Chapter 4: Signal Representation using Fourier Series

Problem 4.1
(a) Using Definition 4.4, the CT function x
1
(t) can be represented as x
1
(t) = c
1

1
(t) + c
2

2
(t) + c
3

3
(t)
with the coefficients c
n
, for n = 1,2, and 3, given by
0 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
1 1
2
1
1
= + = + = =


AT AT Adt dt A dt t t x c
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
,

( ) , 0
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) 1 )( ( ) 1 )( ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2 2
1
2 /
2
1
2 /
0
2
1
0
2 /
2
2
1
2 /
2
1
2 1
2
1
2
= + =
+ + + = =

AT AT AT AT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
dt A dt A dt t A dt A dt t t x c

and A AT AT dt A dt A dt t t x c
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
= = + = =


) ( ) 1 ( ) 1 )( ( ) ( ) (
2
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
3 1
2
1
3
.
In other words, x
1
(t) = A
3
(t), which can also be proved by inspection.
(b) By inspection, x
2
(t) = A
2
(t), which can also be proven by evaluating the coefficients c
1
= 0, c
2
=
A, and c
3
= 0.
(c) Using Definition 4.4, the CT function x
3
(t) can be represented as x
3
(t) = c
1

1
(t) + c
2

2
(t) + c
3

3
(t)
with the coefficients c
n
, for n = 1,2, and 3, given by

2 2 2 2
1
2 /
2
1
2 /
2
1
1 3
2
1
1
) ( ) 1 )( ( ) 1 )( ( ) ( ) (
A AT AT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
dt A dt A dt t t x c = + = + = =



,

2 2 2 2
1
2 /
2
1
2 /
2
1
2 3
2
1
2
) ( ) 1 )( ( ) 1 )( ( ) ( ) (
A AT AT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
dt A dt A dt t t x c = = + = =



,
and 0 ) ( ) 1 )( ( ) 1 )( ( ) ( ) (
2
1
0
2
1
2 /
2
1
3 3
2
1
3
= = + = =



AT AT dt A dt A dt t t x c
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
.
In other words, x
3
(t) = 0.5A(
1
(t)
2
(t)), which can also be proved by inspection.
Problem 4.2
Computing the integral
( )

= dt Ke e dt t t
t t 4 2
2 1
1 ) ( ) (
Since the function inside the integral is even with respect to t, therefore,
124 Chapter 4


( )
3
0
6
0
2
0
4 2
2 1
1 2 2 1 2 ) ( ) (
K
t t t t
dt e K dt e dt Ke e dt t t = = =

For the functions to be orthogonal, . 3 0 1
3
= = K
K

Problem 4.3
The following derivation shows that the individual functions {P
n
(x), n = 0, 1, 2, 3} have nonzero finite
energy. We use the notation P
m,n
to represent the integral
P
m,n
=
1
1
( ) ( )
m n
P x P x dx

.
Computing the integrals

| |
1
1
0,0
1
1
1.1 2 P dx x

= = =

,

1
1
2 3
1 2
1,1 3 3
1
1
P x dx x

( = = =

,

( )
1 1
1
2 2 4 2 5 3
9 9 1 1 1 1 2
2,2 4 4 4 5 2 5 5
1
1 1
(3 1) 9 6 1 2 ( 2 1) P x dx x x dx x x x


( = = + = + = + =

,
and
( )
1
1
6 4 2 7 5 3
25 25 1 1 1 2
3,3 4 4 7 2 7 7
1
1
25 30 9 6 3 ( 6 3) P x x x dx x x x

( = + = + = + =

,
which shows that the functions P
n
(x) have nonzero finite energy.
To show that the functions are orthogonal with respect to each other, we determine the integrals

1
0,1
1
0
odd
P x dx
=

= =

,

1
1
2 3
1 1
0,2 2 2
1
1
(3 1) 0 P x dx x x

( = = =

,

1
3
1
0,3 2
1
(5 3 ) 0
odd
P x x dx
=
= =

,

1
3
1
1,2 2
1
(3 ) 0
odd
P x x dx
=
= =

,

1
1
4 2 5 3
1 1
1,3 2 2
1
1
(5 3 ) 0 P x x dx x x

( = = =

,
and
1
5 3
1
2,3 4
1
15 14 3 0
odd
P x x x dx
=
| |
= + =
|
\ .

.

Solutions 125


Problem 4.4
The following derivation shows that the individual functions {T
n
(x), n = 0, 1, 2, 3} have nonzero finite
energy. We use the notation T
m,n
to represent the integral

=
1
1
2
,
) ( ) (
1
1
dx x T x T
x
T
n m n m
.
Computing the integrals
| | = =

1
1
1
1
1
2
0 , 0
) ( sin
1
1
x dx
x
T ,

2
) ( sin 1
1
1
1
1
2
1 2
2
1
1
1
2
2
1 , 1

=
(

+ =

x x x dx
x
x
T ,
= + = +

+
=


2 ) 5 . 0 ( 4 3 4
1
4
1
1 4 4
0 , 0 1 , 1
1
1
2
4
1
1
2
2 4
2 , 2
T T dx
x
x
dx
x
x x
T ,
and similarly, the higher order T
m,n
s can be proven to be nonzero for m = n.
To show that the functions are orthogonal with respect to each other, we determine the integrals
0 1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1 , 0
=
(

x dx
x
x
T ,
0 2
1
1 2
0 , 0 1 , 1
1
1
2
2
2 , 0
= =

T T dx
x
x
T ,
0 ) 1 ( 1 3
1
4
1
3 4
1
1
3 2
3
1 2
1 , 0
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
3
3 , 0
=
(

+ =

x x T dx
x
x
dx
x
x x
T ,
and similarly, the higher order T
m,n
s can be proven to be zero for m n.
Problem 4.5
Case I (m = p, n = q): | | | |

= =
1
0
2
0 , 0
1
0
2
,
1
0
, ,
) 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( dt n t H dt t H dt t H t H
m
n m q p n m

Substituting ) 2 ( n t x
m
= ,
we get | | | |

= =
n
m
n
n
m
q p n m
m m
dx x H dx x H dt t H t H
2
0
2
0 , 0
2
2
0 , 0
1
0
, ,
) ( 2 2 ) ( ) ( ) ( .
Since (0 n 2
m
1), therefore, (2
m
n) 1 and
| |
m m m m
q p n m
dx dx dx x H dt t H t H

= + = =

2 ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( ) (
1
5 . 0
2
5 . 0
0
2
1
0
2
0 , 0
1
0
, ,
.
126 Chapter 4



Case II (m p, n q):

=
1
0
0 , 0 0 , 0
1
0
, ,
) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( dt q t H n t H dt t H t H
p m
q p n m

Substituting ) 2 ( n t x
m
= ,
we get



+ =
n
m p m p m
q p n m
m
dx q n x H x H dt t H t H
2
0
0 , 0 0 , 0
1
0
, ,
) 2 2 ( ) ( 2 ) ( ) ( .
Since (0 n 2
m
1) or (2
m
n) 1 and


+ =

1
0
0 , 0 0 , 0
1
0
, ,
) 2 2 ( ) ( 2 ) ( ) ( dx q n x H x H dt t H t H
m p m p m
q p n m
,
or, 0 ) 2 2 ( 2 ) 2 2 ( 2 ) ( ) (
1
5 . 0
0 , 0
5 . 0
0
0 , 0
1
0
, ,
= + + =


dx q n x H dx q n x H dt t H t H
m p m p m m p m p m
q p n m
.

Problem 4.6
(a) By inspection, we note that the time period T
0
= 2, which implies that the fundamental frequency

0
= 1.
Since the CTFS coefficient a
0
represents the average value of the signal, therefore, a
0
= 3/2.
Using Eq. (4.31), the CTFS cosine coefficients a
n
s, for (n 0), are given by

| | | |
0
0
0 0
0 0 0
0
2 1 1
3 3
1( ) cos( ) 3cos( ) 3cos( )
sin( ) sin( ) 0 0
T
n T
n n
a x t n t dt n t dt nt dt
nt n

= = =
= = =


Using Eq. (4.32), the CTFS sine coefficients b
n
s are given by
| | | |
0
0
0
0
0 0
3 3 3 2 1
6
1( )sin( ) 3sin( ) cos( ) cos( ) cos(0) 1 ( 1)
0
T
n
n n n n T
n
b x t n t dt nt dt nt n
n odd
n even

( = = = = + =

=

=

(b) By inspection, we note that the time period T
0
= 2T, which implies that the fundamental frequency

0
= /T.
Since the CTFS coefficient a
0
represents the average value of the signal, therefore, a
0
= 0.75.
Using Eq. (4.31), the CTFS cosine coefficients a
n
s, for (n 0), are given by
Solutions 127


| | | |
| | | |
/ 2
0 0 0 0
0 0 / 2

/ 2
0 0
0 / 2
0 0
0 0 0
2
2 2 2
1 2
1 2
( )cos( ) ( )cos( ) 0.5cos( ) cos( )
sin( ) sin( )
sin( / 2) sin( ) sin( / 2)
T T T T
n
T T
even function
T T
T
T T T
n T n T
n n
a x t n t dt x t n t dt n t dt n t dt
n t n t
n T n T n T

(
= = = +
(

= +
= +

| |
0
2 1 1
1
1

sin( ) sin( / 2) sin( / 2)
0
4 1
4 3
n n n
n
n
T
n n n
n even
n k
n k

=
= =
=

= = +

= +

Since x2(t) is even, therefore, the CTFS sine coefficients b
n
= 0.
(c) By inspection, we note that the time period T
0
= T, which implies that the fundamental frequency

0
= 2/T.
Since the CTFS coefficient a
0
represents the average value of the signal, therefore, a
0
= 1/2.
Since the function [x3(t) 0.5] is odd, therefore, the CTFS cosine coefficients a
n
= 0, for (n 0).
Using Eq. (4.32), the CTFS sine coefficients b
n
s are given by

( )

=
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+

|
.
|

\
|

=
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=

n T n
n
T
n
T n
T n T
n
t n
T n
t n
T
t
T
dt t n
T
t
T
b
T
T
n
1 2
) (
) 0 sin( 1
) (
) sin( 1
) (
1
1 0
2
) (
) sin( 1
) (
) cos(
1
2
) sin( 1
2
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0

(d) By inspection, we note that the time period T
0
= 2T, which implies that the fundamental frequency

0
= /T.
Using Eq. (4.30), the CTFS coefficient T
0
is given by

0
0
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
( ) ( )
T T
T
T T T
T
a x t dt x t dt

= = = =

.
Using Eq. (4.31), the CTFS cosine coefficients a
n
s, for (n 0), are given by
128 Chapter 4



( )
| | | |
| |
2
2
2
0 0 0 0
0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0
0 0
0
0
2 0 0 0 0
2
( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
( )cos( ) 1 cos( ) cos( ) cos( )
sin( ) cos( ) sin( )
sin( ) 0 cos( ) sin( )
T T T T
t
n T
T
even function
T T
T T T T
n T
n T
n
n
a x t n t dt n t dt n t dt t n t dt
n t n t n t n t
n T n T n T n T

= = =
= +
= +

| | | |
| |
2
2
2
0
2
0
2
2
2 2
2
4
1
sin( ) cos( ) sin( ) 1
0
1 ( 1)
n
n
n
n
n
T
n n n n
n even
n odd

=
=
= +
=

( = =


=

Since x4(t) is even, therefore, the CTFS sine coefficients b
n
= 0.
(e) By inspection, we note that the time period T
0
= 2T, which implies that the fundamental frequency

0
= /T.
Using Eq. (4.30), the CTFS coefficient T
0
is given by

( ) ( )
| |
2
0
0 0 0 0
0
2 2 2 4
2 4 2 4 2 2 2 /
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) 1 0.5sin sin
cos( ) cos( ) cos(0)
T T T T
t t
T T
T
t
T
T T T T
T T
a x t dt dt dt dt

( = = =

= + = + = = (



Using Eq. (4.31), the CTFS cosine coefficients a
n
s, for (n 0), are given by

( ) ( )
0 0 0
0 0 0
2 2
2 1 1
1 0.5sin cos( ) cos( ) sin cos( )
T T T
t t
n T T
A B
T T T
a n t dt n t dt n t dt


= =
( = =



where Integrals A and B are simplified as

| | | | | |
0 0
0
0
1 1 1
sin( ) sin( ) 0 sin( ) 0 0
T
n n n T
A n t n T n

= = = =
and

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
| |
| |
0
0 0 0
0 0
2 2 4
4 4 ( 1)/ ( 1)/
4 ( 1)
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
sin cos( ) sin cos sin ( 1) sin ( 1)
cos ( 1) cos ( 1) for 1
1 cos ( 1)
T T T
t t n t t t
T T T T T
T T
t t
T T
T T T
T T n T n T
n
B n t dt dt n n dt
n n n
n

+
+

( = = = +

= + + ( (

= +

| |
2
4 ( 1)
4 ( 1) 4 ( 1) ( 1)
1 2 2
1 cos ( 1)
0 1 0 1
n
n n n
n
n odd n odd
n even n even

+

= =

= =

= =



For
| |
2 2
0
0
4 4 8 2 /
1 1 1 1
1, sin cos 1 cos 2 0
T
T
t t
T T T T T
n B dt

= = = = = (

.
In other words,
2
( 1)
1
0
n
n odd
B
n even

=

=

=

which implies that
Solutions 129



2
( 1)
1
0
n
n
n odd
a A B
n even

=

= =

=

Using Eq. (4.32), the CTFS sine coefficients b
n
s are given by

( ) ( )
0 0 0
0 0 0
2 2
2 1 1
1 0.5sin sin( ) sin( ) sin sin( )
T T T
t t
n T T
C D
T T T
b n t dt n t dt n t dt


= =
( = =



where Integrals C and D are simplified as

| | | | | |
0 0
0
0
1 1 1
2
0
cos( ) cos( ) cos(0) 1 cos( )
T
n n n T
n
n even
C n t n T n
n odd

= = + = =

=

and

( ) ( ) ( )
| |
| |
0 0
0 0
2 4
4 4 ( 1)/ ( 1)/
4 ( 1) 4 ( 1)
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
sin sin cos ( 1) cos ( 1)
sin ( 1) sin ( 1) for 1
sin ( 1) sin(0) sin ( 1) sin
T T
t n t t t
T T T T
T T
t t
T T
T T
T T n T n T
n n
D dt n n dt
n n n
n n





+
+
( = = +

= + ( (

= +

| |
| |
(0)
0 for 1 n =

For (n = 1),

( ) ( )
2
2 2
0
0 0
0
2 4 4 4 4 2 /
1 1 1 1 1
sin 1 cos sin
T T
T
t t t
T T T T T T T
D dt dt

| |
|
( = = = = (

|
\ .


.
In other words,
1
4
1
0 1
n
D
n
=

=

>

.
Therefore,
4
2 1
2
0
1
1 .
n
n
n even
b C D n
n odd

= = =

Problem 4.7
By inspection, we note that the time period T
0
= T, which implies that the fundamental frequency
0
=
2/T.
Using Eq. (4.30), the CTFS coefficient a
0
is given by
.
1
) (
1
2 /
2 /
0
T
dt t
T
a
T
T

= =
Using Eq. (4.31), the CTFS cosine coefficients a
n
s are given by
130 Chapter 4


.
2
) cos(
2
) cos( ) (
2
0
0
2 /
2 /
0
T
t n
T
dt t n t
T
a
t
T
T
n
= = =
=

.
Using Eq. (4.31), the CTFS sine coefficients b
n
s are given by
. 0 ) sin(
2
) sin( ) (
2
0
0
2 /
2 /
0
= = =
=

t
T
T
n
t n
T
dt t n t
T
b
The value for b
n
can also be derived by noting that x(t) is an even function. For such functions, the
CTFS coefficient b
n
= 0.
Problem 4.8
(i) x
1
(t) = cos(7t) + sin(15t + /2) = cos(7t) + cos(15t).
The fundamental frequency of cos(7t) is given by
1
= 7, which implies that the time period of
this term is T
1
= 2/7. The fundamental frequency of cos(15t) is given by
2
= 15, which implies
that the time period of this term is T
2
= 2/15.
Since the ratio
7
15
2
1
=
T
T

is a rational number, x
1
(t) is periodic with the overall period T
0
= mT
1
= nT
2
= 2. The
fundamental frequency is given by
0
= 1.
The CTFS expansion ( )

=
+ + =
1
0
) sin( ) cos( ) (
n
n n
nt b nt a a t x
we note that . 1 and , 1 , 0
15 7 0
= = = a a a
The remaining coefficients are all zero.
In other words,
0 and
otherwise 0
15 , 7 1
, 0
0
=

=
= =
n n
b
n
a a ,
with the fundamental frequency
0
= 1.
(ii) The fundamental frequency of sin(2t) is given by
1
= 2, which implies that the time period of this
term is T
1
= .
The fundamental frequency of cos(4t + /4) is given by
2
= 4, which implies that the time period
of this term is T
2
= /2.
Since the ratio 2
2
1
=
T
T

is a rational number, therefore, x
2
(t) is periodic with the overall period T
0
= mT
1
= nT
2
= . The
fundamental frequency is given by
0
= 2.
Comparing x
2
(t) = 3 + sin(2t) + cos(4t + /4) = 3 + sin(2t) + 0.707cos(4t) 0.707sin(4t)
Solutions 131


with the CTFS expansion ( )

=
+ + =
1
0
) 2 sin( ) 2 cos( ) (
n
n n
nt b nt a a t x
we note that 707 . 0 and , 707 . 0 , 1 , 3
2 2 1 0
= = = = b a b a
The remaining coefficients are all zero.
In other words,

=
=
=

=
= =
otherwise, 0
2 707 . 0
1 1
and
otherwise 0
2 707 . 0
, 3
0
n
n
b
n
a a
n n

with the fundamental frequency
0
= 1.
(iii) The fundamental frequency of exp(j2t) is given by
1
= 2, which implies that the time period of
this term is T
1
= .
The fundamental frequency of exp(j5t) is given by
2
= 5, which implies that the time period of
this term is T
2
= 2/5.
The fundamental frequency of exp(j3t) is given by
3
= 3, which implies that the time period of
this term is T
3
= 2/3.
Since the ratios
2
5
2
1
=
T
T
,
2
3
3
1
=
T
T
, and
5
3
3
2
=
T
T

are all rational numbers, therefore, x
3
(t) is periodic with the overall period T
0
= mT
1
= nT
2
=
pT
3
= 2. The fundamental frequency is given by
0
= 1.
Comparing
) 3 sin( ) 3 cos( ) 5 sin( ) 5 cos( ) 2 sin( ) 2 cos( 2 . 1
2 . 1 ) (
2 2 2 2
3 2 5 2 2
3
t je t e t je t e t je t e
e e e e e e t x
j j j j
t j j t j j t j
+ + + + + =
+ + + =



with the CTFS expansion ( )

=
+ + =
1
0
) 2 sin( ) 2 cos( ) (
n
n n
nt b nt a a t x
we note that

=
=
=
=

=
=
=
= =

otherwise 0
5
3
2
and
otherwise 0
5
3
2
, 2 . 1
2
2
2
2
0
n je
n je
n je
b
n e
n e
n e
a a
j
j
n j
j
n

with the fundamental frequency
0
= 1.
(iv) Because of the exp(t + 1) term, the signal x
4
(t) is not periodic. Therefore, the CTFS expansion
cannot be obtained.



132 Chapter 4


Problem 4.9
By definition,

=
2
2
0
0
0
0
) (
1
T
T
t jn
n
dt e t x
T
D ,
which is expressed as


B
T
t jn
A
T
t jn
n
dt e t x
T
dt e t x
T
D

+ =
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
) (
1
) (
1
.
Substituting t = in Integral A, we get


= =

2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
) (
1
) ( ) (
1
T
jn
T
jn
d e x
T
d e x
T
A .
Since x(t) is an even function, therefore, x() = x() and the above integral reduces to

=

2
0
0
0
0
) (
1
T
jn
d e x
T
A .
Substituting the value of Integral A from the above expression, the exponential CTFS coefficients are
given by



+ =
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
) (
1
) (
1
T
t jn
T
t jn
n
dt e t x
T
dt e t x
T
D
or, | |

= + =

2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0 0
0 0
) cos( ) (
2
) (
1
T T
t jn t jn
n
dt t n t x
T
dt e e t x
T
D .
Problem 4.10
By definition,

=
2
2
0
0
0
0
) (
1
T
T
t jn
n
dt e t x
T
D ,
which is expressed as


B
T
t jn
A
T
t jn
n
dt e t x
T
dt e t x
T
D

+ =
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
) (
1
) (
1
.
Substituting t = in Integral A, we get


= =

2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
) (
1
) ( ) (
1
T
jn
T
jn
d e x
T
d e x
T
A .
Since x(t) is an odd function, x() = x() and the above integral reduces to

=

2
0
0
0
0
) (
1
T
jn
d e x
T
A .
Solutions 133


Substituting the value of Integral A from the above expression, the exponential CTFS coefficients are
given by



+ =
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
) (
1
) (
1
T
t jn
T
t jn
n
dt e t x
T
dt e t x
T
D
or,
0 0
0 0
2 2
0
0 0 0 0
1 2
( ) ( ) sin( )
T T
jn t jn t
n
j
D x t e e dt x t n t dt
T T

( = =

.

Problem 4.11
(a) By inspection, we note that the time period T
0
= 2, which implies that the fundamental frequency

0
= 1. Using Eq. (4.44), the DTFS coefficients D
n
s are given by

( )

=
=

= =

. 0 1
0 ,
3
2
1
) (
1
2
3
2
3
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
n e
n
dt e dt e t x
T
D
jn
n j
jnt
T
T
t jn
n

or, ( )

=
=

n
n n
n
n j
D
jn
n
n
odd
. 0 , even 0
0
) 1 ( 1
2
3
3
2
3

The magnitude and phase spectra are given by
Magnitude Spectrum:

=
=

. odd ,
. 0 , even , 0
0 ,
3
2
3
n
n n
n
D
n
n

Phase Spectrum:

<
> =

. 0 , odd ,
0 , odd ,
even , 0
2
2
n n
n n
n
D
n

The magnitude and phase spectra are shown in row 1 of the subplots included in Fig. S4.11.
(b) By inspection, we note that the time period T
0
= 2, which implies that the fundamental frequency

0
= /T. Since x(t) is an even function, therefore, the DTFS coefficients D
n
s are given by

+
= = + = +
= =

. 0 , ) cos(
1
) cos( 5 . 0
1
0 75 . 0 5 . 0 25 . 0
1
5 . 0
1
) cos( ) (
2
5 . 0
0
5 . 0
0
0
5 . 0
5 . 0
0
2
0
0
0
0
n dt t n
T
dt t n
T
n dt
T
dt
T
dt t n t x
T
D
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
n

For (n 0), the DTFS coefficients are given by
134 Chapter 4


or, | | | | | | ) 5 . 0 sin(
5 . 0
) 5 . 0 sin( 2 ) 5 . 0 sin(
5 . 0 1 5 . 0
5 . 0
) sin(
5 . 0
0
) sin(
0
0
0
0

= + =

n
n
n n
n T T
D
T
T
n
t n
T
n
t n
n
.
Combining the above results, we get

+ =
+ =

=
=

). 3 4 ( , odd
) 1 4 ( , odd
. 0 , even 0
0
2
1
2
1
4
3
k n n
k n n
n n
n
D
n
n
n

The magnitude and phase spectra are given by
Magnitude Spectrum:

=
=

. odd ,
. 0 , even , 0
0 ,
2
1
4
3
n
n n
n
D
n
n

Phase Spectrum:

+ =
+ = =
). 3 4 ( , odd , 0
) 1 4 ( , odd ,
even , 0
k n n
k n n
n
D
n

The magnitude and phase spectra are shown in row 2 of the subplots included in Fig. S4.11.
(c) By inspection, we note that the time period T
0
= , which implies that the fundamental frequency

0
= 2/T. Using Eq. (4.44), the DTFS coefficients D
n
s are given by
( )
( )

= =
= = =

. 0 1
1
0 ,
1
1
) (
1
0
2
1
2
1
0 0 0
0 0
n dt e
T
n
dt e
T
dt e t x
T
D
T
t jn
T
t
T
T T
t jn
T
t
T
t jn
n

For (n 0), the DTFS coefficients are given by
( ) ( ) ( )
T
t jn
T
t jn
T
t
T
t jn
T
t
n
jn
e
jn
e
dt e
T
D
0
2
0
1
0
0
) (
) (
1 1
1
0 0
0
(
(

= =

,
which reduces to

=
(
(

+

=

n j
jn jn
e
jn
D
T
T
T jn
T T
n
2
1
) (
1
) (
) (
1
0
0
2
0
1
2
0
1
0
1
0
.
Combining the two cases, we get

=
=

. 0 ,
0 ,
2
1
2
1
n
n
D
n j
n

The magnitude and phase spectra are given by
Solutions 135


Magnitude Spectrum:

=
=

. 0 ,
0 ,
2
1
2
1
n
n
D
n
n

Phase Spectrum:

>
<
=
=
. 0 , 5 . 0
0 , 5 . 0
0 , 0
n
n
n
D
n

The magnitude and phase spectra are shown in row 3 of the subplots included in Fig. S4.11.
(d) By inspection, we note that the time period T
0
= 2, which implies that the fundamental frequency

0
= /T. Since x(t) is an even function, the DTFS coefficients D
n
s are given by

( )
( )

= =
= =

. 0 , ) cos( 1
1
0 , 50 . 0 1
1
) cos( ) (
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
n dt t n
T
n dt
T
dt t n t x
T
D
T
T
t
T
T
t
T
n

For (n 0), the DTFS coefficients are given by
( ) ( ) ( )
T
T T
t
T
T
t
n
n
t n
n
t n
T
dt t n
T
D
0
2
0
0 1
0
0
0
0
) (
) cos(
) (
) sin(
1
1
) cos( 1
1
(
(

= =

,
which reduces to

2 2 2
) (
) 1 ( 1
) (
1
) (
) cos(
0 0

=
(

=
n n n
n
D
n
n
.
Combining the two cases, we get

=
=

. 0 , odd
0 , even , 0
0 ,
2
) (
2
2
1
n n
n n
n
D
n
n

Since D
n
is always positive, its phase spectrum is 0.
The magnitude and phase spectra are shown in row 4 of the subplots included in Fig. S4.11.
(e) By inspection, we note that the time period T
0
= 2, which implies that the fundamental frequency

0
= /T. For (n = 0), the exponential DTFS coefficients is given by

( ) ( )
| |
2
0
0 0 0 0
0
2 2 2 4
2 4 2 4 2 2 /
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) 1 0.5sin sin
cos( ) cos( ) cos(0)
T T T T
t t
T T
T
t
T
T T T T
T T
D x t dt dt dt dt

( = = =

= + = + = (



For (n = 0), the exponential DTFS coefficients is given by
136 Chapter 4



( ) ( )
0 0 0
0 0 0
2 2 4
1 1 1
1 0.5sin sin
T T T
jn t jn t jn t
t t
n T T
A B
T T T
D e dt e dt e dt



= =
( = =


.
Solving for Integrals A and B, we get

0 0
0 0
0
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
1 1 ( 1)
T
T
jn t jn t jn n
T j n T j n j n
A e dt e e




( ( ( = = = =


and

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
0
0.5
1
1.5
CTFS coefficients for x1(t), Fig. P4.6(a)
n
|
D
n
|
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-2
0
2
CTFS coefficients for x1(t), Fig. P4.6(a)
n
<
D
n
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
0
0.5
1
CTFS coefficients for x2(t), Fig. P4.6(b)
n
|
D
n
|
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
0
2
4
CTFS coefficients for x2(t), Fig. P4.6(b)
n
<
D
n
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
0
0.5
1
CTFS coefficients for x3(t), Fig. P4.6(c)
n
|
D
n
|
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-2
0
2
CTFS coefficients for x3(t), Fig. P4.6(c)
n
<
D
n
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
0
0.5
1
CTFS coefficients for x4(t), Fig. P4.6(d)
n
|
D
n
|
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-1
0
1
CTFS coefficients for x4(t), Fig. P4.6(d)
n
<
D
n
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
0
0.2
0.4
CTFS coefficients for x5(t), Fig. P4.6(e)
n
|
D
n
|
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-2
0
2
CTFS coefficients for x5(t), Fig. P4.6(e)
n
<
D
n

Fig. S4.11: Magnitude and phase spectra calculated in P4.11 for the periodic functions
shown in Fig. P4.6.

Solutions 137


( )
( )
( 1) ( 1)
( 1) ( 1)
0 0 0
( 1) ( 1)
0
( 1)
1 1
( 1)
4 8 8
8
8
1 1 1
1
1
sin
for 1
1
jn t j t j t jn t j n t j n t
T T T T T T
j n t j n t
T T
T T T
t
T
T
T T
j n j n
j n
n
T j T j T
j T
B e dt e e e dt e e dt
e e n
e

+
+
+

( (
= = =

(
= +

=

( )
2
2
( 1)
( 1)
( 1) ( 1)
1 1 1
( 1) ( 1)
4 ( 1)
1
4 ( 1)
8
1
1
( 1) 1 1 ( 1)
1 ( 1)
j n
n
n n
n n
n
n
n
e

+
+

( ( ( = =

( = +


For n = 1, Integral B reduces to

2 2
2
0
0
8 8 8 8
1 1 1
For 1, 1 = =
j t j t
T T
T
T
T
j j T j T j T j
T
n B e dt t e

( (
= = = +

and
2 2
2
0
0
8 8 8 8
1 1 1
For 1, 1 = =
j t j t
T T
T
T
T
j j T j T j T j
T
n B e dt e t

( (
= = =

.
In other words,
2
1
8
1
4 ( 1)
1
1 ( 1)
j
n
n
n
B
otherwise

=

( +

Combining, the above cases, the CTFS coefficients can be expressed as

2
1 1
2 2
1
8
1
4 ( 1)
1
2
2
2
1
1
0
1 ( 1) 1
1 ( 1) 1 ( 1)
1
n
n j
n n
n
j n
j n
n
D n
otherwise

( = =

( ( + +

( )
( )
( )
2
1
1
8
1
4 ( 1)
1 1
2
2
1
1
0
1
1 ( 1) 1 ( 1)
1
n n
n j n
n
j n
otherwise

( ( + +

( )
2
1
8
1
2 ( 1)
1
1
0
1
0
1
n
jn
n
j n
n even
n odd

The expressions for the magnitude and phase spectra are given by
Magnitude Spectrum:
( )
2 2
1 1
2
1
8
0.1592 1
1 2 ( 1)
1
0.3183
1
0.3408 0 1 0
0.1933 1 1
0 0
1 1
n
n n
n n
n n
n n
D
n even n even
n odd n odd

= =

= =

= =

= =


= =



138 Chapter 4


Phase Spectrum:
2
1
2
0 0
( ) 1 , 0
( ) 1 , 0
n
jn
n even n even
D j n n odd n
n odd n odd n

= =

= = = = >


= = <

The magnitude and phase spectra are shown in row 5 of the subplots included in Fig. S4.11.

Problem 4.12
By inspection, we note that the time period T
0
= T, which implies that the fundamental frequency
0
=
/T.
Using Eq. (4.44), the exponential CTFS coefficient D
n
s are given by
T
dt e t
T
dt e t x
T
D
T
T
jnt
T
T
t jn
n
1
) (
1
) (
1
2 /
2 /
2
2
0
0
0
0
= = =

The magnitude spectrum |D
n
| is constant at 1/T for all values of n. The phase spectrum <D
n
is always 0.

Problem 4.13
In each case, we show that the exponential CTFS coefficients obtained directly from Eq. (4.44) are
identical to those obtained from the trigonometric CTFS coefficients.
(a) From the solution of Problem P4.6(a), we know that

1
0 2
a = , 0
n
a = , and
6
0
n
n
n odd
b
n even

=

=

.
Using Eq. (4.45), the exponential CTFS coefficients for x1(t) are given by

( )
( )
| |
0 0
3
2
3
3
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0
0
=odd, 0

n n n n n n
n n n
n
n
a n a n
D a jb n jb n a a
a jb n jb n
n
n even
j n n
j

= =

= > = > = =


+ < <

=
=
=
>

3
2
3
0
0

=odd, 0
jn
n
n even
n odd
n n

= =


=

<

(b) From the solution of Problem P4.6(b), we know that
3
0 4
a = , 1 1
1
0
sin( / 2) 4 1
4 3
n n n
n
n even
a n n k
n k

= = = +

= +

, and 0
n
b = .
Using Eq. (4.45), the exponential CTFS coefficients for x2(t) are given by
Solutions 139



( )
( )
| |
0 0
3
4
1
2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0
0 0

n n n n n n
n n n
n
a n a n
D a jb n a n b b
a jb n a n
n
n even

= =


= > = > = =


+ < <


=
=
=

3
4
1
2
1 1
2 2
0
0 0

1, 5,... 4 1
3, 7,... 4 3
n
n n
n
n even
n n k
n n k


=

=

=

= = +


= = +



(c) From the solution of Problem P4.6(c), we know that

= = =
n
n n
b a a
1
2
1
0
and , 0 , .
Using Eq. (4.45), the exponential CTFS coefficients for x3(t) are given by

( )
( )
| |
0 0
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0
0

n n n n n n
n n n
n
n
a n a n
D a jb n jb n a a
a jb n jb n
n
j n
j

= =

= > = > = =


+ < <

=
= >

1
2
2
0

0
0
j
n
n
n
n

=



<

(d) From the solution of Problem P4.6(d), we know that

0
2
1
a = ,
2
2
2
2
2
4
0
1 ( 1)
n
n
n
n
n even
a
n odd

( = =


=

, and 0
n
b = .
Using Eq. (4.45), the exponential CTFS coefficients for x4(t) are given by

( )
( )
| |
0 0
1
2
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0
0
n n n n n n n
n n n n
a n a n
D a jb a n a n b b
a jb a n a n
n

= =


= = > = > = =


+ = < <


=
=

2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
1
2
1 4 2
2
2
1 4 2
2
( )
0
0
0 0 .
, 0
, 0
n n
n
n n
n
n even
n even
n odd n
n odd
n odd n

=
=


= =

= = >

=


= = <

.
(e) From the solution of Problem P4.6(e), we know that

0
2 2
1 1
a

= ,
2
( 1)
1
0
n
n
n odd
a
n even

=

=

=

, and
4
2 1
2
0
1
1
n n
n
n even
b n
n odd

= =

140 Chapter 4


Using Eq. (4.45), the exponential CTFS coefficients for x5(t) are given by
(n = 0):
0
2 2
1 1
D

=
(n = 1):
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
1
2 2 4 8
2 1 1 1
j
D a jb j

= = =
(n = 1):
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
1
2 2 4 8
2 1 1 1
j
D a jb j

= + = =
(n > 1):
( )
2 2
1
1 1
2 ( 1) 2 ( 1)
1
2
j
jn n
n n n
n n
n odd n odd
D a jb
n even n even


= =

= = =

= =



(n < 1):
( )
( )
2 2
1 2
2
1 1
2 ( 1) 2 ( 1)
1
2
j
jn n
n n n
n n
n odd n odd
D a jb
n even n even

= =

= + = =

= =



Combining the above results, we obtain

( )
( )
2
1 1
2
1
8
1
2 ( 1)
1
1
1 0
1
0
1 .
n
n
jn
n
j n
D
n even
n odd

=

=

Problem 4.14
Problem 4.11(b) computes the exponential DTFS coefficients of x2(t) as
) 5 . 0 sin(
5 . 0
) ( 2
CTFS

= n
n
D t x
x
n

with fundamental frequency
0
= /T. Differentiating x2(t) with respect to t, we get


) ( 5 . 0 ) ( 5 . 0
) 2 5 . 0 ( 5 . 0 ) 2 5 . 0 ( 5 . 0
) ( 2
T t g
m
t g
k
kT T t kT T t
dt
t dx
+

=

+ = ,
where the first term g(t) represents an impulse train with period T
0
= 2T and with impulses located at
(T/2 + 2kT). Using the time differentiation property,
) 5 . 0 sin(
2
1
) 5 . 0 sin(
5 . 0 ) ( 2
0
CTFS
=

= n
T
j n
n T
jn
D jn
dt
t dx
x
n

implying that ) 5 . 0 sin(
2
1
) ( 5 . 0 ) ( 5 . 0
CTFS
+ n
T
j T t g t g .
Using the time shifting property,
( ) ( )

= +
jn g
n
T jn g
n
e D e D T t g t g 1 1 ) ( ) (
0
CTFS

with
g
n
D representing the exponential CTFS coefficients of g(t). Hence,
( ) ) 5 . 0 sin(
1
1 =

n
T
j e D
jn g
n

Solutions 141


or,
T
e
n j e
n
T
j
e
n
T
j D
jn
jn jn
g
n
2
)) 5 . 0 sin( 2 (
) 5 . 0 sin( 1
1
) 5 . 0 sin(
2
1
2 /
2 /


=


=

= .
Problem 4.15
(i) As shown in Problem P4.8(i), x
1
(t) is periodic with the overall period T
0
= 2 and fundamental
frequency
0
= 1. The function x
1
(t) can be expressed as follows:

7 7 15 15
1 1 1 1
1 2 2 2 2
( ) cos(7t) + cos(15t) =
j t j t j t j t
x t e e e e

= + + + .
Comparing with the exponential CTFS expansion with
0
= 1,

=
=
1
) exp( ) (
n
n
jnt D t x ,
we note that . 5 . 0 and 5 . 0
15 15 7 7
= = = =

D D D D
The remaining coefficients are all zero.
(ii) As shown in Problem P4.8(ii), x
2
(t) is periodic with the overall period T
0
= and fundamental
frequency
0
= 2. Expanding
x
2
(t) = 3 + sin(2t) + cos(4t + /4)
as
t j j t j j t j t j
j
e e e e e e t x
4 4 /
2
1 4 4 /
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1
2
3 ) (

+ + + =
Comparing with the exponential CTFS expansion with
0
= 2,

=
=
1
) 2 exp( ) (
n
n
nt j D t x ,
we note that

4 /
2
1
2
2
1
1 0
2
1
1
4 /
2
1
2
and , 3 , ,

= = = = =
j j
e D j D D j D e D .
The remaining coefficients are all zero.
(iii) As shown in Problem P4.8(iii), x
3
(t) is periodic with the overall period T
0
= 2 and fundamental
frequency
0
= 1. Expanding

) 2 3 ( ) 2 5 ( 1 2
3
2 . 1 ) (
+ + +
+ + + + =
t j t j t j
e e e t x
as
t j j t j j t j
e e e e e e t x
3 2 5 2 2
3
2 . 1 ) (

+ + + = .
Comparing with the exponential CTFS expansion with
0
= 1,

=
=
1
) exp( ) (
n
n
jnt D t x ,
we note that

2
5 2 0
2
3
and , , 2 . 1 ,
j j
e D e D D e D = = = =

.
The remaining coefficients are all zero.
142 Chapter 4


(i) Since the signal is not periodic because of the exp(t + 1) term, the exponential CTFS expansion
cannot be obtained.
Problem 4.16
For the impulse train ( )

= =

=
2
1
2 ) (
CTFS
n
k
E k t t p
with period T
0
= 2 and fundamental frequency
0
= 1.
Expressing ( ) ( )

) 4 / (
4
) 4 / (
4
2 2
) (

+ =
t p
k
t p
k
k t k t
dt
t dx
,
and using the time shifting property, we observe that

n
jn
n
jn
E e E e
dt
t dx
4 / 4 / CTFS
0 0
) (

.
Substituting
0
= 1, we get
n
E n j
dt
t dx
) 25 . 0 sin( 2
) (
CTFS
.
Using the time differentiation property,

n n
E n j D jn ) 25 . 0 sin( 2
0
= ,
or,
n
n
n
E n D ) 25 . 0 sin(
2
= .
Substituting E
n
= 1/2, we get
sin(0.25 )
1 1 1
4 0.25 4
sin(0.25 ) sinc(0.25 )
n
n n n
D n n

= = = .
Problem 4.17
Example 4.14 derived the exponential DTFS coefficients of the square wave with the duty cycle (/T) as
( )
T
n
T n
D

= sinc .
(i) For T = 5 ms, the fundamental frequency is f
0
= 1/T = 1/5ms = 200 Hz, while the fundamental
angular frequency is
0
= 2f
0
= 400 radians/s. With = 1ms, the exponential CTFS coefficients
are given by
( )
5 5
1
sinc
n
n
D = ,
which are plotted in Fig. S4.17(a) in terms of two scales: (a) number n of the CTFS coefficients;
and (b) the corresponding frequency f = nf
0
in Hz.
(ii) For T = 10 ms, the fundamental frequency is f
0
= 1/T = 1/10ms = 100 Hz, while the fundamental
angular frequency is
0
= 2f
0
= 200 radians/s. With = 2ms, the expression for the exponential
CTFS coefficients stay the same as in part (i) and is given by
( )
5 5
1
sinc
n
n
D = ,
which are plotted in Fig. S4.17(b) in terms of two scales: (a) number n of the CTFS coefficients;
and (b) the corresponding frequency f = nf
0
in Hz.

Solutions 143


n
f
3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000
15 10 5 0 5 10 15
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
n
f
3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000
15 10 5 0 5 10 15
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2

(a)
30 20 10 0 10 20 30
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000
n
f
30 20 10 0 10 20 30
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000
30 20 10 0 10 20 30
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000
n
f

60 40 20 0 20 40 60
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
n
f
3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000
60 40 20 0 20 40 60
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
60 40 20 0 20 40 60
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
n
f
3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000

(b) (c)
Fig. S4.17: DTFS coefficients for Problem 4.17.
(iii) Finally, for T = 20 ms, the fundamental frequency is f
0
= 1/T = 1/20ms = 50 Hz, while the
fundamental angular frequency is
0
= 2f
0
= 100 radians/s. With = 4ms, the expression for the
exponential CTFS coefficients stay the same as in parts (i) and (ii) and is given by
( )
5 5
1
sinc
n
n
D = ,
which are plotted in Fig. S4.17(b) in terms of two scales: (a) number n of the CTFS coefficients;
and (b) the corresponding frequency f = nf
0
in Hz.
From Fig. S4.17, we make the following observations.
DC Coefficient: Keeping the duty cycle (/T) of the square wave constant maintains the same dc
or average value of the signal. Therefore, the dc coefficient D
0
stays the same for the three
representations.
Zero Crossings: Since the duty cycle (/T) is kept constant, the width of the main lobe and side
lobes of the discrete sinc function stay the same in the discrete (n) domain. A change in the
fundamental frequency causes the widths to be different in Hertz.
Problem 4.18
(a) In time domain, the average power of x1(t) is given by
.
2
9
9
2
1
) ( 1
1
0 0
2
1
=

= =


dt dt t x
T
P
T
x

Using the Parsevals theorem, the average power of x1(t) is given by



=

=

+ = + = =
,... 5 , 3 , 1
2 2
,... 5 , 3 , 1
2 2
0
2
1
1 18
25 . 2 2
n n
n
n
n x
n
D D D P .
Using the results of Problem 4.21, we know that
144 Chapter 4


...
9
1
7
1
5
1
3
1
1
8
2 2 2 2
2
+ + + + + =

,
which gives 5 . 4
8
18
25 . 2
2
2
1
=

+ =
x
P .
(b) In time domain, the average power of x2(t) is given by
| | . 625 . 0 25 . 0
2
1
) ( 2
2
1
0
2
2
= + = =

T T
T
dt t x
T
P
T
x

Using the Parsevals theorem, the average power of x2(t) is given by



=

=

+ = + = =
,... 5 , 3 , 1
2 2
,... 5 , 3 , 1
2 2
0
2
2
1
4
2
16
9
2
n n
n
n
n x
n
D D D P .
Using the results of Problem 4.21, we know that
...
9
1
7
1
5
1
3
1
1
8
2 2 2 2
2
+ + + + + =

which gives . 625 . 0
16
10
8
4
2
16
9
2
2
2
= =

+ =
x
P
(c) In time domain, the average power of x3(t) is given by
| | .
3
1
) / 1 (
3
) ( 3
1
0
3
0
2
3
= = =

T
T
x
T t
T
T
dt t x
T
P
Using the Parsevals theorem, the average power of x3(t) is given by



=

=

+ = + = =
,... 3 , 2 , 1
2 2
,... 3 , 2 , 1
2 2
0
2
3
1
4
2
4
1
2
n n
n
n
n x
n
D D D P .
Using the results of Problem 4.23, we know that
...
5
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
6
2 2 2 2
2
+ + + + + =

which gives
3
1
6
4
2
4
1
2
2
3
=

+ =
x
P .
(d) In time domain, the average power of x4(t) is given by
| | .
3
1
) / 1 (
3
) / 1 (
1
) ( 4
2
1
0
3
0
2
2
4
= = = =

T
T T
T
x
T t
T
T
dt T t
T
dt t x
T
P
Using the Parsevals theorem, the average power of x2(t) is given by



=

=

+ = + = =
,... 5 , 3 , 1
4 4
,... 5 , 3 , 1
2 2
0
2
4
1 8
4
1
2
n n
n
n
n x
n
D D D P .
Solutions 145


Using the result
96
0147 . 1 ...
9
1
7
1
5
1
3
1
1
2
4 4 4 4

= = + + + + +
which gives
3
1
96
8
4
1
2
2
4
=

+ =
x
P .
Problem 4.19
(a) Within one period t = [0, 2], function x1(t) is absolutely integrable as
. 3 3 ) ( 1
0
2
0
= =


dt dt t x
Function x1(t) has only one maxima and one minima within one period, hence, has bounded
variations.
Finally, there are only two discontinuities within one period.
Function x1(t) satisfies the Dirichlet conditions.
(b) Within one period t = [0, 2], function x2(t) is absolutely integrable as
. 5 . 1 ) ( 2
2
0
T dt t x
T
=

Function x2(t) has only one maxima at and two minimas within one period t = [0, ], hence, has
bounded variations.
Finally, there are only two discontinuities t = T/2 and 3T/2 within one period t = [0, ].
Function x2(t) satisfies the Dirichlet conditions.
(c) Within one period t = [0, ], function x3(t) is absolutely integrable as

2
) ( 3
0
T
dt t x
T
=

.
Function x3(t) has only one minima and one maxima within one period t = [0, ], hence, has
bounded variations.
Finally, there are only one discontinuity at t = 0 within one period t = [0, ].
Function x3(t) satisfies the Dirichlet conditions.
(d) Within one period t = [0, 2], function x4(t) is absolutely integrable as
T dt t x
T
=

2
0
) ( 4 .
Function x4(t) has only one minima and one maxima within one period t = [0, 2], hence, has
bounded variations.
Finally, there is no discontinuity within one period t = [0, 2].
Function x4(t) satisfies the Dirichlet conditions.
(e) Within one period t = [0, 2], function x5(t) is absolutely integrable as
146 Chapter 4

2
) 1 (
) ( 5
2
0
T
dt t x
T
.
Function x5(t) has only one minima and two maximas within one period t = [0, 2], hence, has
bounded variations.
Finally, there is no discontinuity within one period t = [0, 2].
Function x5(t) satisfies the Dirichlet conditions.
Problem 4.20
Determine if the following functions satisfy the Dirichlet conditions and have CTFS representation.
(i) t t x / 1 ) ( = , t = (0, 2] and ) 2 ( ) ( + = t x t x ;
(ii) ) 2 / cos( ) ( t t g = , t = (0, 1] and ) 1 ( ) ( + = t g t g ;
(iii) )) sin(ln( ) ( t t h = , t = (0, 1] and ) 1 ( ) ( + = t h t h .
Solution:
(i) = = =

2
0
2
2
0
2
0
2
1 1
) (
t
dt
t
dt t x
As the function x(t) is not absolutely integrable, x(t) does not satisfy the Dirichlet conditions.
(ii) As shown in Fig. S4.20 (top plot), function g(t) has an infinite number of maximas and minimas
in one period. Therefore, g(t) does not satisfy the Dirichlet conditions.
(ii) As shown in Fig. S4.20 (bottom plot), function h(t) appears to satisfy the Dirichlet conditions.
However, Matlab is not able to plot all the peaks because of its limited resolution. When
(0,1] t = , ln( ) ( , 0] t = and is a CT function. The function sin(ln( )) t will have a maxima every
2 interval of ln( ) t implying that the total number of maximas are infinite. The function h(t)
therefore does not satisfy the Dirichlet conditions.

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
time (t)
g
(
t
)

=

c
o
s
(

/
2
t
)
Problem 4.20, part (ii)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
time (t)
h
(
t
)

=

s
i
n
(
l
n
(
t
)
)
Problem 4.20, part (iii)

Fig. S4.20: One period of the functions g(t) and h(t) in Problem 4.20(ii) and (iii).
Solutions 147


Problem 4.21
Example 4.9 derived the trigonometric CTFS coefficients of the triangular wave f(t), shown in Fig.
S4.21, as follows
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(

+ + + +

=
t t t t t n
n
t f
n
5 . 3 cos
7
1
5 . 2 cos
5
1
5 . 1 cos
3
1
5 . 0 cos
24
5 . 0 cos
) (
24
) (
2 2 2 2
,... 5 , 3 , 1
2

Substituting (t = 0) on both sides, we get

(

+ + + + +

=
...
9
1
7
1
5
1
3
1
1
24 1 24
) 0 (
2 2 2 2 2
,... 5 , 3 , 1
2 2
n
n
f .

t
4 2 0 2 4
3
3
( ) f t
t
4 2 0 2 4
3
3
( ) f t
t
4 2 0 2 4
3
3
( ) f t

Figure S4.21: Periodic signal f(t) considered in Problem 4.21.
From Fig. S4.21, we note that 3 ) 0 ( = f .
Equating the above two equations, we obtain
...
9
1
7
1
5
1
3
1
1
1
8
2 2 2 2
,... 5 , 3 , 1
2
2
+ + + + + = =

= n
n

Problem 4.22
From the solution of Problem 4.6(c), we know that the trigonometric CTFS expansion of the half
sawtooth wave is given by
) / 2 sin(
1
2
1
) ( 3
1
T t n
n
t x
n

+ =

=

Substituting t = T/4, we get
(

+ + +

+ =

+ =

=
...
11
1
9
1
7
1
5
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
) 2 / sin(
1
2
1
) 4 / ( 3
1
n
n
T x
n

Since x3(T/4) = (1 (T/4)/T) = 0.75, therefore,

(

+ + +

+ = ...
11
1
9
1
7
1
5
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
75 . 0
which implies that ...
11
1
9
1
7
1
5
1
3
1
1 ) 1 (
1
4
1
1
+ + + = =

n
n
n



148 Chapter 4


Problem 4.23
From the solution of Problem 4.11(c), we know that the exponential CTFS expansion of the half
sawtooth wave is given by

=
=

. 0 ,
0 ,
2
1
2
1
n
n
D
n j
n

Computing the power from the exponential CTFS coefficients, we get



=

=

+ =

+ =

+ = =
1 1
2 2 2 2
0
2 2
2 1
2
1
4
1
4
1
2
4
1
4
1
4
1
n n
n
n n
n x
n n n
D P .
Computing the power in the time domain, we obtain

3
1
) 1 0 ( ) 3 / (
1
1 ) 3 / (
1
1
1
) ( 3
1
0
3
0
2
0
2
= = |
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
= =

T
T T
t
T
T
dt
T
t
T
dt t x
T
P
T
T T
x
.
Equating the two expressions for the power

+ =
1
2 2
1
2
1
4
1
3
1
n
n

or, ...
6
1
5
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
6
2 2 2 2 2
1
2
2
+ + + + + + = =

= n
n

Problem 4.24
(i) The transfer function H() is given by

| | | |
2
0
) 2 (
0
) 2 (
0
2
0
2 2
4
4
0 1
) 2 (
1
1 0
) 2 (
1
) 2 (
1
) 2 (
1
) (
+
=
+
+

=
+
+

=
+ = =

j j
e
j
e
j
dt e e dt e e dt e e H
t j t j
t j t t j t t j t

(ii) Since the transfer function H() is real valued, therefore, its magnitude spectrum

2
4
4
) ( ) (
+
= = H H .
Solutions 149



-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
frequency ()
|
H
(

)
|
Magnitude Plot for h(t) = exp(2|t|)
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
frequency ()
|
H
(

)
|
Magnitude Plot for h(t) = exp(2|t|)

Fig. S4.24: Magnitude spectrum for h(t) = exp(2|t|)
The magnitude spectrum |H()| is shown in Fig. S4.24.
(iii) The exponential CTFS coefficients E
n
of the output signal y(t) are given by E
n
= D
n
H(
0
) where

0
= 2/T and D
n
are the exponential CTFS coefficients for the input signal. As found in P4.12,
the exponential CTFS coefficients for the input impulse train are given by:
T
dt e t
T
dt e t x
T
D
T
T
jnt
T
T
t jn
n
1
) (
1
) (
1
2 /
2 /
2
2
0
0
0
0
= = =

The exponential DTFS coefficients E
n
are then given by

(

+
=
(

+
=
=
2 2
/ 2
2
) 2 ( 4
4
4
4 1
n T
T
T
E
T n
n
.
In the time domain, the output signal is expressed as



=

+
= =
n
T t n j
n
t jn
n
e
n T
T
e E t y
/ 2
2 2
) (
) (
0
.
Problem 4.25
(i) The transfer function H() is given by

( )
| | | |
) 4 )( 2 (
2
1 0
) 4 (
1
1 0
) 2 (
1
) 4 (
1
) 2 (
1
) (
0
) 4 (
0
) 2 (
0
) 4 (
0
) 2 (
0
4 2
+ +
=
+

=
+

+
+

=
= =

j j j j
e
j
e
j
dt e dt e dt e e e H
t j t j
t j t j t j t t

(ii) The magnitude response is given by

( )( )
2 2
16 4
2
) (
+ +
= H .
The magnitude spectrum |H()| is shown in Fig. S4.25.

150 Chapter 4



8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
frequency ()
|
H
(

)
|
Magnitude Plot for h(t) = [exp(2t) exp(4t)] u(t)
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
frequency ()
|
H
(

)
|
Magnitude Plot for h(t) = [exp(2t) exp(4t)] u(t)

Fig. S4.25: Magnitude spectrum for h(t) = [exp(2t) exp(4t)] u(t).

(iii) The exponential CTFS coefficients E
n
of the output signal y(t) are given by E
n
= D
n
H(
0
) with
0

= /T. For the raised cosine wave, the exponential CTFS coefficients D
n
are given by

=
=
0 ) 5 . 0 sin(
5 . 0
0 75 . 0
n n
n
n
D
n
.
Therefore, the CTFS coefficients E
n
of the output signal y(t) are given by

/
2
2
0.75 0
2
0.5
(2 )(4 ) sin( / 2) 0
1/ 4 0
3/ 4 0
2 0.5
0 sin( / 2) 0
(2 )(4 )
3/16 0
sin( / 2)
0.
(2 )(4 )
n
n T
n
E
j j n n
n
n
n
T
n n n
T jn T jn n
n
T n
n
n T jn T jn

=
=
(
=

(
+ +

=
=

=



+ +

+ +

In the time domain, the output signal is expressed as

0
2
/
0
3 sin(0.5 )
( )
16 (2 )(4 )
jn t jn t T
n
n n
n
T n
y t E e e
n T jn T jn

= =

= =
+ +

.
Problem 4.26
(i) The transfer function H() is given by

| | | |
(4 ) (4 )
4 (4 )
2
0 0 0 0
2 2
( )
(4 ) (4 )
1 1 1
0 0 0 1 .
(4 ) (4 ) (4 )
j t j t
t j t j t
e e
H te e dt te dt t
j j
j j j

+ +
+
= = =
+ +

= =
+ + +


(ii) The magnitude response is given by
Solutions 151



( )( )
2
2 2
1 1
( )
16
16 16
H

= =
+
+ +
.
The magnitude spectrum |H()| is shown in Fig. S4.26.


8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
0.02
0.04
0.06
frequency ()
Magnitude Plot for h(t) = t exp(4t) u(t)
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
0.02
0.04
0.06
frequency ()
Magnitude Plot for h(t) = t exp(4t) u(t)

Fig. S4.26: Magnitude spectrum for h(t) = t exp(4t) u(t).

(iii) The exponential CTFS coefficients E
n
of the output signal y(t) are given by E
n
= D
n
H(
0
) with
0

= /T. For the sawtooth wave, the exponential CTFS coefficients D
n
are given by

=
=

. 0 , odd
0 , even , 0
0 ,
2
) (
2
2
1
n n
n n
n
D
n
n

Therefore, the CTFS coefficients E
n
of the output signal y(t) are given by
2
1
32
1
2
2
2 /
2
2
( )
2 2
, 0
, 0
1
0, even 0, even
(4 )
odd
2
odd .
( ) (4 2 )
n
n T
n
n
n
E n n
j
n
T
n
n T j n

(
= =

(
+

In the time domain, the output signal is expressed as

0
2
/
2 2
1 2
( )
32 ( ) (4 2 )
jn t jn t T
n
n n
n odd
T
y t E e e
n T j n



= =
=
= = +
+

.




152 Chapter 4


Problem 4.27
(i) (a) Expressing
| |
(

+ + +

= +
+
=

=
... ) 40 sin(
5
1
) 24 sin(
3
1
) 8 sin(
7
) 1 2 ( 8 sin
1 2
1 7
) (
0
1
t t t t m
m
t x
m

we note that the signal x
1
(t) contains the fundamental component sin(8t) and its harmonics.
Therefore, the signal is periodic, and the fundamental frequency for x
1
(t) is given by
0
= 8
radian/sec. The fundamental period is T
0
= 2/
0
= 0.25 sec.
(b) Since | | | | ) ( ) 1 2 ( 8 sin
1 2
1 7
) 1 2 ( 8 sin
1 2
1 7
) (
1
0 0
1
t x t m
m
t m
m
t x
m m
= +
+
= +
+
=


=

=
,
the signal is odd.
(c) The following MATLAB code is used to reconstruct the function in the time domain. The
number n of harmonics is set to 4000.
% initializing CTFS parameters
nterms = 4000;
w0 = 8*pi;
t = -1:0.001:1;
a0 = 0;
an = zeros(1,nterms);
nnz = 1:2:nterms;
bn2d = zeros(2,nterms/2);
bn2d(1,:) = 1./nnz;
bn = reshape(bn2d,1,nterms);
% calculating time-domain function
x1 = (7/pi)* ictfs(w0,t, a0,an,bn);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x1(t)');
axis([-1 1 -3 3]), grid on;
title ('Reconstruction from CTFS')
(d) The resulting waveform is shown in Fig. S4.27.


1 0.75 0.5 0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
t
x
1
(
t
)
Reconstruction from CTFS
1 0.75 0.5 0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
t
x
1
(
t
)
Reconstruction from CTFS

Fig. S4.27: Signal x1(t) reconstructed from the first 4000 trigonometric
CTFS coefficients in Problem 4.27(a).
(ii) (a) Expressing
| |
(

+ + + + = +
+
+ =

=
... ) 18 sin(
9
1
) 10 cos(
5
1
) 2 cos( 5 . 1 ) 1 4 ( 2 cos
1 4
1
5 . 1 ) (
0
2
t t t t m
m
t x
m

Solutions 153


we note that the signal x
2
(t) contains the fundamental component cos(2t) and its harmonics.
Therefore, the signal is periodic, and the fundamental frequency for x
2
(t) is given by
0
= 2
radian/sec. The fundamental period is T
0
= 2/
0
= 1 sec.
(b) Since | | | | ) ( ) 1 4 ( 2 cos
1 4
1
5 . 1 ) 1 4 ( 2 cos
1 4
1
5 . 1 ) (
2
0 0
2
t x t m
m
t m
m
t x
m m
= +
+
+ = +
+
+ =


=

=
,
the signal is even.
(c) The following MATLAB code is used to reconstruct the function in the time domain. The
number n of harmonics is set to 4000.

% initializing CTFS parameters
nterms = 4000 ;
w0 = 2*pi ;
t = -4:0.001:4 ;
a0 = 1.5 ;
nnz = 1:4:nterms;
an2d = zeros(4,nterms/4);
an2d(1,:) = 1./nnz ;
an = reshape(an2d,1,nterms) ;
bn = zeros(1,nterms) ;
% calculating time-domain function
x2 = ictfs(w0,t,a0,an,bn);
plot(t,x2)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x2(t)');
axis([-2 2 -2 5]), grid on
title ('Signal Reconstruction from CTFS')
(d) The resulting waveform is shown in Fig. S4.27.

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
0
2
4
3
1
t
x
2
(
t
)
Signal Reconstruction from CTFS
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
0
2
4
3
1
t
x
2
(
t
)
Signal Reconstruction from CTFS

Fig. S4.27: Signal x2(t) reconstructed from the first 4000 trigonometric
CTFS coefficients in Problem 4.27(b).
.
Problem 4.28
From Example 4.8, the CTFS coefficients are given by
7079 . 1
0
= a ,
2
25 1
4157 . 3
n
a
n
+
= , and
2
25 1
0787 . 17
n
n
b
n
+
= .
The periodic signal g(t) is, therefore, given by
154 Chapter 4


( ) ( )


=
+

=
+
+ + =
1
25 1
0787 . 17
1
25 1
4157 . 3
sin cos 7079 . 1 ) (
2 2
n
n
n
n
nt n nt t g
with the fundamental frequency
o
= 1 radians/s.
The following MATLAB code is used to reconstruct the function in the time domain. The number n of
harmonics is set to 4000.

% initializing CTFS parameters
nterms = 2000 ;
n = 1:nterms;
w0 = 1 ;
t = -12:0.01:12 ;
a0=1.7079 ;
an = 3.4157./(1+25*n.*n) ;
bn = 17.0787*n./(1+25*n.*n) ;
% calculating time-domain function
g = ictfs(w0,t, a0,an,bn) ;
% plotting the function
plot(t,g)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('g(t)');
axis([-12 12 0 4]), grid on
title ('Reconstruction of g(t) from CTFS')
The resulting waveform is shown in Fig. S4.28. It is observed that the plot is identical to that of Fig.
4.10.


12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 12
0
1
2
3
4
t
g
(
t
)
Reconstruction of g(t) from CTFS
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 12
0
1
2
3
4
t
g
(
t
)
Reconstruction of g(t) from CTFS

Fig. S4.28: Signal g(t) reconstructed from the first 2000 trigonometric
CTFS coefficients in Problem 4.28.
Problem 4.29
From Example 4.9, the CTFS coefficients are given by
0
0
= a ,
( )

odd. is
even is 0
2
24
n
n
a
n
n
, and 0 =
n
b .
The periodic signal f(t) is, therefore, given by

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | + + + = =

t t t t n t f
n
n
5 . 2 cos 5 . 1 cos 5 . 0 cos 5 . 0 cos ) (
25
1
9
1 24
1
24
2 2

with the fundamental frequency
o
= 0.5 radians/s.
Solutions 155


The following MATLAB code is used to reconstruct the function in the time domain. The number n of
harmonics is set to 2000.

% initializing CTFS parameters
nterms = 2000 ;
an = zeros(1,nterms);
nnz = 1:2:nterms;
w0 = 0.5*pi ;
t = -8:0.01:8 ;
a0=0 ;
an2d = zeros(2,nterms/2);
an2d(1,:) = 24./(pi*pi*nnz.*nnz) ;
an=reshape(an2d,1,nterms) ;
bn = zeros(1,nterms);
% calculating time-domain function
x = ictfs(w0,t, a0,an,bn) ;
% plotting the function
plot(t,x)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('f(t)');
axis([-8 8 -4 4]), grid on
title ('Reconstruction of f(t) from CTFS')
The resulting waveform is shown in Fig. S4.29. It is observed that the plot is identical to that of Fig.
4.11.


8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
4
2
0
2
4
t
f
(
t
)
Reconstruction of f(t) from CTFS
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
4
2
0
2
4
t
f
(
t
)
Reconstruction of f(t) from CTFS

Fig. S4.29: Signal f(t) reconstructed from the first 2000 trigonometric
CTFS coefficients in Problem 4.29.
Problem 4.30
From Example 4.12, the CTFS coefficients are given by

0.3416
0.2 n jn
D
+
.
The periodic signal g(t) is, therefore, given by
( )

=

+
=
n
jn
t jn t g exp ) (
2 . 0
3416 . 0

with the fundamental frequency
o
= 1 radians/s.
The following MATLAB code is used to reconstruct the function in the time domain. The number n of
harmonics is set to 4000.

156 Chapter 4



% initializing CTFS parameters
nterms = 4000 ;
n=(-nterms/2):nterms/2;
dn = 0.3416./(0.2+i*n);
nnz = 1:2:nterms;
w0 = 1;
t = -12:0.01:12 ;
% calculating time-domain function
g = ictfs(w0,t,dn) ;
% plotting the function
plot(t,g)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('g(t)');
axis([-12 12 0 4]), grid on
title ('Reconstruction of g(t) from CTFS')
The resulting waveform is shown in Fig. S4.30. It is observed that the plot is identical to that of Fig.
4.10.


12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 12
0
1
2
3
4
t
g
(
t
)
Reconstruction of g(t) from CTFS
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 12
0
1
2
3
4
t
g
(
t
)
Reconstruction of g(t) from CTFS

Fig. S4.30: Signal g(t) reconstructed from the first 4000 exponential
CTFS coefficients in Problem 4.30.
Problem 4.31
From Example 4.13, the CTFS coefficients are given by

( )
2
12
0 even
odd.
n
n
n
D
n

=

=

.
The periodic signal f(t) is, therefore, given by

( )
( )

=
odd is
12
exp ) (
2
n
n
n
t jn t f
with the fundamental frequency
o
= /2 radians/s.
The following MATLAB code is used to reconstruct the function in the time domain. The number n of
harmonics is set to 4000.



Solutions 157



% initializing CTFS parameters
nterms = 4000 ;
w0 = 0.5*pi ;
t = -8:0.01:8 ;
nnz = 1:2:nterms;
dn2d = zeros(2,nterms/2);
dn2d(2,:) = 12./(pi*pi*nnz.*nnz) ;
dn=reshape(dn2d,1,nterms) ;
dn = [fliplr(dn(2:length(dn))), dn];
% calculating time-domain function
f = ictfs(w0,t, dn) ;
% plotting the function
plot(t,f)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('f(t)');
axis([-8 8 -4 4]), grid on
title ('Signal Reconstruction from CTFS')
The resulting waveform is shown in Fig. S4.31. It is observed that the plot is identical to that of Fig.
4.11.

8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
4
2
0
2
4
t
f
(
t
)
Reconstruction of f(t) from CTFS
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
4
2
0
2
4
t
f
(
t
)
Reconstruction of f(t) from CTFS

Fig. S4.31: Signal f(t) reconstructed from the first 4000 exponential
CTFS coefficients in Problem 4.31.
Problem 4.32
From the solution of Problem 4.24, the exponential CTFS coefficients are given by

2 2 2 n
T
E
T n
(
=
(
+


with the time domain representation

2 /
2 2 2
( )
j n t T
n
T
y t e
T n

=
=
+

where
o
= 2/ = 2 radians/s
The following MATLAB code is used to reconstruct the function in the time domain. The number n of
harmonics is set to 4000.



158 Chapter 4



% initializing CTFS parameters
nterms = 4000 ;
T = 1;
w0 = 2*pi/T;
t = -6:0.01:6;
nnz = 0:nterms;
en = (4*T)./(4*T^2 + (nnz*pi).^2);
en = [fliplr(en(2:length(en))), en];
% calculating time-domain function
y = ictfs(w0,t, en) ;
% plotting the function
plot(t,y)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y(t)');
axis([-6 6 0 2.5]), grid on
title ('Signal Reconstruction from CTFS')
print -dtiff plot.tiff;
The resulting waveform is shown in Fig. S4.32.

Fig. S4.32: Signal y(t) reconstructed from the first 4000 exponential
CTFS coefficients in Problem 4.32.

Problem 4.33
From the solution of Problem 4.25, the exponential CTFS coefficients are given by

2
3/16 0
sin( / 2)
0.
(2 )(4 )
n
n
E
T n
n
n T jn T jn

+ +

with the time domain representation

0
2
/
0
3 sin( / 2)
( )
16 (2 )(4 )
jn t jn t T
n
n n
n
T n
y t E e e
n T jn T jn

= =

= =
+ +


where
o
= 2/ = 2 radians/s
The following MATLAB code is used to reconstruct the function in the time domain. The number n of
harmonics is set to 4000.
Solutions 159



% initializing CTFS parameters
nterms = 4000 ;
T = 1;
w0 = 2*pi/T;
t = -6:0.01:6;
n = -nterms:nterms;
en = -(T^2*sin(0.5*n*pi))./((n+eps)*pi.*(2*T+j*n*pi).*(4*T+j*n*pi));
en(n == 0) = 3/16;
% calculating time-domain function
y = ictfs(w0,t, en) ;
% plotting the function
plot(t,real(y)) % imaginary part of y(t) is 0
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y(t)');
axis([-6 6 0.12 0.26]), grid on
title ('Signal Reconstruction from CTFS')
print -dtiff plot.tiff;
The resulting waveform is shown in Fig. S4.33.

Fig. S4.33: Signal y(t) reconstructed from the first 4000 exponential
CTFS coefficients in Problem 4.33.