|* eq | |]d T \
H|<+ jTq ke esZ+ n+& jT+.jT.m. nu]> $jT+
k~+#sT.
30

<XeT+{ m ese#, n$ m n++ #jTe#

>+\ s & |Hk\T #| jT|wt HsjTD >sT qT b< +
eVdTq j esZ n_e~ e+ @MT #jT bjsT .
eTT+<T q j esZ sw+ n j esZ\
+f n_e~ #d e+f q b n~s+ n|+#eT n&> V
|\qT zT yjT eT s V q+&~. ydy n s> < T .
\+>D $wjT+ d+ es> eTT<|& mH d+<s\
\+>D y<T\ >V+ <&T\ >TsHsT. =+<sT b H
jTqqT $u~+ k+ b\T |Te&+ >eTHs+.
@~ @yTH q Xj\ sj\ eq C.|. >sT
L& n+<sT jT+.jT.m. \ jT+.jT.m.> $T* bjsT
n #|e#T.
```

31

+>dt $qyTq |.sY.|.

+>dt $T |+> e]q eTdt b
u >] HjT+ +>dt b
|eTTK d qT&T, d $X+ yT>ksY> n_eqT\
# |\Te&q s+J$ s|t l =D<\ e|k< >sT |Cs+
|sT b k|+#sT. 2009 m\ ] b dTesT 70
\\ eT+~ |\ zqT b+<+ ]+~. ke HjT+ |<q
mC+&> |sT&T bdTq b sXKs s&>] eTsDq+s+ |
| b> q b =qk++~. sTy ]q |]De\
yT>ksY q b +>dt b $q+ #jT&+ ]+~. <sTT+q
dsT&T Vd+ \e&+ ]+~. yTT+ eeVs+ | mH s\
$eTs\T s+J$>sT m<Tse&+ ]+~. @~ @yTH H&T +>dt
b q + |yTq kq+ d+ jTq |jT+#&+
sT>TT+~ nq~ eTT+<Tq yde+.
|dT+ n~s | eT<d $T |+>, n+&> \&q
@ b eTdt (jT+..jT+.) eyT. eTTd+ |\ V\ d+
bs&+<T sw+ @s&q \yTq b jT+..jT+. <<|
|uT @sT #d | d+<s+ +>dt b, $T |+>
n+&<+&\T n+~dH +~. |dT+ >sY V<su< eTTb*{
yTjTsY> eTdt b nus =qk>TTHsT. jT+..jT+. b
n<\T> nd<TBH yd>sT deTse++> eT b |+ =s
|jT +#&+ sT>TT+~. jT+..jT+. b dyT K sc nqTL\+>
q sjT+ |{+#&+ ]+~.
|dT+ sw+ q sjT b\ +>dt es+>
be\T <T|Tq H|<+ |uT+| {.&.|. n$Xd rsq+ |yX
|{q|&T jT+..jT+. b |P]> +>dt b n+&<+&\T
n+~++~. @~ @yTH sw+ q s b\ eT< jT+..jT+.
|yTq b bwdT+< #|e#T.
32

|.d.d. sw n<\T> u dHsjTD >sT

sw+ |.d.d. n<\T> l &. lydt >] |<M \+
|PssTTq sTy eT]=+ \+ b n~cq+ jTqH |<$
=qk+#sT. sw+ H\= eq |]De\ H|<+ |Cs+
b +>dt b $q+ #d ~X> re+> |jT+ $jT+
k~+q l u dHsjTD >] +>dt b n~cq+ sw
+>dt b s<ks~> jT$T+#&+ ]+~. u<\T d ]+q~
yTT<\T b |+ d+ u >sT nedsy T q #s \ rdTHsT.
\+>D <eT+ re+> eH, d\ qT\ dyT sT>TTq
d+<s + |]d #Cs +& #d $wjT + u >sT eTTKeT+
jTH..sY. >] *d bw+q b # \yT+< #| e#T.
@~ @yTq|{ b eeVs\qT #u&+ deTse++> u
>sT eeV]dTHs |\ eT< q n_bjT+.
+ > dt b n~ c H qeT d T & > , keTT& > ,
d+<sqTks+>, ePV+> eeV]+#>\&+ u >] q
n\yT n jTqq |sT.
@~ @yTq |{ sw eT+>, b n< \T> s +&T u< \qT
deTse++> sVdTq u >sT m+H |d+XjTT.
| |\T jTq | m $eTs\T #dH deTse++>
m<Ts=e&+ bT | |\ yqT DT |{+# deT<H\T
e&+ jTq eeVs X* jTq <s+ jTq eyT k++.

33

 sw+ sjT b\T eT]jTT

HjT\ eT< |CH jTH..sY.
|{ es MTsT #~$q #]+ sw+ eq sjT
b\~. j b\ n<\T>, s<sT\T> eq H\ ~. Ms+<]
>T]+ |{ es m+<T yjTe\d e+<+f ks|P]
sj\T q&| e\`|C d+eT+ d+ |#d H\ eT<
eq & k<sD |\ *j*. b\ r+> |\ >T+&
*q =+<sT eTVH\ T >T]+ + eTT+< eTq+ #X+. |#\|*
dT+<sjT, <e\|* y+fXsse, ]$T Hs&, s$ HsjTDs&,
+>T] |X+ |+T\T, q+<eT] ss ese, y. jTdt. sXKs
s& +{ m+<s nd$T+q eTq sw eTVH\T eTq |]#jT yT.
Ms+ |\ >T+& XX kq+ d+b~+#THsT.
eTq+ |{ es yqTbT sj\T, Xe sj\T,
b+rjT sj\T, eT sj\T, \ sj\T, uc
sj\qT, |C d+eT sj\qT, esZ sj\qT #X+.
H *dq+ sjT H\ ds| sj \T MT eTT+<T+#qT.
me]H $eT]+#\H < me]H b>&\H H <X + <T`ydy \T
MT *j\H q~ qT @~ <#+& MT eTT+<T+#TTHqT.
+{ eTqd\T, ePV\T, sj\T q&| H\ eT<
|CH sw+ |\ eTT+<T *#sT. sjT HjT&+f
|\ d+ s+s+ | #d y&`n~s+ nH~ V syTq
u< sw+ n+f T++ n, eTTKeT+ |<$ T+u
+& +{<, T++ |\ +& b m e+T+<, sw |\
eT< eTTKeT+ u< n e+T+< eTqk, y#, sD sD
X~ q$Tq |CH eTq sw eTKeT+esT\T l jTH..sY. >sT.
jTH |\+<] dT|]Tq l q] sDY esY s& >sT....
34

 sw+ y.jTdt. sXKsY s& >sT eTTKeT+> u<

#|{ q s |< |\ d+ e T+ d+ jTq |yX |{q mH |< \T
jTqqT eTVH> essTT. eTTKeT+> eq y.jTdt.sY. >]
jTH..sY >] | n#+#\yTq qeT+ e+&~. jTH..sY. >]
keTs + |, yT<d T |, |C deTd\ | y]q ksTT ne>Vq
| y.jTdt.sY. >] |P] qeT+ e+&~. qeTyT jTH..sY.
>] sw nd+; dsY |<$ d]+#eT y. jTdt.sY. >sT &>
#d+~.
sw +>dt b m+<s \yTq e\T, djTsY H \T
eH y.jTdt.sY.>sT jTH..sY. >] y| yTT>TZ #|&+ yq q
|<qyTq sVd+ L& <.
eTTK eT+> s+s+ |\ eT< e+& y.jTdt.sY. |C
deTd\ | eq ne>Vq, jTq |]cs esZ\ y| #q\T
*+#$. mH d+<s\ jTq deTd\ >T]+ |CH
jTH. .sY. >] #]+#&+ ]>~. jTH. .sY. >] d\V\T, d#q\T
eTVH y.jTdt.sY. >sT |+& d]+#ysT.
H&T eTq ~e+> eTVH |yX |{q mH |C d+eT
|<\ yqT |s|+q #q\T e+ |CH jTH..sY. >]y
nq~ n =~ eT+~ eyT *dq $wjT+> $T*bsTT+~.
d+; deyX\T ]>|&T | | H\T eH mH
$wj \ de<H\T #| d+<s \ y. jTdt.sY. >] jTH. .sY.
>sT n+~+q dVs+ eTsTe~.
sw eTTKeT+> y.jTdt.sY. >sT =qkq+ \+
|Cd+eT |<\ $wjT+ jTH..sY. >] |<q u >keT+
e+&~ nq~ mesT <H <> d+.
35

|e<eXT eTq eTVH ~e+>T \T e&+ sw+ k]>

\T +|q $d] js+~.
+>dt b n~cq+ sw+ eq <sTDyTq |]dT\qT
<w e+#T=, +>dt b \yTq H> >T]+| b+~, ]
eT+> |\ mq de\+~+q, n~cH $<jTT\T>
nqTueX*> |sT >+q =DC{ sXjT >] eTTKeT+ |s+|
Ls |&+ ]+~.
<Ts<weXT n|{ eTTKeT+ |<$| X\T |+#T q
y.jTdt. >H sw+ H\= eq dTyTq |]dT\T| +
bjT&+ sw+ k]> n\ \+> e]+~. m>H ds d.jT+.
|<$ <+#Te&+ d+ >H q&|q ndeT sjT+ n+ +
<T.
y| .d.sY. neTsD B yTq mdq \+>D
<eT+ sjT H\ #T qT+& $<sT\ uT C\| #]+~. \+>D
sw k<q d+ $<] d+|\ CsTT+{ jH $T{\T, eTs= y|
sjT b\ C.m.d.\T @s& <eT+ yTq m>d |&+~.
y| \+>q sw+ s> |{+#\+ \+>D
$<sT\T V\ d<|&+ eTs= y| \+>D eL&<+T
de+< b+\ je]{\ $<sT\ T +<q ~>&+ , eT eT+>
~ re ~\ <] rjT&+ ]+~.
q|{ sw eTTKeT+ |<$ eq sXjT >sT q XjT
X\ |]dT\ qT+& u |&+<T |jT+#&+ ]+~. n|{
sw+ |]d n<T| |&+ bT, sXjT>] s> |]d
dV]+# be&+ e\q n~cq+ deTsT&q eTs= H d +
|]o*+#&+ ]+~.
36

me] }V\ n+< $<+> +>dt b n~cq+ ~e+>

eTVH y.jTdt. sXKsY s& >] n+ dVT\T, n $<\
b\q dV jT dV s\T n+~+q deTsT\ T, sw deTd\| d+|Ps
ne>Vq *q |CH jTH..sY. >] eTTKeT+ u<\T
n|+#&+ ]+~.
sw+ jTH..sY. s ] q |Ps yuy
d+]+#TH <] |jT+#+<T =* n&T>T yd+~. n| { es
nd+; dsY> deTse++> q $<T\T sV+q jTH. .sY. >sT
n~cq+ <X\T yTs eTTKeT+> u<\T d]+#* e+~.
n|{ eTTKeT+ |<$ < reyTq nd+|, >V+
eq y.jTdt.>H q ndeT sj\ eT]+ |<TqT |{ q
+& n $<\ <]+q +>dt b n~cH yqT bT b&,
z<sT j e<HsT nq +{ k #|+ eTTKeT+ |<y
@ \+> +>dt b sJHe #d k+ b k|+# <X+
u y[be&+ ]+~. H{ qT+& H{ es >H ePV+ u>+>H
z<sT j $jTe++> s+&T @ <{H =qk>T H e+~.
y.jTdt.>H q +& eTsD T eTsD+q y]
*<H\qT L&, # #> |\ kqTu> eT\ zT>
esTe& z<sT j |sT kqTu jqT, XesjT
j> e] H{ =qkdH eHsT. eT k<sD m\T
e# es n~ =qk.... >TH e+T+< + |+>
#b\+{s...!
y| @&> | | |]$TyTq #+<uT, eTs=
y| Xesj\ +>dt b q esZ s#=f > H, +=
y| | \+>D |sT {.sY.jTdt. b n<&T .d.sY. MsT
#\sqT k+ bH eTTKeT+ |<$ << =+<sT nd+|
H\T q&| sj\ eT< >+<s > |]dT\ =T $T{&TTq
+< |<X sw+ | <sTT+q sD +> eTTKeT+ u< \T d]+#sT
|CH jTH..sY.>sT.
37

jTH. .sY.>sT eTTKeT+ nsTTq sT y \+>D b+

#+~q \H l <y<s s q]+V >] n~cq+ | eTTKeT+>
jT$T+#&+ ]+~. nD>]q esZ\ qT+& b~<+ eV+q
<y<s sq]+V >sT deTse++> eT u<\T HsydTHsT.
jTH. .sY.>sT eTTKeT+> u< \T d]+q y+H sw+
m<Ts=+Tq |< q deTd\| <w k]+#sT. n|{ \+>D, de+<
b+ $<sT\T $$< s\ +<q\ e\ mH dT eTT<sTT\T>
essT. < $wjT + | | H\ T jTH. .sY.>] <w rdTse&+
]+~. $wjT+| d+~+q jTH..sY.>sT y+H eT&T
b+\ eq $<sT\| dT\T m yd VA+XKqT, bd T\qT
n<+#&+ <s sw $<sT\ u$wY | eTsk] q sD\T
|d]+| #XsT. sH dT\ m yd y| sw |uT+ |{
#s\T bs+_++~.
s q \T m<TsT+Tq deTd\| <w k]+q jTH. .sY. >sT
sT |+&+# |+ ;e ks+ *+ sq\ usk #sT.
sq\ Bq |]d #d #*+ bsTTq jTH..sY. e& TTD\T
sq\ n+< #s\T rdTHsT. sT\T u>T+&\, sT\T
d+w+H sw |> <>T+<, s <X yqTeTT n q$Tq
eTq |CH jTH..sY. +~s \ |u |< |yX |{ \\
d+K jTdt.d., jTdt.{., _.d., yTH]{ sT\ |+ b\ s+<
@sT #XsT.
y| eTTKeT+> q u<\T s]dH sc X+
u<\ deTd\ qT+&, b&>*>sT.

38

sc |{ |&dTq sT<> deTdqT bs<+<T @ H

#jT kVd+ #XsT jTH..sY. >sT sJy jTTesD\T nH
|<+ eT&T d+es\ \ ee~ 15 \\ eT+~ sT<>
jTTer, jTTe\ <> neX\T *+# u< q uT d+<\|q
ydT HsT. |{ \ eT+~ sT<>T\ <> neX\T *+#sT.
sH eTq <X |<qeT+ l eTHVH d+> >] #T\ MT<T>
<> jeT |\T n+~+#+<T q @sT #XsT.
M{ bT> 1 \ 16 y\ |uT <>\ H{|wH\ qT
$&T<\ #d |]\ B\qT d+ |{+#sT. sXKsT& eqd |
nsTTq s#+& y~ qT+& m&& |C deTd\ | ]cs w
#dTHsT jTH..sY.
|<]+ e\q @ T++ L& * u<|&L&<
jTH.{.sY., y. jTdt.sY.\T neT\T #dq 2 sbjT\ _jT+ |<
1 sbjT e] sT>T H> s|+#THsT jTH..sY. |<y&
* \T >jT+f < |<q sD+ eTq |CH jTH..sY.n
>s+> #|>\qT.
sw eTV\qT q TTe\T> #d eTq |CH jTH. .sY.,
sE\ d\T ]+> \<=y\q <X+ be e&
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39

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40

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43

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