Professional Documents
Culture Documents
6.11.2004 Ghi ch: Bo co ny l ti liu gii thiu khi qut v Six Sigma dnh cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam ch nhm mc ch hng dn. Chng trnh tr gip ca Mekong Capital cho cc doanh nghip m Qu Doanh Nghip Mekong ang u t bao gm vic h tr tng cng nng lc ca doanh nghip trong vic khng ngng ci tin quy trnh kinh doanh. Mekong Capital hin ang c hai chuyn vin Six Sigma Black Belt ph trch vic h tr cc doanh nghip trong lnh vc ny.
1. Six Sigma l g?
1.1 nh ngha
Six Sigma l mt h phng php ci tin quy trnh da trn thng k nhm gim thiu t l sai st hay khuyt tt n mc 3,4 li trn mi triu kh nng gy li bng cch xc nh v loi tr cc ngun to nn dao ng (bt n) trong cc quy trnh kinh doanh. Trong vic nh ngha khuyt tt, Six Sigma tp trung vo vic thit lp s thng hiu tng tn cc yu cu ca khch hng v v th c tnh nh hng khch hng rt cao. H phng php Six Sigma da trn tin trnh mang tn DMAIC: Define (Xc nh), Measure (o Lng), Analyze (Phn Tch), Improve (Ci Tin) v Control (Kim Sot). tm hiu thm v tin trnh ny, vui lng tham kho mc s 3 ca ti liu ny v DMAIC. Six Sigma khng phi l mt h thng qun l cht lng, nh ISO-9001, hay l mt h thng chng nhn cht lng. Thay vo , y l mt h phng php gip gim thiu khuyt tt da trn vic ci tin quy trnh. i vi a s cc doanh nghip Vit Nam, iu ny c ngha l thay v tp trung vo cc xng cht lng vn u tin vo vic kim tra li trn sn phm, hng tp trung c chuyn sang ci thin quy trnh sn xut cc khuyt tt khng xy ra.
Sigma c ngha l lch chun (standard deviation) trong thng k, nn Six Sigma ng ngha vi su n v lch chun. Li phn Triu 690.000,0 308.000,0 66.800,0 6.210,0 230,0 3,4 Li phn Trm 69,0000% 30,8000% 6,6800% 0,6210% 0,0230% 0,0003%
Mc tiu ca Six Sigma l ch c 3,4 li (hay sai st) trn mi mt triu kh nng gy li. Ni cch khc, l s hon ho n mc 99,99966%.
Mekong Capital Gii Thiu v Six Sigma Trang 1 trn 17
Trong khi phn ln cc doanh nghip sn xut t nhn Vit Nam hin ang mc khong Ba Sigma hoc thm ch thp hn th trong mt vi trng hp, mt d n ci tin quy trnh p dng cc nguyn tc Six Sigma c th trc tin nhm n mc Bn hay Nm Sigma vn cng mang li kt qu gim thiu khuyt tt r rt. Cng cn lm r rng Six Sigma o lng cc kh nng gy li ch khng phi cc sn phm li. Mt sn phm cng phc tp s c nhiu kh nng b li hn. V d, cng l n v sn phm nhng kh nng gy li trong mt chit -t nhiu hn so vi mt chic kp giy. Di y l mt v d cho cch tnh s kh nng gy li trong qui trnh sn xut sn phm gh g: Cng ty A phi sn xut 5 n hng cho khch hng, mi n hng c mt mt hng l gh g (5 chic). S kh nng gy li cho mt mt hng gh g c xc nh nh sau: Vt liu g lm gh ng cha? (1 kh nng) m ca g nm trong phm vi tiu chun cho php (1 kh nng) Gh c lm theo ng kch c khch hng yu cu (1 kh nng) Gh khng b h hng ( 1 kh nng) Gh c sn ng mu sc ( 1 kh nng) Gh c ng gi ng qui cch (1 kh nng) Tng s kh nng gy li = s lng gh X s kh nng = 5 X 6 = 30 kh nng
Trang 2 trn 17
Xy dng cc h thng o lng (metrics) mi v t nhng cu hi mi l mt phn thuc tnh quan trng ca h phng php Six Sigma. ci thin kt qu, mt cng ty cn xc nh nhng cch thc o lng cc bin ng trong cc quy trnh kinh doanh, thit lp cc ch s thng k da trn cc h thng o lng v sau s dng cc ch s ny a ra nhng cu hi v cn nguyn ca nhng vn cht lng lin quan n cc sn phm, dch v v quy trnh.
Qun l s thay i (Change management) Qun l cht lng ton din (Total Quality Management (TQM)) o lng s dao ng (Variation measurement) Cc tiu ch nh gi ca chng trnh Malcolm Baldridge (Malcolm Baldridge criteria) Phn tch lu cng vic (Workflow analysis) Quy trnh ra quyt nh (Decision making) Phn tch xu hng (Trend analysis) Qun l da trn d kin (Management by fact) Gim thi gian chun b cho quy trnh (Setup reduction ) Qun l tri thc (Knowledge management) C cu phn chia cng vic (Work breakdown structure)
14.7% 10.3% 10.3% 9.8% 9.8% 8.9% 8.0% 6.7% 6.7% 5.8% 3.1%
Trang 4 trn 17
T l khuyt tt Nguyn vt liu / doanh thu Nhn cng / doanh thu Khu hao2 / doanh thu Li gp
Nhiu doanh nghip t nhn Vit Nam gp phi nhng vn ti din lin quan n vic sn phm khng p ng c cc yu cu v quy cch k thut t pha khch hng khin khch hng khng hi lng m i khi hy b n t hng. Bng cch lm gim ng k t l li, cng ty s c th lun cung cp sn phm n tay khch hng p ng hon ton cc thng s k thut c yu cu v v th lm tng s hi lng ca khch hng.
S hi lng ca khch hng gia tng gip gim thiu ri ro b chm dt n t hng t pha khch hng ng thi gia tng kh nng l khch hng s t nhng n hng ln hn. iu ny ng ngha vi vic mang li doanh thu cao hn ng k cho cng ty. Hn na, chi ph cho vic tm c khch hng mi kh cao nn cc cng ty c t l tht thot khch hng thp s gim bt chi ph bn hng v tip th vn l mt phn ca tng doanh thu bn hng.
Mt vn thng gp i vi nhiu doanh nghip sn xut t nhn Vit Nam l c t l giao hng tr rt cao. Nhng dao ng c th c loi tr trong mt d n Six Sigma c th bao gm cc dao
Vic gim t l khu hao trn phn trm doanh thu l kt qu ca vic tng sn lng t nh xng v thit b hin ti do gim khuyt tt v ti ch, cng nh gim thi gian ngng my. Trang 5 trn 17
ng trong thi gian giao hng. V vy, Six Sigma c th c vn dng gip m bo vic giao hng ng hn mt cch u n.
Mt cng ty vi s quan tm cao v ci tin quy trnh v loi tr cc ngun gy khuyt tt s c c s hiu bit su sc hn v nhng tc nhn tim tng cho cc vn trong cc d n m rng quy m sn xut cng nh nhng h thng thch hp cho vic o lng v xc nh ngun gc ca nhng vn ny. V vy cc vn t c kh nng xy ra khi cng ty m rng sn xut, v nu c xy ra th cng s nhanh chng c gii quyt.
Trang 6 trn 17
Mc tiu ca bc Xc nh l lm r vn cn gii quyt, cc yu cu v mc tiu ca d n. Cc mc tiu ca mt d n nn tp trung vo nhng vn then cht lin kt vi chin lc kinh doanh ca cng ty v cc yu cu ca khch hng. Bc Xc nh bao gm: xc nh cc yu cu ca khch hng c lin quan n d n ci tin. Cc yu cu c lm r t pha khch hng c gi l cc c tnh Cht Lng Thit Yu (Critical-to-Quality); xy dng cc nh ngha v khuyt tt cng chnh xc cng tt; tin hnh nghin cu mc so snh (thng s o lng chung v mc thc hin trc khi d n ci tin bt u); t chc nhm d n cng vi ngi u (Champion); c tnh nh hng v mt ti chnh ca vn ; v chp thun ca lnh o cp cao cho tin hnh d n. Cc cu hi cn phi gii p: iu g l quan trng i vi khch hng? Chng ta ang n lc lm gim loi li/khuyt tt g? Mc gim bao nhiu? Khi no hon tt vic ci tin? Ch ph do li, khuyt tt gy ra hin ti l bao nhiu? Nhng ai s tham gia vo d n? Ai s u, h tr chng ta thc hin d n ny? Cc cng c c p dng ph bin nht trong bc ny bao gm: Bng Tm Lc D n (Project Charter)-L ti liu m t r rng cc vn , nh ngha khuyt tt, cc thng tin v thnh vin ca nhm d n, mc tiu ca d n s thc hin v ghi nhn s cam kt h tr thc hin ca nhng ngi lin quan. Biu Xu Hng (Trend Chart)- Biu th trc quan xu hng cc li, khuyt tt xut hin sau mt thi gian. Biu Pareto (80/20)- Biu th trc quan mc tc ng tch cc v tiu cc gia tc nhn u vo ti kt qu u ra hoc mc khuyt tt. Lu Quy Trnh (Process Flow Chart)- Cho bit cch thc hot ng v trnh t cc bc thc hin ca qui trnh hin ti.
Kt qu u ra no nh hng ti c tnh cht lng thit yu nhiu nht (CTQ)? Yu t u vo no nh hng ti kt qu u ra (c nh hng ti CTQ) nhiu nht? Kh nng o lng/pht hin dao ng ca h thng ph hp cha? Nng lc ca qui trnh hin ti ra sao? Qui trnh hin ti hot ng ra sao? Qui trnh (hin ti) c th tt n mc no nu mi th u hot ng nhp nhng? Qui trnh hin ti c th hon ho ti mc no theo nh thit k?
Cc cng c c th ng dng ph hp nht trong bc ny bao gm: S xng c th hin cc mi lin h gia cc yu t u vo v cc kt qu u ra. Lu qui trnh - hiu r cc qui trnh hin ti v to iu kin cho nhm d n c th xc nh c cc lng ph tim n. Ma trn nhn - qu - nh lng mc tc ng ca mi yu t u vo dn n s bin thin ca cc kt qu u ra. Phn Tch Trng Thi Sai St v Tc ng (FMEA) s khi - s dng cng c ny trong bc o lng s gip chng ta xc nh v thc hin cc bin php khc phc tm thi gim thiu khuyt tt v tit kim chi ph cng sm cng tt. nh Gi Tin Cy Ca H Thng o Lng (GR&R)- c s dng phn tch s bin thin ca cc thnh phn ca h thng o lng theo s lm gim thiu s thiu tin cy ca cc h thng o lng.
Trang 8 trn 17
Bc Ci Tin tp trung pht trin cc gii php nhm loi tr cn nguyn ca dao ng, kim chng v chun ho cc gii php. Bc ny bao gm: xc nh cch thc nhm loi b cn nguyn gy dao ng; kim chng cc tc nhn u vo chnh; khm ph mi quan h gia cc bin s; thit lp dung sai cho quy trnh, cn gi l gii hn trn v di ca cc thng s k thut hay yu cu ca khch hng i vi mt quy trnh nhm nh gi mc p ng ca mt c tnh c th, v nu quy trnh vn hnh n nh bn trong cc gii hn ny s gip to ra sn phm hay dch v t cht lng mong mun; ti u cc tc nhn u vo chnh hoc ti lp cc thng s ca quy trnh lin quan. Cc cu hi cn c gii p trong bc ny: Khi chng ta bit r yu t u vo no c nh hng ln nht n cc kt qu u ra, chng ta phi lm th no kim sot chng? Chng ta cn phi th bao nhiu ln tm ra v xc nh ch hot ng /quy trnhchun ti u cho nhng yu t u vo ch yu ny? Qui trnh c cn c ci thin ch no v qui trnh mi s ra sao? gim c bao nhiu Khuyt Tt Trn Mt Triu Kh Nng (DPMO)? Cc cng c thng c p dng bao gm: S qui trnh (Process Mapping) Cng c ny gip ta ti hin li qui trnh mi sau khi thc hin vic ci tin. Phn tch nng lc qui trnh (CPK)- nhm kim tra nng lc ca qui trnh sau khi thc hin cc hnh ng ci tin bo m rng chng ta t c cc ci thin tht s trong vic ngn nga khuyt tt Thit k th nghim (DOE) y l tp hp cc th nghim c lp k hoch xc nh cc ch /thng s hot ng ti u nhm t c cc kt qu u ra nh mong mun v xc nhn cc ci tin.
Trang 9 trn 17
Trang 10 trn 17
S khc bit chnh gia TQM v Six Sigma l Six Sigma tp trung vo vic u tin gii quyt nhng vn c th c chn la theo mc u tin c tnh chin lc ca cng ty v nhng vn ang gy nn nhng khuyt tt ni tri, trong khi TQM p dng mt h thng cht lng bao qut hn cho tt c cc quy trnh kinh doanh ca cng ty. Mt khc bit k tip l TQM nh hng p dng cc xng cht lng trong phm vi phng ban trong khi Six Sigma mang tnh lin phng ban c ngha l n tp trung vo mi phng ban c lin quan n mt quy trnh kinh doanh c th vn ang l ti ca mt d n Six Sigma. Mt khc bit na l TQM cung cp t phng php hn trong qu trnh trin khai trong khi m hnh DMAIC ca Six Sigma cung cp mt cu trc vng chc hn cho vic trin khai v thc hin. V d, Six Sigma c s tp trung mnh m hn vo vic o lng v thng k gip cng ty xc nh v t c nhng mc tiu c th.
Trang 11 trn 17
Trang 12 trn 17
Mc d cc d n Six Sigma c th mang li nhiu li ch v gip cng ty tit kim tin bc v lu di, c mt s chi ph ban u c lin quan n cc d n Six Sigma cn c quan tm. in hnh bao gm cc khon sau y: Lng trc tip Tin lng cho cc nhn vin lm vic ton thi gian trong d n Six Sigma. Lng gin tip Chi ph thi gian t nhng vin chc iu hnh cp cao, cc thnh vin ca nhm d n, nhng ngi qun l cc quy trnh v nhng ngi lin quan trong vic trin khai cc d n Six Sigma. o to v t vn Chi ph hun luyn cc ng vin v cc k nng Six Sigma. Chi ph thc hin ci tin Chi ph ci tin cc quy trnh sn xut loi tr cc ngun gy dao ng c xc nh bi cc d n Six Sigma. Khon ny c th bao gm nhng thit b, phn mm mi, chi ph nhn s cho nhng v tr mi hnh thnh.v.v Phn mm (Software) Mt s chng trnh phn mm vi tnh nh Minitab Inc.s (phn mm Minitab thng k) hay Microsofts Visio, dng xy dng cc lu quy trnh, cng c th c cn n. i khi mt s cng c phn mm tin tin hn bao gm Popkins System Architect, Proformas Provision hay Corels iGrafx Process 2003 for Six Sigma.
Trang 13 trn 17
6. nh ngha thut ng
Analysis of Variances (ANOVA) - Phn tch Phng sai: Mt cng c thng k cho php cng lc so snh nhiu ngun dao ng, hay tc ng, xc nh xem c bt k ngun dao ng no nh hng ng k n s thay i ca kt qu ang c nghin cu. Black Belt (BB): chuyn vin trong vic dn dt thc hin cc d n vi kinh nghim thch hp trong mt s lnh vc c th; c hun luyn chuyn su v c kin thc tt v phn tch, thng k. Mt BB s c chng nhn sau khi p ng c nhng phm cht v nng lc quy nh r bi cng ty di hnh thc mang li tit kim chi ph ng k; p dng hiu qu cng c v phng php, cc k nng phn tch, qun l d n v xy dng nhm. BB cng chu trch nhim hun luyn v dn dt cc Green Belt. Cause & Effect Matrix - Ma Trn Nhn qu: Mt ma trn hay s u tin ho cho php chn la cc bin u vo ca quy trnh (X) no c nh hng ln nht n cc bin u ra (Y). Cng c ny cng c s dng tm hiu v ch ra nhng yu cu quan trng ca khch hng. Champion: Nhng qun l iu hnh cp cao c chn ra, c hiu bit v cc cng c thng k c bn v nng cao; ngi phn b ngun lc v dp b nhng ro cn i vi cc d n Six Sigma; to ra vin cnh cho Six Sigma cng ty; xy dng k hoch hun luyn; chn lc cc d n c hiu qu cao; tm chn ng vin tim nng; xy dng v ci tin c cu t chc thc hin; gim st vic nh gi cp nht tin ca d n; nhn bit ng gp v n lc ca nhn vin. Check Sheet - Biu mu Kim tra: Cc bng hay mu biu h tr vic thu thp v tng hp s liu. Cc bng ny thng c s dng m cc loi li khc nhau. Control Plan Summary - Bng Tm Lc K Hoch Kim Sot: Mt ti liu kim sot quy trnh vi s m t hp l h thng kim sot v duy tr nhng ci tin nhm gip cng ty vn hnh cc quy trnh mt cch n nh sao cho cc sn phm lun p ng c nhu cu ca khch hng. Correlation Analysis - Phn Tch Tng Quan: Mt phng php thng k gip xc nh liu c mi quan h gia hai bng cch v ra cc cp gi tr. nh lng mi quan h, mt ng hi qui, c c tnh c xc nh bi dc v gc ct, c th c v t cc im phn tn ca nhng d liu cp. Khi cc im d liu cp ny cng qui t gn ng hi qui c ngha l mi quan h cng mnh. Critical to Quality (CTQ) - c Tnh Cht Lng Thit Yu: Cc yu cu (quy cch) c nu r bi khch hng, nu khng p ng c th gi l khuyt tt. Critical Inputs - Tc Nhn u Vo Chnh Yu: Mt vi tc nhn ch cht c chng minh l chu trch nhim trc tin cho kt qu u ra c xc nh (Y). Defect - Khuyt Tt / Li: Bt k sai st ca sn phm hay dch v trong vic p ng mt trong s nhng tiu chun cho php ca khch hng cng ty (bn trong hay bn ngoi). Mt sn phm li c th b mt hay nhiu li i theo. Cc khuyt tt/li nn lun c xem l khng t nu p dng thc o biu th t/Khng t. Defect Opportunity - Kh Nng Gy Li: Bt k tnh hung trong mt quy trnh i din cho mt kh nng to nn khuyt tt trn mt n v xut lng vn h trng i vi khch hng. Mt sn phm phc tp nh mt chic xe hi s c nhiu kh nng gy li hn mt sn phm n gin nh l mt chic kp giy. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) - Thit K cho Six Sigma: M t ng dng ca cc cng c Six Sigma dnh cho nhng n lc Thit K Quy Trnh v pht trin sn phm vi mc tiu "to lp" nng lc thc hin Six Sigma. ng dng ny cng c p dng cho vic ti thit kt quy trnh trong bc Ci Tin ca d n Six Sigma. Design of Experiment (DOE) - Thit K Th Nghim: Mt phng php th nghim hiu qu gip xc nh, vi s trc nghim ti thiu, nhng tc nhn v iu kin ti u ca chng c nh hng n gi tr trung bnh v dao ng ca u ra.
Trang 14 trn 17
DMAIC: Cc k t u ca mt H Thng Qun L/Ci Tin Quy Trnh i din cho Define (Xc nh), Measure (o Lng), Analyze (Phn Tch), Improve (Ci Tin) v Control (Kim Sot). Failure Mode & Effect Analysis (FMEA) - Phn Tch Trng Thi Sai St v Tc ng: Mt phng php c h thng nhm ngn nga khuyt tt bng cch ghi nhn cc s c sai st, cch thc m mt quy trnh b sai, c tnh ri ro lin quan n cc nguyn nhn c th, sp xp mc nghim trng ca cc vn tim tng v cch gii quyt chng. Fishbone Diagram (cause & effect diagram) - Biu Xng C: Cn c bit n vi tn gi "Fishbone" hay " Biu Ishikawa", mt cng c t duy nh hng c s dng xc nh cn nguyn (phn xng ca con c) i vi mt nh hng hay vn c th. Five Whys - 5 Ti Sao: Mt phng php dng i xuyn qua nhng du hiu b ni v nhn bit c cn nguyn tht s ca mt vn . Phng php ny cho rng bng cch lin tc hi Ti Sao? 5 ln bn c th tin su hiu c cn nguyn ct li ca vn . Gauge Repeatability & Reproducibility (GR&R) - nh Gi Tin Cy ca H Thng o Lng: Mt cng c thng k o lng mc dao ng hay sai st trong h thng o lng gy ra bi thit b o lng hay ngi thc hin cng tc o lng. Green Belt (GB): Ngi ph trch cng vic hin ti c lin quan n vn cn c gii quyt trong d n Six Sigma, ng thi vn ph trch cc cng vic thng nht ca mnh; kh quen thuc vi cc cng c thng k cn bn v nhn c s hun luyn t chuyn su hn so vi BB. Hypothesis testing (T-test, F-test) - Kim Chng Gi Thuyt: Tin trnh s dng cc cng c thng k khc nhau phn tch d liu v sau cng chp nhn hay t b gi thuyt ban u (null hypothesis). T cch nhn thc t, tm ra bng chng trn thng k cho thy gi thuyt ban u sai cho php bn loi b gi thuyt ban u v chp nhn gi thuyt thay th (alternate hypothesis). Gi thuyt ban u (H0) l mt gi nh cho rng khng c s khc bit trong cc tham s (trung bnh, phng sai, li phn triu kh nng) gia hai hay nhiu tp hp d liu. Gi thuyt thay th (Ha) l mt pht biu cho rng s khc bit hay mi quan h thy c gia hai tp hp d liu l c tht ch khng phi do ngu nhin hay sai st trong mu nghin cu. ISO-9000: Tiu chun v hng dn dng chng nhn cc t chc xem nh hon tt vic nh ngha v tun th i vi cc quy trnh c th hin theo nh ti liu. H thng ny hu nh lin quan n cc h thng qun l cht lng hn l nhng n lc ci tin cht lng. Lean Manufacturing - H Thng Sn Xut Tit Kim: Mt h thng cc cng c gip gim thiu thi gian t lc nhn n hng n qu trnh sn xut v phn phi sn phm bng cch loi tr cc hot ng d tha (non-value added) v lng ph trong lung sn xut. Lean Six Sigma: Mt chng trnh kt hp gia Lean vi Six Sigma. Main Effect Plot - Th Tc Nhn Chnh: Mt nghin cu thng k ghi nhn li trng thi hot ng ca quy trnh sau , qua phn tch thng k v th, xc nh cc bin quan trng. Mean - S Trung Bnh: Gi tr trung bnh cng trong mt tp hp s. tnh trung bnh cng, ta cng tt c cc gi tr s sau chi cho tng s hng. Non-Value Added Activities - Cc Hot ng D Tha: Cc bc hay thao tc trong mt quy trnh khng lm tng thm gi tr cho khch hng bn ngoi nh sa li, khun vc, di di, kim tra/kim sot, ch i/tr hon.v.v Non-Value Added Waste - Lng Ph Khng Lm Tng Gi Tr: Sn phm ph ca quy trnh khng mang li gi tr. Operating Flow Chart with Control Points - Lu Quy Trnh vi cc Mc Kim Sot: Tng t lu quy trnh nhng c lm ni bt nhng khu trng yu ni m cc bin php kim sot c p dng. y l mt ti liu thng xuyn c cp nht v rt c ch cho vic hng dn kim sot quy trnh. Pareto Chart - Biu Pareto: Mt cng c thit lp mc u tin da trn nguyn l Pareto, hay cn c bit n vi tn gi nh lut 80/20, gii thch rng 20% cc tc nhn to ra 80% nh hng.
Mekong Capital Gii Thiu v Six Sigma Trang 15 trn 17
V d, 20% tc nhn ca kh nng gy li c khuynh hng to ra n 80% kh nng gy li. Biu Pareto s dng s liu thuc tnh (khng lin tc) sp thnh nhng ct theo lng gim dn, vi ct c tn xut cao (ct cao nht) ng trc. Biu s dng mt ng ly tch (cng dn) ghi nhn t l phn trm cho mi loi/ct gip phn bit 20 phn trm cc yu t gy nn 80 phn trm vn . Mc tiu ca cng c ny l u tin ho cc vn cn c gii quyt. Process - Quy Trnh: Mt chui cc hot ng hay cc bc to ra mt sn phm hay dch v. Process capability - Nng Lc Quy Trnh: Kh nng ca mt quy trnh to ra mt sn phm hay dch v hon ho trong trng thi hot ng c kim sot ca sn xut hay hot ng dch v. Process Capability Analysis - Phn Tch Nng Lc Quy Trnh: Phn tch mc m mt quy trnh c th hay khng th p ng cc yu cu ca khch hng. Process Flow Chart - Lu Quy Trnh: M hnh minh ho lung quy trnh cho thy tt c hot ng, im quyt nh, vng lp sa li v lung di chuyn. Cng c ny khc vi S Quy Trnh (Process Mapping). Process improvement - Ci Tin Quy Trnh: Phng thc ci tin tp trung vo cc gii php hay thay i c li nhm loi b hoc gim thiu khuyt tt, chi ph hay thi gian chu trnh. Phng php ny khng lm thay i thit k v nhng c tnh c bn ca mt quy trnh nguyn thy . Process Mapping - S Quy Trnh: Mt chui m hnh theo trnh t ca mt quy trnh cho thy cc yu t u vo, cc yu t u ra v cc bc ca quy trnh c xem l bc u tin tm hiu tc ng ca cc yu t u vo ny n yu t u ra nh th no. Cng c ny khc vi Lu Quy Trnh (Process Flow Chart). Project Description - M T D n: Mt pht biu khi qut nh ngha lnh vc hay c hi c quan tm bao gm tc ng/li ch ca vic ci tin tim nng, hay ri ro nu khng tin hnh ci tin. Phn ny bao gm ch ra cc lin kt vi chin lc kinh doanh, vi khch hng, v/hoc cc gi tr ca cng ty. Phn ny do ban qun l cp cao truyn t cho nhm ci tin, c s dng thit lp phn m t vn v Bng Tm Lc D n (Project Charter). Project Charter - Bng Tm Lc D n: Ti liu ghi r phm vi ca mt d n Six Sigma, mc tiu, c tnh tit kim ti chnh, ngi u d n (Champion), nhm tham gia v thi gian tin hnh d n.v.v Process redesign - Ti Thit K Quy Trnh: phng php ti to cc yu t ca lung quy trnh bng cch loi b cc di chuyn d tha, vng lp sa cha li, cc khu kim phm v cc hot ng khng lm tng gi tr khc. Quality management system (QMS) - H Thng Qun L Cht Lng: Mt h thng nh ngha r cc cu trc t chc, cc quy trnh, trch nhim v ngun lc cn thit dng m bo cc tiu chun cht lng ti thiu. ISO 9000 l mt h thng qun l cht lng. Regression Analysis - Phn Tch Hi Qui: K thut thng k c tnh mt m hnh cho mi quan h gia cc bin. Phng php ny cung cp mt hm s dng mt hay nhiu bin s gii thch dao ng ca mt bin khc. Regression Plot - Th Hi Qui: th minh ho dng nh gi mi quan h gia hai hay nhiu bin bng cch xc nh mt hm s c tnh kt qu c quan tm t nhng hiu bit v cc bin u vo. Sigma (): K t Hy Lp dng biu din cho lch chun trong thng k. Six Sigma Level - Cp Six Sigma: Mc thc hin vi ch c 3,4 li trn mi triu kh nng gy li. Six Sigma: Mt h phng php ci tin quy trnh da trn thng k nhm n vic gim thiu khuyt tt n mc 3,4 li trn mi triu kh nng gy li bng cch xc nh v loi tr cc tc nhn gy dao ng trong cc quy trnh kinh doanh.
Trang 16 trn 17
Statistical Process Control (SPC) - Kim Sot Quy Trnh bng Thng K: S dng vic thu thp d liu v phn tch thng k gim st quy trnh, xc nh vic thc hin, o lng dao ng v nng lc, v phn bit gia tc nhn c bit vi tc nhn thng thng. Cng c ny phc v nh l c s cho cho vic ra quyt nh da trn d liu, cho vic duy tr v ci tin cht lng sn phm hay dch v. Statistical Quality Control (SQC) - Kim Sot Cht Lng bng Thng K: Xem gii thch trong phn Kim Sot Quy Trnh Bng Thng K (SPC). SPC charts - Biu SPC: Cc biu theo di d liu Kim Sot Quy Trnh Bng Thng K. Tests for normality (Descriptive Statistics, Histograms) - nh Gi c Tnh Phn B: Mt quy trnh thng k dng xc nh liu mt mu hay mt nhm d liu bt k tng thch vi mt phn b chun bnh thng. Cc cng c thng k m t (Descriptive Statistics) v Biu Phn B (Histogram) cho thy hnh dng phn b ca mt tp hp s - vi v tr ca nh trng tm v rng dn tri v hai pha. Time Series Plots - Th Bin ng theo Thi Gian: th thng dng trong vic nghin cu dao ng quy trnh trong cc quan st (d liu) c v ra cho thy xu hng theo thi gian. Cc gii hn kim sot trn v di cng c th c km theo gip nh gi tnh n nh ca quy trnh. Total Quality Management (TQM) - Qun Tr Cht Lng Ton Phn: Mt h thng c cu trc nhm tho mn cc khch hng bn ngoi, bn trong v cc nh cung cp bng cch hp nht mi trng kinh doanh, vic ci tin lin tc v nhng t ph trong vic pht trin, ci tin v duy tr cc chu trnh trong khi thay i vn ho ca t chc. Trend Chart - Biu Xu Hng: Biu dng th hin xu hng ca d liu theo thi gian. Tt c cc quy trnh u dao ng, nn vic nh gi nhng im d liu n l c th to ra sai lch trong nhn nh. Vic trnh by d liu theo thi gian lm tng s hiu bit v mc thc hin tht s ca mt quy trnh, c bit khi c so snh vi mt ch tiu. Variables - Bin s: Dng ni n cc tc nhn u vo (X) vn gy nn cc bin ng cho u ra ca quy trnh. Variation - Dao ng hay Bin Thin: S thay i hay bin ng ca mt c tnh c th, gip xc nh mc n nh hay kh nng c bit trc ca quy trnh; cc dao ng thng chu nh hng bi mi trng, con ngi, my mc/thit b, phng php/th tc, h thng o lng v nguyn vt liu. Vic ci tin quy trnh nhm gim hoc loi b dao ng.
c thm thng tin vui lng lin h: Mekong Capital Ltd Capital Place, Tng 8 6 Thi Vn Lung, Qun 1 Tp. H Ch Minh, Vit Nam Tel. (84 8) 827 3161 Fax: (84 8) 827 3162 e-mail: info@mekongcapital.com web: www.mekongcapital.com
Trang 17 trn 17