XDSL

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Mc lc
Li m u...................................................................................................... 3 Cc ch vit tt .............................................................................................. 5 Chng 1. tng quan cc cng ngh xdsl................................ 10 1.1 Tng quan cc phng thc truy nhp mng ...................................... 10 1.2 Cng ngh xDSL ............................................................................... 14 1.3 Tnh hnh trin khai xDSL trn th gii ...................................... 17
Chng 2. C S K THUT Xdsl........................................................ 20 2.1 Dung lng v t s SNR ca ng dy ng.................................. 20 2.2 Lch s ca cc modem tng t ...................................................... 23 2.3 Nhng k thut tin tin ca xDSL .................................................. 28 2.3.1 Mi trng tp m...................................................................... 28 2.3.2 Cc gii php k thut ca xDSL................................................ 30 2.4 Nhng kh khn v k thut khi trin khai dch v DSL................... 40 2.4.1 Tng thch ph khi trin khai cc cng ngh xDSL................... 40 2.4.2 Kim tra cht lng mch vng .................................................. 43 2.4.3 Lp t thit b DSl ti nh thu bao ............................................ 45 Chng 3. adsl ........................................................................................ 48 3.1 ADSL v ADSL. Lite ....................................................................... 48 3.2 Hin trng chun ho ADSL ....................................................... 52 3.3 Cc gii php k thut trong ADSL .................................................... 54 3.4 ng dng ca ADSL ......................................................................... 58 3.5 M hnh tham chiu ca h thng ADSL ......................................... 59
Chng 4. VDSL ....................................................................................... 63 4.1 Cc vn c bn trong VDSL........................................................ 63 4.2 Cc phng n k thut trong VDSL................................................... 68 4.3 M hnh h thng VDSL ................................................................... 72 4.4 ng dng ca VDSL ....................................................................... 74 http://www.ebook.edu.vn 1
Li m u Chng 5. CC GII PHP dsL KHC ................................................ 76 5.1 HDSL v HDSL2 ............................................................................. 76 5.2 K thut SDSL 5.4 ATM over DSL ............................................................................... 80 .......................................................... 81 .......................... 86 ............................................................................... 84 5.3 Voice over DSL (VoDSL)
5.5 Mt s modem DSL ring ca cc hng sn xut
Chng 6. ng dng adsl/vdsl cho cc dch v ................... 88 6.1 Dch v video theo yu cu VOD ............................................... 88 6.1.1 Gii thiu chung ....................................................................... 88 6.1.2 Cc ng dng ca VOD ............................................................. 89 6.1.3 Tnh hnh cung cp dch v VOD trn th gii ........................... 91 6.2 Gii php k thut cho Video over DSL ...................................... 93 6.2.1 IP/ATM/DSL hay ATM/DSL ...................................................... 93 6.2.2 Kin trc mng Video over DSL .............................................. 95 6.3 Cc vn trong mng truy nhp Vit nam ......................... 100 6.3.1 Hin trng mng thu bao Vit nam ..................................... 101 6.3.2 ADSL/VDSL trong qu trnh cp quang ho mng truy nhp ... 102 6.3.3 Gii php k thut mng VOD v truyn hnh cp qung b cho Bu in H Ni ................................................................ 104 Kt lun ................................................................................................... 108 Ti liu tham kho ..................................................................................... 110
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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T u nhng nm 1990 cc dch v Internet bng n m u cho nhu cu truyn thng s liu tng nhanh. Thi k ny cc modem tng t cn c s dng ph bin truy cp d liu c truyn qua mng PSTN. Tuy nhin, cng ngy cc yu cu ca khch hng cng cao hn v cc modem tng t vi tc thp khng p ng c. Hn na, cc mng PSTN c xy dng phc v cc dch v thoi truyn thng phi i mt vi tnh trng tc nghn trm trng do vic truyn s liu chim thi gian ln hng chc pht. Thc t ny thc y cc nh nghin cu vin thng phi nhanh chng tm ra mt gii php hiu qu cung cp cc dch v bng rng ti khch hng. Trong s cc gii php c a ra, cng ngh ng dy thu bao s DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) ni bt tnh kh thi hn c. Khng nhng p ng c yu cu truyn s liu tc nhanh hng chc Mbit/s v a thng tin qua mng truyn s liu m cng ngh ny cn khng i hi vn u t ban u ln. S d c nhng c tnh hp dn nh vy th nht l do loi b c gii hn bng tn thoi, s dng ton b bng tn hng chc MHz ca i dy ng v p dng cc k thut tin tin tng s bit/baud v thch ng tt vi mi trng truyn dn ca i dy ng. Th hai l do ch hot ng trn i dy ng ca mch vng thu bao nn khi trin khai s tn dng c c s h tng sn c ca mng truy nhp c xy dng rng khp trn th gii t trc ti nay. Chnh v vy m cng ngh DSL c la chn nh mt cng ngh dn u cho vic xy dng mng truy nhp trn ton th gii. Trong giai on hin nay, cc t chc tiu chun quc t v cc nhm lm vic lin quan nh ANSI, ETSI, ITU, UAWG, T1E1.4, ADSL Forum ... ang n lc a ra cc tiu chun chung cho cc cng ngh ny. Trn th gii cc nh khai thc v qun l vin thng cng a cng ngh DSL vo mng ca mnh v d on s thu bao DSL s tng nhanh t 18,7 triu thu bao nm 2002 ti trn 200 triu thu bao vo nm 2005. Theo di qu trnh pht trin cng ngh DSL cho mng truy nhp, ti tt nghip Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s xDSL v ng dng cho cc dch v truyn hnh cp trnh by tng quan v cng ngh DSL. Ngoi ra ti xem xt n kh nng trin khai mt trong nhng ng dng c th ca xDSL l cung cp dch v truyn hnh cp trn a bn H ni. Ni dung ti gm 6 chng nh sau :
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Chng 1 : Gii thiu chung v cng ngh ng dy thu bao s, so snh n vi cc cng ngh truy nhp bng rng khc nh quang v v tuyn v im qua tnh hnh trin khai DSL trn th gii cng nh cc d n pht trin DSL Vit nam. Chng 2 : Trnh by v c s k thut xDSL vi cc vn dung lng truyn dn trn mi trng tp m ca i dy ng, cc gii php k thut nng cao tc truyn s liu v ng thi nu ln cc kh khn khi trin khai dch v DSL nh cht lng i dy ng, mi trng tp m v tnh tng thch ph ca cc dch v. Chng 3 : Gii thiu v cng ngh ADSL l cng ngh c bit n nhiu nht trong h cng ngh xDSL. Cc gii php k thut tin tin c p dng trong cng ngh ny, m hnh tham chiu ca h thng ADSL do ADSL Forum a ra (ging m hnh tham chiu ca ITU-T trong khuyn ngh G.992.1), tnh trng chun ho v ng dng ca ADSL. Ngoi ra cn nu nhng u im mi trong phin bn rt gn l ADSL.Lite. Chng 4 : Gii thiu v cng ngh VDSL l cng ngh t tc truyn dn cao nht trong h xDSL. y cp ti nhng c trng ring v mi trng truyn dn, kh nng kt hp vi cu hnh phn b cp si quang ti gn thu bao cng vi cc gii php k thut v m hnh tham chiu h thng do ANSI a ra cng nh cc ng dng ca n. Chng 5 : Trnh by v cc gii php DSL khc gm cc cng ngh HDSL, HDSL2, IDSL, SDSL, dch v Voice over DSL, cu hnh mng ATM over DSL v mt s tn modem thuc cng ngh DSL nh : RADSL, CDSL, MDSL, G.shdsl, Etherloop. Chng 6 : Gii thiu v mt loi dch v bng rng ang xut hin rng ri l cc dch v Video theo yu cu (Video on Demand) v vic la chn giao thc ti u cho cc lp trn cung cp dch v ny qua ng dy DSL, kin trc mng Video over DSL in hnh. Cui cng l cc vn trong mng truy nhp Vit nam v gii php c la chn trin khai dch v truyn hnh cp qung b cho Bu in H ni. Do hn ch v thi gian v nng lc nn ni dung ca n tt nghip ny khng trnh khi nhng sai st, em mong c thy c v cc bn quan tm gp thm. Em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio L Duy Tin tn tnh hng dn em hon thnh n tt nghip ny. Cm n Vin KHKT Bu in, Bu in H ni
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v trung tm VDC cung cp ti liu v hng dn v chuyn mn cho em trong qu trnh lm ti.
Cc ch vit tt
2B1Q AAL ADC ADSL AM AMI ANSI ATM ATM 25 ATU ATU-C ATU-R AWGN Backbone 2-binary, 1Quaternary ATM Adaptaion Layer Analog Digital Conversion Asymmetric DSL Amplitude Modulation Alternate Mark Inversion American National Standards Institute Asynchronous Transfer Mode M 2B1Q Lp thch ng ATM B chuyn i tng t-s Dy thu bao s khng i xng iu ch bin M o du lun phin Vin tiu chun quc gia M
Bit/s BER BRA BRI Bridge tap
CAP CATV CDMA CLEC CO
Phng thc truyn dn khng ng b Asynchronous Transfer Mode Mt phin bn ATM 25 Mbit/s 25Mbit/s ADSL Transmission Unit Khi truyn dn ADSL ADSL Transmission Unit-CO Khi truyn dn ADSL pha tng i ADSL Transmission UnitKhi truyn dn ADSL pha thu Remote bao xa Add White Gauss Noise Nhiu tp m Gauss trng cng H thng truyn thng kt ni nhiu thit b mng vi nhau c tc truyn dn cao bit per second Bit trn giy Bit error rate T l li bit Basic Rate Access S truy cp tc c s Basic Rate Interface Giao din tc c s Cu ni r l nhnh ca i dy xon khng kt cui c a vo m rng mch vng thu bao Carrierless Aplitude Phase iu ch bin pha khng s modulation dng sng mang Cable television Truyn hnh cp Code Division Multiple K thut a truy nhp phn knh Access theo m Competitive Local Exchange Cng ty vin thng ni ht cnh Carrier tranh Central Offices Trung tm chuyn mch hoc tng 5
Li m u i ni ht CPE CustomerPremises Thit b kt cui truyn thng ti Equipment nh thu bao DBS Direct Broadcast Satellite H thng qung b trc tip t v tinh DCS Digital Cross-connect System H thng ni cho s DLC Digital Loop Carrier H thng truyn dn s trn mch vng thu bao DMT Discrete Multitone iu ch a m tn ri rc DSL Digital Subscriber Line ng dy thu bao s DSLAM DSL Access Module Khi ghp knh truy nhp DSL DWDM Density WaveDivision Ghp knh phn chia theo bc Multiplexing sng mt cao DWMT Discrete Wavelet Multitone iu ch a tn sng ri rc E1 ng truyn tc 2,048 Mbit/s theo tiu chun chu u EC Echo Canceller Thit b kh ting vng ETSI European Vin tiu chun Vin thng Chu Telecommunications u Standard Institute Fast-retrain Th tc c thit lp gia cc modem G.Lite m bo tc hot ng tt nht theo trng thi ng dy FCC Federal Communications U ban Vin thng lin bang M Commision trc thuc chnh ph a ra cc qui nh cho ngnh cng nghip vin thng, v tuyn v truyn hnh FDD Frequency Division Phng thc truyn dn song cng Duplexed phn chia theo tn s FDM Frequency Division Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s Modullation FEC Forward Error Correction Sa li trc FEXT Far End Crosstalk Xuyn m u xa FSAN Full Service Access Network Mng truy nhp y dch v FSK Frequency Shift Keying Kho pha theo tn s FSN Full Service Network Mng truyn thng cung cp c dch v bng rng v dch v bng hp FTTB Fiber To The Building Cp quang n to nh FTTCab Fiber To The Carbinet Cp quang n Cabinet FTTC Fiber To The Curb Cp quang ti cm dn c FTTH Fiber To The Home Cp quang ti tn nh thu bao http://www.ebook.edu.vn 6
Li m u FTTO FTTEx Guardband Handshake HDSL HDTV HFC HPF HPPI HTU-C Hub HTU-R IEEE ILEC IP IDSL ISDN ISI ISP ITU IVOD LAN LMDS LPF LTU MDF MDSL MMDS MPEG Fiber To The Office Fiber to the Exchange Cp quang ti cc c quan nh Cp quang n tng i Bng tn bo v Th tc bt tay ng dy thu bao s tc bit cao Truyn hnh phn gii cao Mng lai cp ng trc B lc thng cao Giao din song song hiu nng cao n v u cui tc bit cao thuc tng i Khi trung tm n v u cui tc bit cao thuc thu bao xa Hip hi k s in v in t Cng ty vin thng ni ht c quyn Giao thc Internet Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s tc 128 kbit/s Mng s a dch v Nhiu giao thoa gia cc k t Nh cung cp dch v Internet T chc vin thng quc t Dch v video theo yu cu tng tc Mng cc b H thng phn b a im ni ht B lc thng thp Khi kt cui ng dy Gi phi dy chnh ng dy thu bao s a tc H thng phn phi a im a knh Nhm chuyn gia hnh nh ng
High-bit-rate DSL High Definition Television Hybrid Fiber-Coax High Pass Filter High Performance Parallel Interface High-bit-rate Terminal unit Central office High-bit-rate Terminal unit Remote Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier Internet Protocol IDSN DSL Intergrated Services Digital Network InterSymbol Interference Internet Service Provider Interntional Telecommunications Union Interactive Video On Demand Local Area Network Local Multipoint Distribution System Low Pass Filter Line Terminal Unit Main Distribution Frame Multirate Digital Subscriber Line Multichanel Multipoint Distribution System Motion Picture Experts Group
Li m u MODEM MUX NEXT NIC NID NRZ NSP NT NTU NVOD ONU PAM PBX PON POTS PPP PRA PRI PSD PSTN QAM QoS QPSK RADSL RJ.45 RF RFI RT SDSL SNR SVC SYN TCM TDD TDM UTP Modulation/Demodulation Multiplexer Near End Crosstalk Network Interface Card Network Interface Device Non Return Zeror Network Service Provider Network Termination Network Termination Unit Near Video On Demand Optical Network Unit Pulse Amplitude Modulatedtion Private Branch Exchange Pasive Optical Network Plain Old Telephone Service Piont-to-Point Protocoll Primary Rate Access Prymary Rate Interface Power Spectral Density Public Switch Telephone Network Quarature Amplitude Modullation Quality of Service Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Rate AdaptiveDigital Subscriber Line Radio Frequency Radio Frequency Interference Remote Terminal Single pair DSL Signal Noise Ratio Switched Virtual Channel Synchronization Symbol Trellis Code Modulation Time Division Duplexed Time Division Multiplexing Unshielded Twisted Pair iu ch/gii iu ch B ghp knh Xuyn m u gn Card giao din mng Thit b giao din mng M ng truyn NRZ Nh cung cp dch v mng Kt cui mng Khi kt cui mng Dch v video gn theo yu cu n v mng quang iu ch bin xung Tng i c quan (ni b) Mng quang th ng Dch v thoi thng thng Giao thc im ni im Truy cp tc s cp Giao din tc s cp Mt ph cng sut Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng iu ch bin cu phng Cht lng ca dch v Kho dch pha cu phng n dy thu bao s thch ng tc Modul kt ni 8 dy tiu chun Tn s v tuyn Nhiu tn s v tuyn Thit b u cui xa Mch vng thu bao s mt i si T s tn hiu trn nhiu Knh chuyn mch o K hiu ng b iu ch c m ho li Phng thc truyn dn song cng phn chia theo thi gian Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian i dy xon khng bc kim 8
Li m u VC VDSL VoD VoDSL VTU-O VTU-R WLL xDSL Virtual Channel Very High-speed DSL Video on Demand Voice overDSL VDSL Termination UnitCenter Office VDSL Termination UnitRemote Subsriber Wireless Local Loop x Digital Subscriber Loop Knh o Mng thu bao s tc rt cao Video theo yu cu Dch v thoi qua DSL Khi u cui VDSL pha tng i Khi u cui VDSL pha khch hng Mch vng v tuyn ni ht H cng ngh ng dy thu bao s
Chng 1 Chng 1
tng quan cc cng ngh xdsl

1.1 Tng quan cc phng thc truy nhp mng Ngy nay, nhu cu ca khch hng v cc dch v bng rng ang tng nhanh. Nhng khch hng l cc doanh nghip thng yu cu cc dch v bng rng tng tc nh : truy nhp Internet tc cao, hi ngh truyn hnh, video theo yu cu. Cn nhng khch hng thng thng th yu cu cc dch v khng tng tc nh phim theo yu cu, truyn hnh s... iu ny thc y cc cng ty vin thng nhanh chng trin khai cc gii php phn phi dch v bng rng ti khch hng c hiu qu nht. Vn kh khn nm trn nhng kilomet cui ti thu bao s dng cc i dy ng c trang b t xa ti nay cung cp cc dch v PSTN cho khch hng trn khp th gii. Mng truy nhp PSTN ch cung cp mt bng tn thoi hn hp 0,33,4 kHz vi tc truyn s liu ti a l 56 kbit/s nn khng p ng c vic truyn ti cc khi d liu ln c ni dung phong ph km hnh nh sng ng. gii quyt vn ny nhiu k thut truy nhp bng rng c a ra xem xt : + K thut truy nhp mch vng cp ng hay c gi l k thut ng dy thu bao s (DSL: Digital Subscriber Line) xut hin t u nhng nm 1980. Thc ra y l mt h cc cng ngh thng c gi l cc cng ngh xDSL, ch x th hin cho cc cng ngh DSL khc nhau nh : ADSL, HDSL, VDSL... y l cc k thut truy nhp im ti im kt ni gia thu bao v tng i trung tm cho php truyn ti nhiu dng thng tin s liu m thanh, hnh nh qua i dy ng truyn thng. Gii php ca xDSL l s dng di tn ln hn pha trn di tn m dch v thoi s dng v vy bng thng truyn dn cao hn. Trn , ngi ta s dng cc phng php m ho khc nhau c th truyn c tc d liu rt cao. Tc ca ng dy xDSL tu thuc thit b s dng, khong cch t tng i ti thu bao, cht lng tuyn cp, k thut m ho ... Thng thng k thut ny cho php hu ht khch hng truyn t tc 128 kbit/s ti 1,5 Mbit/s. Vi k thut mi
Chng 1 nht VDSL cho php truyn s liu vi tc ln ti 52 Mbit/s theo hng t tng
PSTN
CO
CO
Trm mt t Dy ng / xDSL i dy ng / VDSL

ONU
Cp ng trc
Hnh 1.1 Cc phng thc truy nhp bng rng

i xung thu bao. im ni bt ca k thut xDSL l tn dng c c s h tng cp ng ph bin trn th gii nn n mau chng chuyn t giai on th nghim sang th trng thng mi rng ln p ng nhu cu phn phi cc dch v bng rng ti ngi s dng. in hnh l M- th trng DSL ln nht hin nay, vo cui nm 2000 c gn 200 triu ng dy truy nhp c nh c lp t. Trong c 50% tc gn 100 triu ng dy cung cp dch v DSL v ngi ta c tnh con s ny s tng ln n 70% (khong 140 triu ng dy) vo nm 2004 [7]. Mt trong cc l do pht trin nhy vt ca th trng DSL M l s kin sa i iu l hot ng vin thng ca quc hi M vo nm 1996 cho php cc cng ty vin thng cnh tranh CLEC s dng nhng iu kin truy nhp nh cc cng ty c quyn s hu mng truyn ti ni ht ILEC cung cp cc ng truy nhp tc cao cho dch v ca mnh. V vy to c hi cho nhng cng ty cnh tranh thu c s h tng ca ILEC m khng cn u t xy dng nn chi ph dch v gim xung thu ht nhiu khch hng hn. Ngoi ra, khi vn
Chng 1
u t xy dng mng truy nhp s dng cp quang qu tn km th cng ngh ny thu ht s ch ca nhiu nh sn xut thit b vin thng, cc c quan qung b pht thanh truyn hnh, cc nh khai thc dch v, cc cng ty in thoi ni ht to nn s cnh tranh lm gim chi ph thit b v gi c dch v. Mt yu t gp phn thc y s pht trin v hon thin ca cng ngh ny l s ra i cc tiu chun chung cho hot ng ca xDSL do t chc vin thng quc t ITU v nhiu t chc tiu chun, nhm lm vic khc a ra.
+ K thut truy nhp cp si quang c cc u im mnh so vi cp ng. Si cp quang cho php tn hiu truyn qua c c ly xa hn, kh nng chng nhiu v xuyn m tt, bng tn truyn dn rt ln m bo vic cung cp cc dch v bng rng ti khch hng. Nh vy mng truy nhp cp quang l ch cui cng ca cc nh qun l v khai thc vin thng. Tuy nhin vic xy dng mt mng truy nhp s dng cp quang i hi s u t ban u rt ln. Vic thay th ton b c s h tng sn c gm hng ngn i dy ng cng cc h thng cng b cha s dng ht khu hao s phi tnh vo gi thnh cho cc dch v mi cung cp. Hn na nhu cu s dng ca mi thu bao khng tn dng ht kh nng ca 1 i si cp quang nn s gy lng ph. Do vy, phng n lp t cp quang ti tng cm dn c (FTTC) hoc ti cc to nh (FTTB), cc tr s c quan ln (FTTO) c ngha hn. Tn hiu s t cc nh cung cp dch v truyn qua cc tuyn trc chnh ti cc tng i trung tm. T y tn hiu i theo phn mng quang ti im phn phi chuyn i sang tn hiu in ri c truyn trn i dy cp ng ti thu bao. Cng ngh VDSL ph hp vi on dy ng ngn cho php truyn ti lung thng tin t phn mng quang ti mi thu bao l 52 Mbit/s v lung ln l 2,3Mbit/s/thu bao. Nh vy, vic tn ti on cp ng cui l mt yu t thc y s pht trin ca cng ngh xDSL. Phng n s dng cp ng trc truyn tn hiu t phn kt cui mng quang ONU ti thu bao trong cu hnh HFC cng c s dng nhiu nc ( H ni cng ang trong giai on th nghim). Mng lai ghp quang/cp ng trc ny s dng bng tn t 0-50 MHz cho hng ln v 50-750 MHz cho hng xung cung cp gn mt trm knh truyn dn tc cao (6 MHz mi knh) phn phi cc lung video tng t, s, thoi, d liu ti ngi s dng. Tuy nhin HFC phn phi d liu qung b tc l cp ng trc c th phn phi nhiu knh video ti mt vng dn c nhng cng mt thng tin. Khi dng chung cho http://www.ebook.edu.vn 3
Chng 1 nhiu ngi s dng th bng thng ca mi knh trong HFC khng cao bng DSL. DSL phn phi d liu ring ti tng ngi s dng nn linh hot hn. Hn na cc nc cha c sn mng cp ng trc th vic xy dng h thng ny cng i hi chi ph u t cao. + K thut truy nhp v tuyn cung cp dch v bng rng c nhiu loi khc nhau. LMDS - h thng phn b a im ni ht l mt k thut cung cp cc dch v a phng tin hai hng gm c thoi v s liu tc cao. H thng ny cho php nhng nh cung cp dch v xa, khng c c s h tng c th cung cp mt cch truy nhp c hiu qu kinh t ti khch hng. LMDS s dng di tn 1 GHz trong bng tn t 27,528,35 GHz, phm vi phc v trong vng bn knh 36 km. MMDS - h thng phn b a im a knh cng l mt loi mng bng rng tng t LMDS nhng hot ng tn s 2,4 GHz. H thng ny c th cung cp 33 knh TV tng t ti cc thu bao trong bn knh 40-48 km t trm pht. Nu tn hiu video c s ho v nn th s knh cung cp c th ln ti 100 hoc 150 knh. Cng nh LMDS, MMDS yu cu anten thu ti nh thu bao phi trong tm nhn thng vi trm pht. DBS - h thng qung b trc tip t v tinh l th h tip theo ca cc dch v truyn hnh qung b nh v tinh. H thng DBS s dng k thut nn MPEG-2 cho tn hiu video s lm tng hiu qu s dng bng tn. Kch thc anten ti nh khch hng gim i, cht lng m thanh v hnh nh tt hn. B set-top box ti nh khch hng ngoi vic chuyn i tn hiu s sang analog cn c trang b nhiu tnh nng thng minh cung cp nhiu dch v mi nh truyn hnh tng tc v thng tin theo yu cu. Mch vng thu bao v tuyn WLL cng l mt gii php c s dng nhiu ni trn th gii. WLL c u im l lp t trin khai nhanh chng, d thay i cu hnh lp t li pha thu bao, d trin khai nhng khu vc c a hnh him tr. Tuy nhin chi ph cho mt thu bao vn cao hn so vi cp ng v dung lng b hn ch theo di tn c cung cp bi c quan qun l tn s. Nhng nhc im m k thut truy nhp v tuyn khng c la chn lm gii php mng truy nhp hin nay l : kh p ng yu cu truyn thng 2 chiu, kh trin khai trong vng th. Cc h thng LMDS/MMDS th chu nhiu nh hng ca thi tit d h hi do ma, bo, sm, st... tng vng
Chng 1 ph sng ca h thng DBS yu cu phi tng s v tinh tuy nhin v tr ca chng l mt vn kh khn cho cc nh cung cp dch v, gi thnh v tinh cao. Cc h thng ny cn thiu cc chun chung nn khng th mua mt a v tinh ca mt hng s dng vi mt h thng khc. Thm ch vi cng mt hng cng phi mua cc a v tinh khc nhau cho cc dch v s liu v truyn hnh qung b. WLL ch em li nhiu u im khi trin khai nhng vng dn c tha tht, tn dng c nhng trm gc c sn. Vi li th tn dng mng li cp ng ang tn ti rng khp trn th gii khng i hi vn t ban u qu ln vi cc k thut ang ngy cng hon thin nhm cung cp cho khch hng mi dch v bng rng theo yu cu vi gi c hp l nn cng ngh xDSL ang thc s tr thnh s la chn s 1 cho cc nh cung cp dch v trong giai on hin nay. 1.2 Cng ngh xDSL: xDSL l mt h cng ngh ng dy thu bao s gm nhiu cng ngh c tc , khong cch truyn dn khc nhau nn c ng dng vo cc dch v khc nhau. Bng 1.1 s lit k cc loi cng ngh v tnh cht ca tng loi. Theo hng ng dng ca cc cng ngh th c th phn thnh 3 nhm chnh nh sau : + Cng ngh HDSL truyn dn hai chiu i xng gm HDSL/HDSL2 c chun ho v nhng phin bn khc nh : SDSL, MDSL, IDSL. + Cng ngh ADSL truyn dn hai chiu khng i xng gm ADSL/ADSL. Lite (G.Lite) c chun ho v cc cng ngh khc nh CDSL, Etherloop, + Cng ngh VDSL cung cp c dch v truyn dn i xng v khng i xng. Bng 1.1: Cc cng ngh DSL
Khong cch Cng ngh IDSL Tc Truyn dn 144 Kb/s i xng 5km S i dy ng s dng 1 i
Chng 1
1,544Mb/s i xng HDSL 2,048Mb/s i xng 3,6 km 4,5 km
2 i 3 i
1,544Mb/s i xng HDSL2 2,048 Mb/s i xng 768kb/s i xng 7 km SDSL 1,544Mb/s hoc 3 km 2,048 Mb/s mt chiu 1,5- 8 Mb/s lung xung ADSL 1,544 Mb/s lung ln 26 Mb/s i xng 300 m 1,5 km VDSL 1352 Mb/s lung xung (tu tc ) 1,5-2,3 Mb/s lung ln 1 i 5km (tc cng cao th khong cch cng ngn ) 1 i 3,6 km 4,5 km 1 i
1 i
IDSL: (ISDN DSL) : Ngay t u nhng nm 1980, tng v mt ng dy thu bao s cho php truy nhp mng s a dch v tch hp (ISDN) hnh thnh. DSL lm vic vi tuyn truyn dn tc 160 Kb/s tng ng vi lng ti tin l 144 Kb/s (2B+D). Trong IDSL, mt u u ni ti tng i trung tm bng mt kt cui ng dy LT (Line Termination), u kia ni ti thu bao bng thit b kt cui mng NT (Network Termination). cho php truyn dn song cng ngi ta s dng k thut kh ting vng. IDSL cung cp cc dch v nh : Hi ngh truyn hnh, ng dy thu ring (leased line), cc hot ng thng mi, truy cp Internet/Intranet. HDSL/HDSL 2: Cui nhng nm 80, nh tin b trong x l tn hiu s thc y s pht trin ca cng ngh ng dy thu bao s truyn tc d liu cao HDSL (High data rate DSL). Cng ngh ny s dng 2 i dy ng cung cp dch v T1 (1,544 Mb/s), 3 i dy cung cp dch v E1 (2,048 Mb/s) khng cn b lp. S dng m ng truyn 2B1Q tng t s bit/baud thu pht i xng; mi i dy truyn mt na dung lng tc 784 Kb/s http://www.ebook.edu.vn 6
Chng 1 nn khong cch truyn xa hn v s dng k thut kh ting vng phn bit tn hiu thu pht. Khi nhu cu truy nhp cc dch v i xng tc cao tng ln, k thut HDSL th h th 2 ra i p ng nhu cu truyn T1, E1 ch trn mt i dy ng vi mt b thu pht nn c nhiu u im : hot ng nhiu tc khc nhau, s dng m ng truyn hiu qu hn m 2B1Q, khong cch truyn dn xa hn, chng nhiu tt hn, c kh nng tng thch ph vi cc dch v DSL khc. Do s dng c tn s thoi nn khng cung cp ng thi c dch v thoi nhng cng ngh ny c s dng rng ri cho cc dch v i xng trong mng ni ht thay th cc ng trung k T1, E1 m khng cn s dng b lp, kt ni cc mng LAN. SDSL : Cng ngh DSL mt i dy (Single pair DSL) truyn i xng tc 784 Kb/s trn mt i dy, ghp knh thoi v s liu trn cng mt ng dy, s dng m 2B1Q. Cng ngh ny cha c cc tiu chun thng nht nn khng c ph bin cho cc dch v tc cao. SDSL ch c ng dng trong vic truy cp trang Web, ti nhng tp d liu v thoi ng thi vi tc 128 Kb/s vi khong cch nh hn 6,7 Km v tc ti a l 1024 Kb/s trong khong 3,5 Km. ADSL: Cng ngh DSL khng i xng (Asymmetric DSL)c pht trin t u nhng nm 90 khi xut hin cc nhu cu truy nhp Internet tc cao, cc dch v trc tuyn, video theo yu cu... ADSL cung cp tc truyn dn khng i xng ln ti 8 Mb/s lung xung (t tng i trung tm ti khch hng) v 16- 640 Kb/s lung ln (t pha khch hng ti tng i) nhng khong cch truyn dn gim i. Mt u im ni bt ca ADSL l cho php khch hng s dng ng thi mt ng dy thoi cho c 2 dch v : thoi v s liu v ADSL truyn min tn s cao (4400 Hz1MHz) nn khng nh hng ti tn hiu thoi. Cc b lc c t hai u mch vng tch tn hiu thoi v s liu theo mi hng. Mt dng ADSL mi gi l ADSL lite hay ADSL khng s dng b lc xut hin t u nm 1998 ch yu cho ng dng truy cp Internet tc cao. K thut ny khng i hi b lc pha thu bao nn gi thnh thit b v chi ph lp t gim i tuy nhin tc lung xung ch cn 1,5 Mb/s. Cng ngh ny c xem xt k trong chng 3.
Chng 1 VDSL: Cng ngh DSL tc d liu rt cao (Very high data rate DSL) l cng ngh ph hp cho kin trc mng truy nhp s dng cp quang ti cm dn c. VDSL truyn tc d liu cao qua cc ng dy ng xon i khong cch ngn. Tc lung xung ti a t ti 52 Mb/s trong chiu di 300 m. Vi tc lung xung thp 1,5 Mb/s th chiu di cp t ti 3,6 Km. Tc lung ln trong ch khng i xng l 1,6- 2,3 Mb/s. Trong VDSL, c hai knh s liu u hot ng tn s cao hn tn s s dng cho thoi v ISDN nn cho php cung cp cc dch v VDSL bn cnh cc dch v ang tn ti. Khi cn tng tc lung xung hoc ch i xng th h thng VDSL s dng k thut xo ting vng. ng dng cng ngh VDSL trong truy cp dch v bng rng nh dch v Internet tc cao, cc chng trnh Video theo yu cu. 1.3 Tnh hnh trin khai xDSL trn th gii : Trn th gii hin nay c khong 725 triu ng truy nhp l i dy ng kt ni ti cc h gia nh cng nh cc khch hng thng mi. C s h tng ny l iu kin cc cng ty vin thng trin khai cng ngh xDSL v m ra mt k nguyn mi cho truy nhp bng rng trn ton th gii. Hin nay k thut xDSL c pht trin mnh m do cc thit b trn th trng hot ng tng thch vi nhau do c nhng tiu chun chung, gi thnh thit b gim nhanh chng ng thi nhng tin b k thut mi cho php ngi s dng t lp t thit b ti nh, gim chi ph dch v. Trong cuc hp ca DSL Forum ti Rome vo thng 3/2002 cho thy DSL c chp nhn nh mt k thut truy nhp bng rng dn u trn th gii vi tng s thu bao ln ti 18,7 triu khch hng (bng 1.2). Ngi ta d on s thu bao ny cn tng nhanh v t ti 200 triu thu bao vo nm 2005. Bng 1.2 S lng thu bao DSL trn th gii nm 2002 [28]
Tng s thu bao DSL S lng thu bao nh ring % thu bao S lng nh ring so thu bao l vi tng s doanh nghip ngi dng % doanh nghip so vi tng ngi dng
Khu vc
Chng 1
Chu -Thi bnh dng Bc m Ty u ng Nam Chu M latinh ng u Khu vc Trung ng v chu Phi 7,949,000 5,510,000 4,232,000 499,000 380,000 53,000 6,970,000 4,267,000 3,523,000 374,000 271,000 32,000 87.7 77.4 83.2 75 71.3 60.4 979,000 1,242,000 709,000 125,000 110,000 21,000 12.3 22.6 16.8 25 28.7 39.6
48,000
37,000
77
11,000
23
Ton th gii 18,671,000
15,473,000
82.9
3,196,000
17.1
8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000
7,949,000
5,510,000
Thu bao DSL
5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0
4,232,000
499,000 380,000
53,000 48,000
Chu Bc M Ty u NA M latinh ng u T-Chu Phi TBD
Hnh 1.2 S thu bao DSL trn th gii
Chng 1 Ti Vit nam, cc dch v DSL cng tng bc c trin khai. Ch yu l dch v HDSL c s dng trong cc ng E1ca mng truyn s liu. Tuy nhin cc nhu cu truy nhp Internet tc cao v cc dch v video theo yu cu ang tng nhanh gp phn thc y cc dch v ADSL mau chng c trin khai. Hin nay VDC ang c k hoch trin khai mng DSL ti nm tnh thnh l H ni, TP HCM, Nng, ng Nai, Bnh Dng. Theo d kin, trong giai on u mi trin khai mng th cc khch hng ch yu s l cc thu bao knh thu ring (leased) hoc c nhu cu tng t . Tuy nhin, do mng DSL ch c th p ng c cc thu bao di 2M nn c tnh s thu bao leased n nm 2003 c th nh bng 1.3. Khi trin khai trn thc t c th s lng thu bao cn cao hn nhiu do mc gi thu bao v ci t DSL c th thp hn mc gi leased line truyn thng. Chi ph u t cho d n ny khong 700.000 USD. Bng 1.3 D kin s lng thu bao xDSL theo s lng thu bao leased line.[29]
2001 n v Leased (64-2M) 88 135 9 7 5 244 DSL 2002 Leased (64-2M) 250 355 36 22 14 678 DSL 2003 Leased (64-2M) 1203 1198 81 51 36 2569 DSL
H ni TP HCM Nng ng Nai Bnh Dng Tng s
14 21 2 2 1 40
38 54 6 4 3 105
181 180 13 8 6 388
Ti H ni phng n trin khai dch v truyn hnh cp s dng cng ngh ADSL/VDSL cng c xy dng vi s thu bao d kin l : Bng 1.4 D kin s lng thu bao truyn hnh cp[23]
Nm 2002 Nm 2003 Nm 2004 Nm 2005 Nm 2010
10
Chng 1
Nhu cu 71.000 142.000 213.000 50% s h dn HN 90%s h dn HN 90% s h dn HN v mt s h tnh ln cn
D kin trin khai 20.000 thc t
50.000
100.000
50% s h dn HN
Bi vy, vic nm bt kin thc c bn, kh nng ng dng ca cng ngh xDSL l iu rt cn thit trong giai on hin nay.
11
Chng 1
CHNG 2
C S K THUT Xdsl
i dy ng truyn tn hiu thoi l phng tin truyn thng ph bin nht trn th gii. Nhiu nm qua, cc nh nghin cu vin thng tm cch pht trin cc k thut nng cao bng thng v tin cy truyn tin ca i dy ng c th truyn s liu vi tc cao. Trong chng ny, ta xem xt cc gii php c a ra khc phc nhng yu t hn ch tc ca chng v nhng k thut tin tin ca xDSL t n tc hng chc Mbit/s. Trc ht l xem xt hai tnh nng c bn ca h thng truyn dn i dy ng xon i : dung lng v tin cy truyn tin.
2.1 Dung lng v t s SNR ca ng dy ng:
T nm 1948, Claude Shannon a l thuyt dung lng knh: Dung lng ca mt knh c rng bng tn B (Hz) b nhiu bi tp m trng cng Gauss AWGN v gii hn trong bng tn B, c xc nh nh sau:
S C = B log2 1 + N
(2.1)
Trong C (bit/s) l dung lng knh, S/N l t s cng sut tn hiu trn cng sut tp m trong bng thng . Cng thc ny cho thy c th t dung lng knh ln bng cch tng B v SNR. Dung lng ca ng truyn dn s c nh gi bng hiu sut s dng rng bng tn. Vic nghin cu cc k thut s dng hiu qu bng tn nhm t c hai mc tiu chnh l t c hiu sut s dng bng tn cc i v mc cng sut pht tn hiu nh nht (tc t s S/N nh nht knh b nhiu AWGN). Hiu sut s dng bng tn cng c gi l hiu sut s dng ph tn. Hiu sut s dng ph tn c nh ngha bng t s gia tc s liu R (bit/s) vi rng bng tn B (Hz).
=
R B
bit/s/Hz
(2.2)
12
Chng 1 Hai nhn t chnh hn ch hiu qu s dng ph tn ca h thng truyn dn s l giao thoa gia cc k hiu ISI v tp m. ISI xa ra khi tn hiu thu b mo do hn ch bng tn ca knh truyn dn. Sn sau ca xung trc ko di chng ln ln sn trc ca xung sau lm thay i bin ca tn hiu thu. Khi nhng thay i qu cao s lm mc ngng logic u thu a ra nhng quyt nh sai. S hn ch bng tn c th biu din bi hm truyn t ca b lc thng thp l tng. Khi pht mt xung vo b lc ny th ph ca xung nhn c u ra b lc c dng hm ch nht nh sau:
f H ( f ) = 2f o (2.3), trong o l tn s ct.
Thc hin bin i Fourier ngc ta nhn c p ng u ra:

h(t) = 2 f o sinc(2 f ot ) (2.4)
h(t)
t
-1T b 0 Tb 2T b 3T b 4T b
ISI=0 ISI=0 ISI=0 ISI=0
ISI=0 ISI=0
Hnh 2.1 p ng u ra ca b lc thng thp l tng khi u vo l mt dy xung kim chu k T b

Dng ca p ng ny nh hnh 2.1. Ngoi tr gi tr nh ti trung tm cc im khng s xut hin mi thi im tk = kTb = k/(2B) vi k l s nguyn dng khc khng, khong cch Tb = 1/(2B) gi l khong Nyquist. Nu cc http://www.ebook.edu.vn 13
Chng 1 xung c pht i cch nhau mt khong Nyquist th trnh c nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu. Nu khong cch gia cc xung T nh hn Tb th s chng ln ca cc xung ny lm u thu khng th phn bit c chng. Ngha l i vi tn hiu nh phn bng gc, iu kin R=1/Tb=2B m bo trnh c nhiu ISI. Hiu sut s dng ph tn t c =R/B=2 bit/s/Hz. Trong thc t rt kh thc hin c b lc thng thp l tng c sn xung vung gc ti tn s ct o = B nh vy. gii quyt vn ny ngi ta xy dng mt b lc c c tnh tun theo nguyn l xp chng c tnh i xng kiu hm l ng vi tn s ct o vi c tnh ca b lc thng thp l tng. Hnh 2.2 biu din cc c tnh ca cc b lc ny.
(a) B lc l tng f0
f 0(1- ) f 0
-3T0 -2T0 -T0 0 T0 2T0 3T0

f 0(1+)
(b) hm l i xng
(c) B lc dc cosin tng

f 0(1- ) f 0 f 0(1+)
Hnh 2.2 Cc c tnh v p ng xung kim ca b lc tho mn nh l Nyquist

B lc ny vn m bo khng c nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu ti tn s f = B (1+). Tuy nhin bng thng c tng thm B, vi l h s dc (rolloff factor), 0 1. Kt qu l hiu sut s dng ph tn gim xung, = 2/(1+) bit/s/Hz , 1 2. B lc Nyquist ny cn c gi l b lc c c tnh dc cosin tng. H s dc thng nhn gi tr 1/3, hiu sut s dng ph tn = 1,5 bit/s/Hz. Thm vo hiu sut ny cn b gim khi
14
Chng 1 lung s c a vo iu ch theo mt sng mang hnh sin. Phng php iu ch thng c s dng l QAM iu ch c hai bin tn nn rng bng thng tng gp 2 so vi bng thng ca tn hiu bng gc. Do , vic kt hp b lc Nyquist vi iu ch QAM s lm gim hiu sut s dng bng tn =1/(1+) bit/s/Hz; 0,5 1 bit/s/Hz (vi =1/3, =0,75bit/Hs/z). Do hiu sut thp nn ch modem u tin V.21 mi s dng truyn dn nh phn cn nhng modem mi hn u s dng iu ch hoc tn hiu nhiu mc. Nhng m ng nhiu mc c hiu sut s dng bng thng ln hn. V d m 3 mc hay tam phn nh : AMI, HDBn v mBnT; m 4 mc nh mBnQ; m Miler l trng hp ngoi l ca m 2 mc biu din bit 1 l mt s chuyn dch gia khong bit v bit 0 th khng c s chuyn dch, nu c 3 bit 0 lin tip th cui bt th 2 c mt s chuyn dch. Ph cng sut ca nhng m ny hp hn ph cng sut ca m NRZ cng tc c bit l m Miler. Do bng thng c hn ch di mc gii hn Nyquist B <R/2 nn >2 bit/s/Hz. Nu m NRZ vt qua tc Nyquist th ISI tng mnh lm sai hot ng ca ngng logic nhng vi nhng m gi tam phn o du xen k th thnh phn mt chiu b trit tiu nn ISI vn mc n nh. T nh lut Shannon c th thy khng th tng mi tc knh thng tin bng cc phng php iu ch tn hiu nhiu mc v mc d c th tng s bit/baud nhng s dn ti kh phn bit cc mc tn hiu u thu nn t s SNR khng cao. Trong tn hiu nhiu mc, mt chui m- bit lin tip din t duy nht mt mc bin trong s M = 2m mc. So vi tiu chun Nyquist, tc baud gim 1/Ts=1/(mTb) nn cn mt bng thng hp hn m ln, B =1/(2mTs) Hz. Trong Ts= mTb l chu k ca k hiu m-bit. Mi mc tn hiu li mang m =log2M bits, do hiu qu s dng bng tn ca h thng s dng tn hiu M mc l = log2M(1+) (tnh c nh hng ca b lc Nyquist v iu ch s). T cng thc ca nh lut Shannon-Hartley rt ra hiu qu bng thng ln nht c th t c l: = log2(1+ S/N) bit/s/Hz trong S/N l t s gia cng sut pht tn hiu v cng sut nhiu. Bin tn hiu cc i l
S + N do s mc tn hiu c th phn bit c l :
15
Chng 1
M = S+N N = 1+ S N
(2.5)
thng thng S/N=30dB th hiu qu s dng ph tn ca knh thoi c gii hn l 10bit/s/Hz.

2.2 Lch s ca cc modem tng t
Modem V.21 (1964) ra i sm nht ngay khi c nhng tiu chun quc t v modem. Modem V.21 s dng k thut kho dch tn FSK 300b/s. K thut ny chng nhiu tt nhng yu cu 2 sng mang cho mi hng truyn dn (cho 1 v 0) nn khng hiu qu v bng thng. Modem V.22 c hiu qu hn nh s dng k thut kho dch pha cu phng QPSK. Phng php ny s dng hai sng mang cng tn s nhng vung gc c iu ch bng hai lung s liu trc khi c cng li vi nhau. Hai lung s liu ny nhn c t cc bit lun phin trong lung s liu nh phn. Kt qu l 2 bit trong lung d liu ban u c m ho thnh 1 trong 4 pha ca sng mang, tc baud gim xung. Vic s dng cc pha thay v cc mc bin cng l mt cch thc hin tn hiu nhiu mc. n modem V.29 th tng tc d liu ti 9,6 kbit/s nh s dng phng php iu ch bin cu phng QAM. Trong QAM, lung s liu u vo c tch thnh 2 lung s liu ring iu ch bin ri rc theo cc pha sin v cos ca mt sng mang. V.29 c 4 mc bin v 8 pha.
16
Chng 1 sin
1010
1011 0011 1111
0010
0000
0000 0101
0001
0111
0110
cos
1001
1110
0100
1101
1100
Hnh 2.3 th chm tn hiu 16-QAM Mi pha li b hn ch bi 2 mc tn hiu nn c tt c 16 im trong s chm tn hiu (hnh 2.3). Do M=16 v hiu sut s dng ph tn l :
max =2log216 = 8 bit/s/Hz.
Tnh c b lc dc cosin tng v iu ch s th : =log216/1,33=3 bit/s/Hz tng ng vi 9,3 kbit/s cho mt l knh thoi.
Modem
Phng php iu ch FSK QPSK
Hiu sut s dng bng tn (bit/s/Hz) 0,1 0,75
Tc d liu
V.21 V.22bis V.29 (ng dnh ring 4 dy) V.32
300 bit/s 2,4 kbit/s
16-QAM
1,5
9,6 kbit/s
TCM
9,6 kbit/s
17
Chng 1
V.34 V.90 ISDN BRI HDSL SDSL TCM TCM 2B1Q 2B1Q 2B1Q 11 18 2 2 2 28,833,6 kbit/s 56 kbit/s 144 kbit/s 2048 kbit/s 768 kbit/s 1,5448.448 (lung xung) ADSL CAP/DMT 8 16640 (lung ln) 1352 (lung xung) VDSL CAP/DMT 4 1,52,3 Mbit/s (lung ln) Mbit/s kbit/s Mbit/s
Bng 2.1. Hiu sut s dng ph tn ca cc phng thc truyn dn s trn ng dy thu bao cp ng. Nh lin tc ci thin hiu sut s dng ph tn ca phng php iu ch s nn nhng modem V.x t tc d liu cao hn. Tuy nhin vi nhng phng php iu ch c nhiu hn 16 trng thi th mc nhiu li qu ln nn cn s dng phng php sa li trc (FEC) cng vi QAM. S kt hp gia QAM v c ch sa li trc gi l phng php iu ch c m ho li TCM. Phng php ny ci thin tin cy truyn tin ca ng dy m khng cn tng cng sut pht cng nh rng bng thng cn thit. K thut TCM c s dng trong modem V.34 v nu cht lng ng dy cho php s t tc 33,6 kbit/s hon ton song cng. Cu trc hot ng ca modem V.34 c trng cho modem bng tn thoi th hin hnh 2.4.
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Chng 1
Mch vng thu bao
PC
Mng thoi
DA C
Data
A DC
Data A nalog Modem Server
ISP
A nalog DA C CO
64 Kbit/s digital A DC CO
Modem khch hng
Hnh 2.4 Cu trc hot ng ca modem bng tn thoi Khch hng truy nhp Internet qua modem ti nh ring, d liu t my tnh qua modem c chuyn i thnh tn hiu analog c truyn qua mch vng thu bao ti tng i ni ht. Ti y, tn hiu analog li c ly mu, m ho thnh tn hiu s 64 Kbit/s. B chuyn i ADC ny gy ra nhiu lng t v gii hn tc s liu nh phn xung khong 30 Kbit/s. Lung s liu 64 Kbit/s to ra tng i c truyn qua mng in thoi v c bin i ngc li thnh dng tn hi analog ban u, truyn qua mt mch vng thu bao khc ti modem server. Ti y, li din ra qu trnh chuyn i ADC truyn thng tin s liu ti nh cung cp dch v Internet. Lung s liu t ISP ti khch hng cng i qua ng truyn i xng vi lung ln nh hnh v ngha l cng b hn ch bi b chuyn i ADC ti tng i kt cui ISP nn lu lng hng xung cng b gii hn khong 30 Kbit/s. Tuy nhin hin nay ng truyn t cc modem server ca ISP ti CO c s ho nn c th b qua b ADC v modem server to ra lung tn hiu s 64 Kbit/s gi ti tng i kt cui ca thu bao. B DAC t b suy hao v do thu bao c th nhn s liu tc 64 Kbit/s hng xung. Trn thc t, do DAC tng i pha thu bao khng tuyn tnh v c tp m nn tc hng xung t 56 Kbit/s. y chnh l cu trc ca modem V.90, truyn d liu tc 56 kbit/s khng i xng v ph thuc vo vic u cui c b kt ni s hay khng. C hai k thut modem V.34 v V.90 u c hiu sut s dng ph tn vt qu con s 10 bit/s/Hz. Tuy nhin hiu sut ny ch t c khi cht lng ng dy cho php, t s S/N trong khong 3438 dB, nu khng n s t ng chuyn v tc thng thng. c im chung ca cc modem bng tn thoi l hot ng trn nguyn tc kt ni u cui ti u cui (end-to-end) thng qua mng PSTN v cng
19
Chng 1 l im khc bit c bn so vi k thut xDSL ch hot ng trn mch vng thu bao. Nhng modem ny hot ng bng tn di 4 KHz nn tc truyn b gii hn ch c kh nng cung cp cc dch v tc thp v khng cung cp dch v thoi ng thi. Modem ISDN BRI (N-ISDN) cung cp 2 knh B (64 kbit/s) cho d liu hoc thoi v mt knh 16 kbit/s cho bo hiu, t tc 144 kbit/s. V mt l thuyt, hai knh B c th lin kt vi nhau truyn d liu, cung cp mt tuyn truyn dn 128 kbit/s hon ton song cng. Tuy nhin, thc t th mt knh B khng c kch hot lin tc. Modem ny s dng phng php bn song cng gi l ghp knh nn thi gian (hay cn gi l ping-pong) hoc phng php hon ton song cng s dng k thut kh ting vng. So vi cc modem c th bng tn hot ng ca N-ISDN cao hn ti 80 KHz-320 KHz cung cp ng truy nhp a dch v tc thp. Tuy nhin vic trin khai rng ri cc modem loi ny yu cu phi lp t cc tng i ISDN c phn mm tng thch vi nhau v cc thit b ISDN phi c c hai u ng truyn. Bng thng hn ch ca dy xon ng bng tn thoi l do b lc bng thng 3,1 KHz nm giao din gia mng li v mch vng ni ht. Vi nhng k thut tin b mi cng ngh xDSL cho php loi b nhng b lc t tc truyn dn hng chc Mbit/s. Tuy nhin khong cch phc v ca cc modem xDSL cng b rt ngn li (hnh 2.5). Vi cc modem bng tn thoi, phm vi phc v c th trn 6 km, N-ISDN phm vi l trn 5 km. Cn modem HDSL khong cch ti a l 3,6 km. ADSL th khong cch l 5,5-2,7 km tu thuc tc truy nhp trong khong 1,5-9 Mbit/s. n VDSL th cao khong cch ny cn ngn hn nhiu t 1,4 km-300 m do tc truy nhp rt t 13-52 Mbit/s.
20
Chng 1
52 Mbit/s
VDSL
13 Mbit/s 9 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s 1,5 Mbit/s 128 kbit/s 56 kbit/s 100 m
ADSL HDSL N-ISDN

Modem bng tn thoi 1 km 2 km 3 km 4 km 5 km 6 km
Hnh 2.5 So snh cc phng thc truy nhp cp ng

2.3 Nhng k thut tin tin ca xDSL:
2.3.1 Mi trng tp m :
Tn hiu truyn i trn ng dy ng chu tc ng ca mi trng tp m ca bn thn mch vng dy ng. Tp m lm gim t s S/N gy kh khn cho vic xc nh chnh xc tn hiu u thu. Mch vng dy ng c mt s ngun tp m sau:
+ Tp m trng. Nhn chung c rt nhiu ngun tp m v khi khng th xt ring tng loi ta c th coi chng to ra mt tn hiu ngu nhin duy nht vi phn b cng sut u mi tn s. Tn hiu ny c gi l tp m trng. Tp m nhit gy ra do chuyn ng ca cc electron trong ng dy c th coi nh tp m trng c phn b Gauso c gi l tp m trng Gauso cng AWGN. Tp m ny nh hng c lp ln tng k hiu c truyn hay ni cch khc chng c cng vi tn hiu bn tin. + Xuyn m. Xuyn m xy ra khi tn hiu t cc i dy k cn gy nhiu vi nhau. Thnh phn xuyn m tip tc truyn theo hng ban u gi l xuyn m u xa FEXT. Thnh phn xuyn m truyn ngc li ti u pht gi l xuyn m u gn NEXT. NEXT c nh hng ln hn FEXT i vi truyn dn hai chiu i xng v FEXT b suy hao trong sut chiu di truyn dn trong khi NEXT ch i qua mt khong cch nh ri quay tr li u pht. Mt dng c bit ca NEXT l nhiu trong mt i dy k cn c cng
21
Chng 1 dng tn hiu truyn dn, c gi l self-NEXT (t xuyn m). V i dy ng thng nm trong mt b cp nhiu i vi chiu di mch vng ngn nn nh hng ca xuyn m u gn rt ln. i dy 1
NEX T i dy 2
FEX T
Hnh 2.6 Xuyn m u gn v xuyn m u xa

+ Nhiu tn s v tuyn : Cc ng dy xon i cn bng ch c thit k truyn thoi nn ch chng c nh hng ca cc tn hiu tn s v tuyn tn s lm vic thp. Cn h thng DSL lm vic vi tn s cao th s cn bng b gim nn b cc tn hiu tn s v tuyn RFI c th xm nhp. Mc nhiu ph thuc vo khong cch ngun nhiu ti mch vng.
Nhng ngun nhiu chnh thuc loi ny l cc h thng v tuyn qung b iu bin AM v cc h thng v tuyn nghip d. Cc trm v tuyn AM pht qung b trong di tn t 5601600 KHz. Tuy nhin do tn s lm vic ca cc trm ny l c nh nn nhiu do chng gy ra c th d on c. Ngc li, nhiu v tuyn nghip d li khng on trc c v tn s lm vic thay i v c nhiu mc cng sut pht. Nhng nhiu ny ch nh hng ti VDSL v di tn v tuyn nghip d ch chng ln ln bng tn truyn dn ca VDSL.
+ Tp m xung sinh ra do giao thoa in t tc thi. V d khi c bo st,
thit b trong nh bt, tt . .Tp m xung c th ko di t vi s ti vi ms. Truyn dn s cng b suy yu mnh do cc cu ni r (bridge tap) trn ng dy. Cu ni r l nhng on dy c ni vo i dy phn b m rng mch vng thu bao. N cho php truy nhp t nhiu im giao din mng ca khch hng hoc tn dng i dy ca mt khch hng c khng s dng na cho mt yu cu mi gn i dy ny. Nhng cu ni r khng c kt cui cui i dy xon v gy nh hng ti vic truyn s liu (hnh http://www.ebook.edu.vn 22
Chng 1 2.7). Khi mt xung truyn trn ng dy gp mt cu ni r, nng lng xung b chia thnh hai ng. Xung truyn trn on dy nhnh khng c kt cui b phn x ngc li im r. Xung phn x ny cng b chia thnh hai ng gy ting vng v u pht.
Cu ni r
CO
Khch hng
Hnh 2.7 Cu ni r v nh hng ca n Trn nhng mch vng di hay gp M thng s dng nhng cun gia cm gim suy hao truyn dn ti vng tn s cao ca ph truyn dn ting ni nh s b in dung gia cc i dy. Nhng nhng cun gia cm ny thc t li hot ng nh mt b lc thng thp, do n ngn cn truyn dn s tn s cao ca i dy ng.
Khng s dng cun gia cm 2.0 suy hao db/km
1.2 s dng cun gia cm
0.4 0.4 1.2
2.4
3.0
Tn s (kHz)
Hnh 2.8 Mch vng c v khng s dng cun gia cm

2.3.2 Cc gii php k thut ca xDSL:
Cc phng php iu ch. Bn phng php iu ch c s dng trong xDSL l : 2B1Q, QAM, CAP, DMT.
+ 2B1Q : So vi cc loi m ng dy c s dng trong cc modem tng t trc th m 2B1Q theo tiu chun ASNI c u im l yu cu bng thng thp nht nn cng t b suy hao v nhiu nht. M truyn 2B1Q
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Chng 1 l m iu bin xung tn hiu (PAM) 4 mc khng c d. 2B1Q th hin cp bit (2B) nh mt gi tr 4 mc (1Q) c chuyn i thnh quat. Bt u trong 1 quat gi l bit du, bt th 2 l bit bin . Bng 2.2 biu th quan h gia cp bit v k hiu quat tng ng. Bng 2.2 K hiu quat
Bit du 1 1 0 0 Bt bin 0 1 1 0 Quat +3 +1 -1 -3
2B1Q s dng c di tn thoi nn ch s dng trong cc phng php khng cung cp dch v thoi (POTS) nh HDSL, SDSL, IDSL.
+ Phng php iu ch bin cu phng QAM
QAM l mt phng php iu ch tn hiu nhiu mc, kt hp s thay i pha v bin sng mang. Chm tn hiu ca M-QAM gm mt mng cc im bn tin hnh ch nht nh hnh 2.9 cho trng hp M=16 (16-QAM). Cc chm tn hiu tng ng cho cc thnh phn ng pha v pha vung gc c cho hnh 2.10
2(t)
0000 0001 0011 0010
1000 1100
1001 1101
1011
1010 1110 1(t)
2E0
1111
0100
0101
0111
0110
Hnh 2.9 Chm tn hiu 16-QAM
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Chng 1
-3 -1 01 3 1 -1 -3 1(t) 1 11 00 10 11 01 3 10 2(t)
a) b)
00
Hnh 2.10 Cc thnh phn ng pha (a) v pha vung gc (b) ca tn hiu 16-QAM
Dng tng qut ca QAM-M trng thi c xc nh bng tn hiu pht [17]:
si (t ) = 2 E0 2 E0 bi sin (2f c t ) + ai cos(2f c t ),0 t T (2.6) T T
trong : T l thi gian ca mt k hiu Eo l nng lng ca tn hiu c bin thp nht ai, bi l cp s nguyn c lp c chn tu theo v tr ca im bn tin. Tn hiu si(t) gm hai thnh phn sng mang c pha vung gc c iu ch bi mt tp hp tn hiu ri rc nn c gi l iu ch bin vung gc, si(t) c th phn tch thnh cp hai hm c s :
1 (t ) =
2 sin (2f c t ),0 t T (2.7) thnh phn tn hiu lch pha 90 0 T
v : 2 (t ) =
2 cos(2ft c ),0 t T (2.8) thnh phn tn hiu ng pha. T
S khi ca b iu ch M-QAM nh hnh 2.11. B bin i ni tip/song song nhn lung c hai vi tc bit Rb=1/Tb vi Tb l thi gian ca mt bit tn hiu v to ra hai chui bit c hai song song c tc bit l Rb/2.
25
Chng 1 Cc b bin i mc hai vo L mc (L=M1/2) to ra cc tn hiu M mc tng ng vi cc u vo ng pha v pha vung gc. Sau khi nhn hai tn hiu L mc vi hai sng mang c pha vung gc ri cng vi nhau ta c tn hiu M-QAM.
i 2 mc vo L mc Lung c hai vo Bin i ni tip /song song Tn hiu M-QA M cos (2f ct)
i 2 mc vo L mc
-sin (2f ct)
Hnh 2.11 S khi ca b iu ch M-QAM
d
0 Tn hiu thu cos (2f ct) T
B quyt nh (L-1) ngng Bin i Lung c hai sau song song/ ni tip gii iu ch
d
0 -sin (2f ct)
B quyt nh (L-1) ngng
Hnh 2.12 S khi ca b gii iu ch M-QAM
B gii iu ch c s khi nh hnh 2.12. Vic gii m cc knh c s c thc hin u ra ca mch quyt nh, mch ny c thit k so snh tn hiu L mc vi L-1 ngng quyt nh. Sau hai chui c hai c
26
Chng 1 tch ra trn s c kt hp vi nhau b bin i song song/ ni tip khi phc li chui c hai ban u.
+ Phng php iu ch pha v bin khng s dng sng mang CAP:
Phng php CAP tng t nh QAM nhng qu trnh iu ch tn hiu c thc hin trong min s. Lung s liu u vo c chia thnh 2 lung s liu ri i qua 2 b lc s c bin bng nhau nhng pha khc nhau 900. CAP s dng ton b bng thng tr di tn thoi v phn phi nng lng bng nhau trn ton b di tn s.
B lc ng pha M ho B lc lch pha 900 D/A LPF
B lc thch ng I Gii m B s l B lc thch ng II A/D
Hnh 2.13 Thu pht tn hiu theo phng php iu ch CAP

B thu ca phng php iu ch QAM yu cu tn hiu ti phi c ph v h thc pha ging nh ph v pha ca tn hiu truyn dn. Do cc tn hiu truyn trn ng dy in thoi thng thng thng khng m bo c yu cu ny nn b iu ch ca k thut xDSL phi lp thm c b iu chnh thch hp b phn mo tn hiu truyn dn hnh 2.13. Cc bt cng mt lc m ho vo mt symbol v qua b lc, kt qu ng pha v lch pha s biu din bng n v symbol. Tn hiu c tng hp li i qua b chuyn i A/D, qua b lc thng thp (LPF- Low pass filter) v ti ng truyn. u thu tn hiu nhn c qua b chuyn i A/D, b lc v n phn x l sau l mi gii m. B lc pha u thu v b phn s l l mt phn ca vic cn bng, iu chnh. B cn bng s b li cc tn hiu n b mo. CAP c thit k hot ng trong bng tn 6,48 n 25,92 MHz. Bng tn ny c ngha l tn hiu khng hot ng tn s thp hn, trnh c nh hng ca
ng truyn
27
Chng 1
nhiu. ng thi mc ch thit k nh vy gii hn cng sut ph ca tn s di 30 MHz, do s tng suy hao tn s cao trong ng truyn. + Phng php iu ch a m tn ri rc DMT-Discrete Multi-Tone Modulation
DMT l k thut iu ch a sng mang. DMT phn chia ph tn s thnh cc chu k k hiu mang mt s bit nht nh. Nhng bit ny c mang trong nhng m tn c tn s hot ng khc nhau. Trong ADSL, di tn 26 kHz1,1 MHz c chia thnh 256 knh FDM 4 kHz, iu ch v m ho DMT c p dng cho tng knh. Nu mi tn s trong di tn u c th hot ng tt th mi chu k tn hiu c th mang cng mt s bit nh hnh 2.14
P
Hnh 2.14 Nguyn l iu ch DMT Tuy nhin, nh hng tp m ln cc tn s khc nhau cng khc nhau. V vy cc knh con hot ng nhng min tn s cht lng cao s mang nhiu bit hn nhng tn s b nh hng mnh ca nhiu. S bit trn mi knh con (tone) c iu ch bng k thut QAM v t trn mt sng mang FDM. Hnh 2.15 th hin kh nng iu chnh s bit trn mi knh theo cc tn s khc nhau ca DMT. S bit c gi qua mi knh con c th p ng vi cht lng ng truyn tn s hot ng ca knh .
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Chng 1
P
Hnh 2.15
S bit/knh
nhng tn s thp i dy ng b suy hao t, SNR cao thng s dng
phng php iu ch ln hn 10 bit/s/Hz. Trong nhng iu kin cht lng ng dy xu, phng php iu ch c th thay i 4bit/s/Hz hoc thp hn ph hp vi SNR v trnh c nhiu. Hn na, DMT c th trnh pht nhng di tn s ring c xuyn m qu ln hoc b nhiu RFI nh ch ra hnh 2.16
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Chng 1 Hnh 2.16

S bit/knh Khng s dng
b) S bit trn knh S khi mt h thng truyn dn DMT c a ra hnh 2.17. Tn hiu s tc cao c chia thnh nhiu tn hiu tc thp. Mi tn hiu tc thp iu ch mt knh con. Nhng knh con ny c kt hp v truyn trn dy ng. n u thu, mi knh con c thu v gii iu ch v tn hiu c kt hp v khi phc li tn hiu tc cao ban u.
S liu tc thp iu ch iu ch S liu tc cao Phn knh iu ch f2 Lc f 2 Lc f 3 f1 Lc f 1 S liu tc thp
Gii iu ch Gii iu ch Gii iu ch
f3
. . .
f n-1
f1, f 2,..fn
S liu tc Ghp cao knh
iu ch
Lc f n-1 Lc f n
Gii iu ch Gii iu ch Kim sot
iu f n ch Kim sot
Bn tin phn hi hiu chnh knh
Hnh 2.17 S khi h thng DMT
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Chng 1
+ Cc phng thc truyn dn song cng. Hai phng thc truyn dn song cng c s dng ph bin trong xDSL l song cng phn chia theo tn s FDM v kh ting vng EC.
Trong FDM, di tn s s dng c chia lm 3 phn ring bit cho tn hiu thoi, ng truyn ln v ng truyn xung c phn cch bng di tn bo v (guard band). Phng php FDM c u im l hn ch c NEXT do h thng khng thu cng mt di tn vi di tn pht ca h thng k n tuy nhin n yu cu mt di tn ln.
Mc tn hiu Ln bo v xung
P O T S 0,3 4
f1
f2
Hnh 2.18 FDM hon ton song cng Phng thc kh ting vng EC s dng mt knh duy nht cho c pht v thu nn cn mt b kh ting vng ti pha thu. K thut ny cho php hai modem s dng ton b bng thng c sn trn c hai hng.
Mc tn hiu Ln X ung
f1
f2
Hnh 2.19 Phng thc EC Cu trc h thng s dng phng php kh ting vng tch ring tn hiu ln v xung c ch ra hnh 2.20. Khi tn hiu truyn qua mch sai ng (hybrid), mt phn tn hiu vng li u thu do mch hybrid khng hon ho. B lc s p ng ADF c s dng c chc nng to ra mt bn sao
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 31
Chng 1 ca tn hiu vng v ting vng b trit hon ton bng cch tr bn sao ny vi tn hiu vng thc t. Nhc im ca phng php ny l b nh hng ca NEXT do chng ln gia bng tn ln v xung v cu trc phc tp ca b lc ADF.
Pht (ln) A DF Thu (xung) Hybrid Ting vng (echo) Tn hiu hng xung Tn hiu hng ln Hybrid A DF Pht (xung) Thu (ln)
Hnh 2.20 Phn tch tn hiu ln xung bng phng php kh ting vng
Ngoi ra cn c phng thc truyn song cng phn chia theo thi gian TDD hay cn gi l k thut truyn dn ping-pong c s dng trong VDSL. Tn hiu hng ln v xung c thu, pht lun phin khng chng ln trn ng truyn nn mch thc hin tng i n gin. K thut ny yu cu phi ng b tn hiu gia cc ng dy TDD trong cng mt cp ngha l tn hiu truyn trn cp c thu, pht trong cng chu k nn trnh c NEXT. Pht hin v sa li: Do mi trng truyn dn thng tin ca i dy ng chu nh hng ca nhiu ngun nhiu nh xt trn lm s liu thu c th b li nn cn a thm cc bit pht hin v sa li. Nhc im ca vic a thm cc bit l gim dung lng thc v gy tr trong qu trnh truyn s liu. Cng nhiu bit pht i pht hin v sa li th cng t cc bit mang thng tin. Thi gian tr thng thng t vi ms ti nhiu giy. C hai phng php c bn pht hin v sa li c s dng trong truyn dn DSL l m khi v m xon. Trong m khi, lung thng tin c chia thnh cc khi c di bng nhau c gi l cc khi bn tin. Cc bit d c b xung vo cc khi theo mt thut ton nht nh ph thuc vo loi m c s dng. M khi c th pht hin v sa mt hay nhiu bit
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Chng 1 thng tin. M xon c to ra bng cch cho mt chui bit thng tin i qua cc tng nh thng l cc thanh ghi dch tuyn tnh hn ch trng thi. im khc bit c bn vi m khi l b lp m phi c b nh lu gi thi im trc. V d b m ho xon tc 1/ 2 to ra 2 bit cho mi bit u vo. Quan h gia u ra v u vo b m ho cng ln, cc bit d cng ln th chng li cng tt. V d, b m ho xon tc 1/ 4 c kh nng chng li tt hn b m xon tc 1/ 2. Tuy nhin, b m xon 1/ 4 to ra 4 bit cho mi bit u vo ca s liu ngi s dng nn nu dung lng knh truyn l 40 kbit/s th ngi s dng ch gi s liu vi tc 10 kbit/s. Do pht hin v sa li lm gim dung lng h thng. Nhng kiu pht hin v sa li khc nhau c s dng trong h thng xDSL tu thuc loi dch v ca khch hng. V d li xy ra trong cc dch v truyn thoi s hoc truyn hnh qung b c th chp nhn c nhng khng chp nhn li khi truyn ti cc file chng trnh phn mm. Do vy, khch hng c th sn sng chp nhn tc li cao hn trong cc ng dng truyn thng gn thi gian thc c bng thng cao hn. tho hip gia thi gian tr v hao ph bng thng, hu ht cc k thut xDSL u a ra t nht hai loi knh truyn thng nhanh v chm. Cc knh nhanh thng trnh li t nhng truyn ti cc bn tin c tr ngn. Cc knh chm c th chng li tt nhng tr vi giy. Kt qu ca nhng cng cuc nghin cu a vo s dng ton b bng thng ca ng dy ng gm c di tn s pha trn di tn s thoi cng nhng tin b k thut ca gii php xDSL tn dng c cc mch vng cp ng c mt khp ni trn th gii. Vi tc truyn d liu hng chc Mbit/s, nhng modem xDSL s thay th ton b cc modem tng t c cung cp cc dch v truyn d liu cht lng cao trong tng lai.
2.4 Nhng kh khn v k thut khi trin khai dch v DSL 2.4.1 Tng thch ph khi trin khai cc cng ngh xDSL
Tng thch ph l thut ng ni v mc xuyn m ln nhau gia cc dch v DSL hoc gia DSL v cc trm pht tn s v tuyn.
33
Chng 1 Tng thch ph gia cc h thng DSL l mt vn cn quan tm khi xy dng mt k thut mi v phi m bo khi lp t cc thit b modem cung cp mt dch v mi vo h thng s khng gy li ti cc dch v khc ang hot ng v ngc li nhng thit b c cng khng c gy cn tr cho qu trnh trin khai dch v mi. Tng thch ph lin quan ti kh nng chng ln cc bng tn truyn dn trn cc loi DSL khc nhau trong cng mt b cp, thm ch trn cng mt cp. V DSL lm vic tn s cao nn mc xuyn m ln gy nhiu cc dch v khc. nh hng ca xuyn m lm gim mt ph cng sut (PSD) nn thc t s nh hng trc tip ti khong cch truyn ti ca cc h thng DSL. Hnh 2.21 l v d v vn tng thch ph lin quan ti cc h thng ADSL th hin mt ph cng sut PSD ca tn hiu ADSL thu c (6 Mbit/s) qua ng truyn di 2,4 km so vi mt ph cng sut ca tp m t 10 ngun xuyn m u gn do cc h thng HDSL, SDSL, ISDN-PRA hoc VDSL gy ra.
Hnh 2. 21 Tn hiu thu ADSL trong mi trng xuyn m ca cc dch v s khc http://www.ebook.edu.vn 34
Chng 1 Mt n tp m ADSL (ADSL noise mask) xc nh PSD ln nht cho php ca tp m trong di tn ADSL. V vy, nu lp t cc h thng c PSD ln hn nh cc h thng ISDN-PRA th s gy mc nhiu AWGN cao cho ADSL v lm gim di tn hot ng ca cc h thng s dng k thut FDM. SDSL cng nh hng nhiu n ADSL v to ra NEXT vt qu mt n tp m ADSL khong 200 kHz. H thng VDSL phi c tn s ct thp hn khong 1 MHz tng thch ph vi ADSL. Trn thc t, cn ch cc mch T1/E1. Nhng mch T1/E1 pht trin t nhiu nm bi cc cng ty in thoi v c thit k, chun ho vo thi gian m cc k thut truyn dn cha c khi nim v hin tng tng thch ph. Nhng mch T1/E1 truyn dch v s 1,544Mbit/s / 2,048 Mbit/s s dng cc loi m ng dy khng hiu qu (AMI/ HDB3) lng ph bng tn v nng lng, xuyn m t dch v ny ln hn bt k mt dch v no khc. i vi cc h thng ISDN l h thng truyn dn i xng s dng k thut kh ting vng nn chi nh hng ln ca nhiu t xuyn m (SNEXT). Hnh 2.22 so snh phm vi phc v ca h thng ISDN trong trng hp trin khai cc h thng ADSL, SDSL, HDSL hoc ch c ISDN trong b cp 50 i.
Nhiu
5,20
5,40
5,60
5,80
6,20 khong cch (km)
Hnh 2.22 So snh c ly truyn dn ca h thng ISDN khi trin khai cc dch v khc trong cng b cp 50 i Hnh 2.23 ch ra nhng bng thng khc nhau ca cc tn hiu xDSL v nhng mc cng sut gn ng. C th thy l nhng dch v mi hn c xu hng s dng bng thng rng hn v ph cng sut t hn cc dch v ang tn ti.
35
Chng 1
PSD (dBm/Hz) -34
ISDN
-38 ADSL hng ln HDSL

ADSL hng xung
-40 -60 f
VDSL
Hnh 2.23 So snh mt n PSD cho cc loi DSL Khi mt dch v DSL c trin khai trn mt vng c mt thu bao cao th c bit phi ch ti vn t xuyn m ca cc i dy gn nhau cng cung cp mt dch v. y l kiu tng thch ph quan trng nht v ph ca cng mt loi tn hiu s chng ln hon ton ln nhau gy mc nhiu ln nht. Bc x t nhng ng dy in thoi xon i mang cc tn hiu DSL tr nn ngy cng quan trng. V cc k thut xDSL s dng bng thng ln nn chng ln nhiu sang bng tn v tuyn. Truyn dn ADSL chng ln ln phn bng tn s dng cho v tuyn AM. Tn hiu VDSL c th gy ra mt mi nguy hi ng k cho dch v v tuyn nghip d, tuy nhin VDSL trong h thng thit k theo tiu chun, gim PSD xung 80 dBm/Hz trong bng tn radio s hn ch c nh hng ny.
2.4.2 Kim tra cht lng mch vng
Do cc k thut DSL khng th hot ng mt mch vng qu di hay c nhiu cu ni r ... nn cn phi xc nh xem nhng mch vng c kh nng h tr cc dch v DSL khng trc khi trin khai dch v. Trc y, ngi ta thng o khong cch t tng i ti thu bao theo ng thng trn bn nn dn n nhng c tnh khng chnh xc. iu ny d lm cho cc nh cung cp mc sai lm khi c gng cung cp dch v cho nhng khch hng khng nm trong vng phc v v c th b qua nhng khch hng hon ton c kh nng truy nhp dch v. Ngy nay cc thit b o c ci tin v cho nhng kt qu o kh chnh xc. Nh vy, chi ph cho cc nh cung cp http://www.ebook.edu.vn 36
Chng 1 dch v gim xung v cc dch v DSL sn sng phc v nhiu khch hng hn. C hai gii php kim tra cht lng mch vng. Th nht l kim tra theo yu cu. Khi mt khch hng gi cho nh cung cp dch v yu cu dch v th ngi ta khi to mt qu trnh phn tch mch vng kt ni gia tng i v khch hng . Vic ny cn c mt ngi phn tch c dim mch vng c lu tr trong c s d liu v mt ngi khc thc hin cng vic o kim vi cc thit b o hoc c th truy nhp trc tip ti mt h thng kim tra mch vng t tng i. Ni chung cch ny c chi ph cao v tr li chm nn khng c s dng rng ri. Cch th hai l xc nh trc cht lng ca mi mch vng kt ni ti tng i trc khi khch hng yu cu. Vic ny rt c ngha cho cc nh cung cp dch v nh hng pht trin dch v trong mt khu vc no . Ngha l da vo kt qu kim tra, nh cung cp dch v s m bo vic trin khai cc dch v DSL trong khu vc , kh nng h tr bng thng ca mch vng thu bao, gim chi ph lp t, hn ch s can thip ca con ngi, cho php thu bao t lp t CPE. Qu trnh kim tra xc nhn trc thng c tin hnh ban u xem mch vng c kh nng h tr cc dch v DSL khng v xc nhn tc v tin cy ca k thut xDSL ph hp vi trng thi mch vng . Nh phn tch chng trc, c bn nhn t chnh nh hng ti vic trin khai xDSL. Nhn t u tin v quan trng nht l chiu di mch vng gm c nhng cu ni r. Th hai l kiu kin trc mng. Th ba l nh hng ca tp m nn ni chung, gm c tp m nhit, tp m xung...Cui cng l tp m t cc h thng xDSL khc (NEXT, FEXT v SNEXT). Kim tra chiu di mch vng: Bn thn dy dn cng lm suy hao tn hiu. Mch vng cng di, suy hao cng ln dn n gim tc truyn dn. Tc truyn dn c th t ti ca xDSL t l nghch vi chiu di mch vng do nht thit phi bit chiu di mch vng thit lp tc dch v tng ng c th cung cp qua mch vng . Cc php o in dung ti mt pha kt cui (thng t tng i ni ht) c th xc nh nhanh chng, chnh xc tng chiu di mch vng gm c cc cu ni r vi chi ph thp. Chiu di mch vng cng c th c xc nh bng cch o in tr nhng http://www.ebook.edu.vn 37
Chng 1 phng php ny t c s dng v cn c ngi ti nh khch hng u ni hai u dy. Do vy, thay v tn chi ph c nhn vin i v tnh ton suy hao gin tip qua php o chiu di mch vng th phng php kim tra trc cht lng mch vng thc hin o suy hao u cui-ti-u cui s dng m tn ring ca xDSL a ra ch bo suy hao mt cch trc tip. Nhng cun gia cm c s dng m rng chiu di mch vng trong truyn dn tn hiu thoi nhng cn tr vic truyn tn hiu s nn cn loi b khi trin khai dch v xDSL. Hin nay, do s dng cc h thng sng mang mch vng trung gian nn chiu di mch vng c rt ngn d 5,4 km nn khng cn cc cun gia cm. Tuy nhin vn cn mt s cun cha c tho b. Thit b kim tra yu cu phi pht hin c t nht l cun gia cm u tin trn mch vng v v tr ca n. Sau cc phng tin loi b cun gia cm ny s kim tra xem c cun ph no khng. Vn ny tn ti ch yu M. Cu ni r c th tn ti gia tng i v thu bao hoc xa hn thu bao.
nh hng ca cu ni r vo dch v xDSL lin quan trc tip ti v tr,
chiu di v c dy, loi dch v xDSL ang trin khai v tn s hot ng ca h thng. y cng l mt vn nghim trng M. Thit b kim tra yu cu xc nh chiu di v v tr ca cu ni r. My o phn x min thi gian (TDR) l mt trong nhiu thit b kim tra ang ph bin xc nh v tr v chiu di cu ni r v mc nh hng. TDR cng c th nh v c cc on h mch, ngn mch v cun gia cm. Tuy nhin, t quan st kt qu TDR bng mt rt kh xc nh ng. Do cn xy dng phn mm phn tch chuyn dng tnh ton chnh xc v n gin ho cng vic ca k thut vin. Xuyn m v tp m: nh gi nh hng ca xuyn m ti dch v xDSL ph thuc nhiu nhn t nh : s ngun xuyn m, cng v kiu ngun xuyn m, mc d b xuyn m ca mch vng ang xt, khong cch t ngun xuyn m ti mch thu, tn s ngun xuyn m v chng ln ln tn s truyn dn ca u thu. Khi nhng ngun xuyn m kt hp vi nhng ngun tp m khc th nh hng ca nn tp m c th tng ln lm chm qu trnh truyn dn ca mch vng hay thm ch c th dng li.
38
Chng 1 Nhng ngun tp m v nh hng ca chng c th quan st bng cc my phn tch ph. Ging TDR, my phn tch ph cng phi c nhng tiu chun phn tch xc nh xem khi no v u c nhiu c th sa cha v loi nhiu trn mch vng.
2.4.3 Lp t thit b DSL ti nh ngi s dng
La chn cu hnh thit b: Vic la chn cu hnh ng dy tu thuc thit b c sn trn mng ca nh cung cp dch v DSL v s tn ti cc i dy c cng nh kh nng lp thm cc i dy mi v tr khch hng. Nhn chung, cn c cc si cp ngn v mt s ch ni cp ti v tr khch hng. Mt s cng ngh xDSL v d nh ADSL, cn c mt b phn tch (Splitter) cho php ng thi s dng thit b thoi tng t ang c sn v thit b truyn thng s liu. La chn v tr ca b Splitter ny rt quan trng. N c th c t gn kt cui mng NT ti li vo hoc tng hm ca cc to nh hoc t ngay trong my tnh PC. Trong mt s trng hp c th khng cn s dng Splitter nu c cc b vi lc. S dng cc b vi lc cho php khch hng t lp t thit b DSL ca mnh v gim chi ph c nhn vin i lp t.
39
Chng 1
NT
A TU-R R J11 R J45
PC NIC
a)
NT
PC NIC
b)
MF NT MF MF : b vi lc PC NIC
c)
Hnh 2.24 La chn cu hnh thit b cho ngi s dng DSL Hnh 2.24 ch ra mt s cch lp t thit b DSL thng dng. Hnh a) mt modem ADSL v b phn tch c t gn im kt cui mng. B Splitter tch dch v thoi truyn thng qua mt jc RJ-11. Modem ADSL cung cp Ethernet qua jc RJ-45. Do cp Ethernet thng khng c sn ti nh khch hng nn phi lp t mt cp my tnh gia ATU-R v my tnh. Hnh b) modem ADSL c b Splitter t trong card giao din mng (NIC). Trong cch la chn ny, mt ng dy thoi mi phi lp t gia NT v modem DSL. NIC cha mt gic cm modul RJ-11 kt ni dch v POTS. Cch la chn ny yu cu lp thm mt ng dy POTS t PC ti cc thit b tng t khc. u im ca cu hnh ny l ch cn mt on cp ngn ni gia PC v NT. Trong cu hnh c) s dng ADSL.Lite nn khng cn Splitter. Modem ADSL.Lite hoc NIC c t trong PC. gim thiu nhiu ti / t cc thit b thoi cn lp t cc b vi lc. Thit lp ng dy : Vic thit lp ng dy cho thit b xDSL thng gm : chuyn i ng dy c c kh nng truyn xDSL hoc lp thm dy mi ti cc v tr u xa trong to nh hoc cc phng trong nh, c quan.
40
Chng 1 Chuyn i h thng cp c cho php trin khai cc dch v xDSL c th cn loi b cc on dy tha t cc im kt ni, gim s mi ni hoc sa cha cc mi ni khng m bo cht lng. Khi lp t cc cp mi cho dch v xDSL thng s dng i dy xon khng bc kim (UTP) cho cc thu bao l nh ring hoc thng nhn nh. Cu hnh UTP ph bin nht c 4 dy, mi dy c bc ring v nm chung trong lp v ngoi. C dy ph bin l 0,4 mm hoc 0,5 mm. Trc y, thoi yu cu 4 dy nhng hin nay, hu ht in thoi s hoc tng t ch yu cu1 i dy. Cc mu tiu chun phn bit dy in thoi gm mu , xanh, en v vng. Kt ni thng thng s dng mu v xanh cho dy thoi th nht v en, vng cho dy thoi th hai. Cn ch ti xuyn m gia 2 ng dy cng s dng mt lc v ting vng ca cc cuc thoi khc. Xuyn m gy nhiu v gim tc truyn dn trong h thng DSL. Vic s dng cp UTP gim mt phn xuyn m ngoi ra cn cc nhn t khc nh cht lng cu hnh dy, v bc v cc b ni kt cui. Cu hnh cp c nh hng ln ti nng lc truyn dn DSL.
41
Chng 1
Chng 3.
adsl
ADSL hin ang l cng ngh c ch nht trong h cng ngh xDSL. Hai c im ring phn bit ADSL vi cc cng ngh DSL khc l truyn hai chiu tc khng i xng v cho php truyn ng thi c tn hiu thoi v s liu trn mt i dy ng. Chng 3 s cp ti l do ra i ca cng ngh ny cng nh phin bn mi ADSL. Lite, cc gii php k thut c s dng v gii thiu m hnh tham chiu ca mng ADSL do ADSL Forum a ra.
3.1 ADSL v ADSL. Lite
Theo l thuyt dung lng knh ca Shanon nh ni chng 2, dung lng knh ph thuc vo t s SNR trong gii hn bng thng ca knh :
S C = B log 2 1 + N
Xt trn mt mch vng thu bao gia tng i v mt khch hng th knh hng ln v hng xung c cng mt gii hn bng thng nn dung lng knh ch ph thuc vo SNR theo mi hng. Cu trc mng truy nhp cp ng bao gm nhng b cp nhiu i ko t tng i ti im phn phi ri to ra tng i dy ti tng nh thu bao. Do vy, mi trng tp m pha tng i rt ln gm tt c cc thnh phn tp m ca tng i dy ng v c thnh phn xuyn m gia cc i dy trong cng mt b v gia cc b cp vi nhau. Khi ti gn u thu bao, s i dy ng t i nn xuyn m trung bnh t hn. Nghin cu c im ny ca mch vng thu bao ngi ta thy rng : mc d cng sut pht tn hiu c th t nh nhau song trong qu trnh truyn trn mch vng th tn hiu pht ln t thu bao b suy hao nhiu nn SNR ca knh hng ln ti tng i nh hn SNR ca knh hng xung ti thu bao. V vy dung lng knh hng xung t c cao hn dung lng knh hng ln hay ni cch khc ch c th pht tn hiu tc ln hn t tng i ti thu bao xa ch kh t c iu ngc li. iu ny cng ph hp vi nhu cu ca phn ln khch hng l cn ti v khi lng d liu ln hn l pht i (v d nh truy cp Internet). Cng ngh ng dy http://www.ebook.edu.vn 42
Chng 1 thu bao s khng i xng ADSL ra i gii quyt yu cu ny t tng ca Dr. Joseph Lechleider hng Bellcore t nm 1989. ADSL truyn ti c thng tin s v tng t trn mt i dy ng. Knh truyn dn ADSL c th c chia thnh nhiu knh s liu tc cao v cng lc phc v cho c dch v thoa. Knh ISDN v POTS c tch t modem s nh cc b lc. iu ny cho php truyn tn hiu POTS v ISDN ngay c khi h thng truyn s liu tc cao khng lm vic. Cc knh hng xung c th t tc 1,58 Mbit/s v knh hng ln t 16 kbit/s1,5 Mbit/s. Mi knh s liu c th phn chia nh hn thnh nhiu knh tc thp hn nu cn (v d mt knh cho truyn hnh s v mt knh truy nhp Internet). Tc truyn s liu ti a ca cc modem ADSL thay i tu khong cch t thu bao ti tng i, cc mc nhiu, cu ni r v cht lng ng dy. Ban u, ADSL c nghin cu ng dng cho dch v video theo yu cu VoD. Tc d liu lung xung trong ln th nghim VoD u tin l xp x 1,5 Mbit/s phn phi cc lung video MPEG-1 theo khuyn ngh ca CCITT H.226 v ITU MPEG. Tc lung ln khong 64 Kbit/s cng ngi s dng gi i cc yu cu n gin ti my ch video nh la chn chng trnh, tm dng, tua thun/nghch Khi mng Internet pht trin khp ni, ADSL rt ph hp p ng nhu cu truy nhp Internet tc cao. ng truyn dn ADSL cung cp tc d liu ti 8 Mbit/s xung khch hng v 640 Kbit/s lung ln m rng dung lng truy nhp m khng cn lp t thm cp mi. Ngoi ra, vic s dng ADSL s chuyn lu lng dch v Internet qua cc mng chuyn mch gi hoc ATM gip hot ng hiu qu hn, gii quyt c vn tc nghn trn mng thoi. Trong ADSL ban u, truyn ng thi dch v thoi v s liu cn lp t mt b phn tch Splitter pha thu bao. Splitter c s dng chng nhiu gia cc tn hiu ADSLv thit b POTS nh my in thoi, my Fax. V mc d theo l thuyt, thoi v s liu chim hai bng tn ring nhng nhng tn hiu ADSL tn s cao trn 4 KHz vn c th nh hng ti cc thit b POTS, gy ra nhng tp m nh hng ti cht lng dch v thoi hoc http://www.ebook.edu.vn 43
Chng 1 nhng s c trong my Fax hoc modem tng t. Tc ng nhiu ngc li do cc thit b POST gy ra trong modem DSL ang hot ng cng c th xy ra do tnh phi tuyn ca modem DSL vi tn hiu bng tn thoi. ng thi sau Splitter cn lp thm mt i dy ng mi truyn tn hiu ADSL n my tnh trong khi i dy c truyn tn hiu thoi. iu ny lm tng
Hnh 3.1 Ph tn ca ADSL v G.Lite
thm gi dch v gm chi ph lp t v chi ph thit b khin ADSL cha c trin khai rng ri. Nm 1998, mt phin bn mi ca ADSL ra i theo khuyn ngh ITU G.992.2 gi l ADSL. Lite hay ADSL Splitterless. Do khng s dng b lc thoi u cui thu bao nn tc d liu khng ch ph thuc chiu di mch vng thu bao m cn ph thuc trng thi ng dy trong nh thu bao v thit b POTS c kt ni vo mng. Nu cht lng mch vng v iu kin trong nh tt th tc lung xung t 1,5 Mbit/s v lung ln l 512 kbit/s trong phm vi hn 5 km.
44
Chng 1
Tng i Truy nhp mng thoi
Hp phn b cp
mch vng thu bao
Tng i Cp trong nh ng kt ni ring Truy nhp mng thoi Truy nhp mng Internet
Hp phn b cp mch vng thu bao B chia pha tng i Cp trong nh V i lc
Truy nhp mng Internet
B chia pha tng i
B chia pha thu bao
ADSL vi b chia thng thng
ADSL khng s dng b chia
Hnh 3.2 So snh cu trc mng ca ADSL v ADSL lite
trnh nhiu t modem G.lite ti cc thit b POTS, n ct bt mt phn cng sut khi pht hin thy thit b POST hot ng. iu ny yu cu G.Lite phi thc hin mt th tc fast-retrain hot ng tc bit thp hn. Th tc ny tng t nh th tc hun luyn - training c thc hin trong qu trnh bt tay gia cc modem analog. Tuy nhin, khc vi th tc training ch thc hin mt ln khi mi yu cu dch v, th tc fast-retrain c thc hin nhiu ln p ng tc trong sut qu trnh hot ng ca modem G.lite v din ra nhanh hn. Khong gim tc ph thuc mc nhiu vi thit b POTS, c th ti 0 trong trng hp xu nht. Th tc fast-retrain din ra trong qu trnh ngi s dng nhc/t t hp my in thoi hoc thit b POTS, n c th lm gin on qu trnh truyn s liu ti 1,5 giy cho ti khi tc s liu thp hn khi to. Sau th tc fast-retrain khi chuyn t trng thi nhc my sang t my modem G.lite s chuyn v tc cao hn nh ban u. Dch v G.lite l phn b sung cho dch v ADSL. Khch hng c th s dng dch v ny trc n khi c yu cu mt dch v c tc bit cao hn hoc m bo hn th c th nng cp ln dch v ADSL. Cu trc mng c bn :
45
Chng 1
Internet
A TM Sw. PC
DSLA M A TU-C Splitter
Mch vng thu bao

MDF
POTS/ISDN
Splitter
A TU-R
POTS/ISDN PSTN
Chuyn mch CO
Cc ng khng phi xDSL
Hnh 3.3 Cu trc h thng ADSL Mch vng thu bao l mt i dy ng xon i ni cm thu bao v tng i trung tm. i vi ADSL full-rate (cung cp tc 68 Mbit/s lung xung), b Splitter c lp t ti c hai u cui mch vng. Pha khch hng modem ADSL m dy ADSL kt ni ti gi l khi kt cui ADSL u xa (ATU-R). pha tng i, cc b Splitter c lp t ni cc mch vng thu bao kt cui trn gi phi dy chnh MDF, u ra c hai i dy. i th nht kt ni ti mng chuyn mch thoi cung cp dch v thoi truyn thng. i dy th hai kt ni ti khi kt cui ADSL trung tm (ATU-C). truyn dn hiu qu, cc khi ATU-C c kt hp vi chc nng ghp knh to nn b ghp knh truy nhp DSL (DSLAM) trong tng i trung tm v c kt ni ti mng cc nh cung cp dch v. Cu hnh DSLAM gm cc ngn gi, cu trc panel v mi trng hot ng ti a cho 500 ng ADSL. DSLAM c thit k c u ni ti mt chuyn mch ATM hoc mt kt ni cho ATM qua giao din STM-1 155Mbit/s. Khi u DSLAM ch yu cu cung cp mch o c nh PVC. Knh chuyn mch o SVC s c yu cu cung cp cho chuyn ti IP v cc dch v khc. S chuyn i t PVC sang SVC c th nh nng cp phn mm. S liu qua ADSL c ng gi trong cc t bo ATM. DSLAM cn c kh nng x l cc t bo ATM thc hin ghp knh lu lng thng k. Tng tc cc ng ADSL qua tt http://www.ebook.edu.vn 46
Chng 1 c cc khi ATU-C c th ln hn tc ng STM-1. m bo cht lng dch v cho cc kt ni ATM cn c cc b m v hng i. i vi lu lng s liu trn c s TCP/IP th giao din s dnh ring l khng hiu qu v khng cn thit. V vy tt c cc knh ADSL c th c ghp knh thng k bc u qua mt mng LAN tng i trung tm trc khi c kt ni ti mng chnh truyn s liu. Mi b thu pht ADSL yu cu mt giao din mng LAN. Lu lng bn ngoi ti mng LAN c kt ni ti mt mng my tnh ring hoc cng cng thng qua mt b nh tuyn. Lu lng s liu tp trung c th kt ni hoc khng kt ni ti mt mng my tnh thng qua mt chuyn mch s. V tt c cc khi ATU-C u gn nhau v mng LAN ch c vai tr nh mt b tp trung lu lng nn chc nng ca LAN v b nh tuyn c th c kt hp li to thnh mt b tp trung ATU-C. B tp trung ny c th bao gm c DSLAM nu giao thc ATM c thc hin trn b tp trung v trn ng ADSL.
3.2 Hin trng chun ho ADSL:
trin khai ADSL trn mt th trng rng ln cn a ra mt tiu chun chung modem ca cc hng sn xut lm vic tng thch vi nhau. T chc vin thng quc t ITU a ra cc tiu chun modem tng th tng vt l. Cng tham gia vi ITU l nhng nhm tiu chun khc rt quan trng nh Vin tiu chun quc gia M, ANSI v Vin tiu chun vin thng chu
u ETSI. Ngoi ra cn c cc nhm lm vic nh T1E1.4, din n ADSL
(ADSL forum) v nhm hot ng chung ADSL UAWG. T1E1.4 (http://www.t1.org/t1e1/_e14home.htm) l mt nhm thnh vin ca t chc tiu chun ho quc gia M (ANSI) chuyn trch trong vic pht trin cc tiu chun v cc bo co k thut v cc k thut truyn, cc giao din ngi s dng, chc nng giao din cho cc dch v truyn dn ADSL. y chnh l t chc son tho chun T1.413 cho ADSL vo nm 1995. Cuc hp mi nht ca T1E1.4 cho ti thi im ny c t chc vo thng 1/1999 nhm a ra bn th hai ca chun T1.413. So vi bn th nht, bn th hai ny s tp trung k hn vo cc vn nh cc lp hi t truyn dn ATM v STM, mt ph cng sut PSD. Ngoi ra, cc ph lc vi nh ngha chi tit v ADSL-NEXT, b lc thng thp POTS, phn lp hi t truyn http://www.ebook.edu.vn 47
Chng 1 dn ATM v phng thc thch ng tc on-line s c thm vo bn T1.413 ln ny. Mc d y l cc khuyn ngh khng bt buc nhng vi s hu thun t pha khch hng, ITU-T v nhu cu v chun, tuyt i a s cc nh sn sut u tun th theo cc tiu chun ny ca T1E1.4. Din n ADSL-ADSL Forum (http://www.adsl.com/adslforum.html) ra i vo cui nm 1994 vi mc ch h tr cc cng ty in thoi v cc nh cung cp thit b trong lvic hin thc ho kh nng to ln ca cng ngh ADSL. Cho ti thi im ny din n ADSL hin c 178 thnh vin y v 86 quan st vin gm hu ht nhng nh sn sut thit b, tch hp h thng, khai thc dch v ADSL ln trn ton th gii. Cc hot ng ca din n ADSL bao gm hai lnh vc: tr gip v k thut v cc chin lc marketing cho cc thnh vin ca mnh. Cc ch dn v mt k thut bao gm cc bo co k thut (TR -Technical Report) nhm gii quyt nhng vn k thut mt cch c th b sung cc kt qu ca cc t chc chun ho. Cho ti thng 9/1999, 19 bo co k thut ca din n ADSL c thng qua. Ngoi ra nhng thng tin marketing, cc bo co nghin cu th trng v cc chin lc kinh doanh chung cng c Din n a ra cho cc thnh vin hp tc thc hin. Nh nhng hot ng ny, Din n ADSL gp mt phn ng k vo vic nng cao tnh cnh tranh ca cng ngh ADSL. T chc vin thng quc t ITU(http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t.html) bt u cc hot ng c lin quan ti cng ngh ADSL t cui nm 1996. Vo gia nm 1997, nhm nghin cu Q4/15 ra i nhm thc y s pht trin ca cng ngh ADSL v a ra nhng tiu chun chung cho cng ngh ny. Trong phin hp thng 3/1997, nhm thng bo ITU-T Q4/15 chnh thc chp nhn tiu chun T1.413 v a ra khuyn ngh G.994.1 cho cng ngh ADSL thng thng (G.hs). Mi y, nhm hp vo thng 10/1998 a ra mt phin bn ngh thng qua tiu chun G.994.2 (hay cn gi l G.lite) cho cng ngh ADSL.lite, mt dng n gin ho vi thng lng truyn thp hn ca ADSL. Cc vn c cp trong ti liu ny l ch ri (idle mode) v vic tit kim cng sut, tnh hot ng tng thch ca thit b. Ngoi ra trong cuc hp ny, qu trnh bt tay (hand shake) ca cc thit b ADSL thng thng cng c cp.
48
Chng 1 Nhm hot ng chung ADSL(http://www.uawg.org) c thnh lp vo nm 1998 vi s thc y ca hng Compaq, Intel v Microsoft nhm tng tc s pht trin v ng dng ADSL. ng ng sau t chc ny cn c 13 cng ty vin thng ln ca Anh, Php, c, Nht, Singapore v M. Ngoi ra, cn c 116 hng vin thng trn ton th gii ng ra nh nhng t chc h tr cho UAWG. y cng c coi nh l tuyn b h tr chnh thc t pha cc nh sn sut phn cng cng nh phn mm my vi tnh v cc nh khai thc dch v cho cng ngh ny. Thng 9/1998, mt ti liu khung v t chc mch vng thu bao, cc yu t nh hng ti cht lng v phng thc kim tra, nh gi ng truyn. Ti liu th hai c thng qua a ra cc m hnh nhiu, phng thc kim tra ng truyn v cu hnh i dy trong nh khc nhau ph hp vi tnh trng chung ca M, chu u v Nht Bn. Cc thnh vin ca UAWG cn tham gia trc tip vo nhng th nghim o c tr khng dy trong nh v mc nhiu c c nhng kinh nghim c th v mi trng truyn dn trong nh thu bao.
3.3 Cc gii php k thut trong ADSL
K thut iu ch : Nh gii thiu chng 2, DMT v CAP u l hai loi m ng truyn hot ng c hiu qu trong di tn s cao pha trn bng tn thoi. Tuy nhin chng c nhng nguyn l lm vic khc nhau nn mt b thu pht p dng k thut DMT khng th cng hot ng vi mt b thu pht ng dng k thut CAP. Nhng nm qua c nhiu cuc tranh lun la chn loi m ng dy tiu chun cho ADSL nhm nhanh chng a cng ngh ADSL ra th trng, tng tc dch v bng rng vi gi r v gii quyt vn tc nghn lu lng m mng thoi ang phi gnh chu. Cui cng DMT c chp nhn l mt tiu chun quc t m c ANSI v ETSI u c vn bn xc nhn t nm 1995 v c ITU ph chun nm 1997. Nhiu nh my sn xut cc vi mch tch hp ang pht trin cc thit b ADSL c kh nng tng tc da trn tiu chun ny. S d DMT c la chn l do mt lot u im sau y:
49
Chng 1
+ Kh nng tng thch: y l mt yu cu ca c khch hng v cc
nh sn xut cho bt k mt cng ngh vin thng mi. Khch hng th mong mun thit b mi mua v c th lm vic cng vi nhng thit b c. Nh sn xut cn chiu theo khch hng mun mua modem ca h s dng vi thit b u cui ca hng khc. y cng l nguyn tc la chn thit b tiu chun. CAP khng p ng c yu cu ny do n l cng ngh c cung cp t mt ngun duy nht l hng Globenspan Semiconductor (trc y thuc AT&T/Paradyne). Nhng nh cung cp DMT chng minh c kh nng lm vic tng thch ca cc modem do cc hng khc nhau sn xut da trn cng mt cng ngh. C nhiu hng ang pht trin k thut DMT : Alcatel, Amati, Analog Devices/Aware, Orckit, Motorola, Texas Instruments v Pairgain c nhng chng trnh ring u da theo tiu chun T1.413 c kh nng lm vic tng thch vi nhau to thnh th trng cung cp sn phm rng ln.
+ Kh nng chng nhiu tt nn thng lng cao hn: V nguyn tc
th DMT v CAP t c thng lng nh nhau trn cng mt knh nhng thc t th c s khc nhau gia kin trc my thu v pht cng nh cc gii hn thc thi nh hng ti hiu nng ca mi h thng. K thut truyn dn tt nht tht s c th thch ng tn hiu u vo vi kh nng ca knh truyn dn, c th l phi phn phi cng sut pht tn hiu trong tng khong tn s m bo sao cho pha thu nhn c tt nht. Trn ng dy in thoi, nhng thnh phn tn s cao b suy hao nhiu hn tn s thp v nu mch vng c cc nhnh r (bridge tap) th mt phn bng tn khng s dng c. DMT x l cc knh con c lp vi trng thi ng dy. DMT o t s SNR cho mi knh con v da vo gn cho mi knh con mt s bt nht nh. Nhng tn s thp thng mang s bit nhiu hn tn s cao do b suy hao t hn. Kt qu l thng lng ng truyn tng ln ngay c khi trng thi ng dy xu. Ngoi nh hng ca tp m nhit, knh thoi cn chu nh hng ca tp m xung v RFI. Tp m xung tri rng theo tn s nhng tn ti trong khong thi gian ngn nn thng c xem l tp m min thi gian. Do vy n ch nh hng nh ti mt k hiu trong nhiu knh con DMT nhng s lm mt hon ton mt s k hiu trong knh CAP. RFI l mt loi tp m min http://www.ebook.edu.vn 50
Chng 1 tn s ch yu do cc trm v tuyn iu bin gy ra. Nhng do hon ton c th xc nh trc bng tn AM ny nn modem DMT s phn b cng sut tn hiu hiu qu nht cho pha thu, c th l khng pht tn hiu trong khong tn s b nhiu v tuyn. Chnh v vy m DMT l phng php chng nhiu RFI hiu qu v thng minh hn hn CAP.
+ Kh nng p ng tc s liu linh ng theo trng thi ng
dy. Mi knh con mang mt s bit nht nh ph thuc t s SNR ca knh
. Bng cch iu chnh s bit/knh, DMT c th t ng iu chnh tc s liu vi bc iu chnh nh nht l 32 kbit/s. Trong khi CAP cng c kh nng iu chnh tc nhng vi bc iu chnh 640 kbit/s nn km linh ng so vi DMT.
+ Cng sut tiu th t hn. Do DMT o cht lng ng truyn trong
tng khong tn s nn c th trnh nhng khong tn s b nhiu mnh dn ti cng sut tiu th ca h thng gim so vi CAP khi hot ng trong thc t.
+ Tng thch ph. Khi nhiu khch hng ng thi truy nhp vo cc
node mng s dng cc dch v tc cao ca nhiu nh cung cp dch v vi cc cng ngh khc nhau th nh hng xuyn m ca cc i dy ng khc nhau trong cng mt b cp hay gia cc b cp khc nhau rt ln. trnh hin tng ny, mt tiu chun a ra mt n mt ph cng sut quy nh mt ph cng sut PSD m h thng c th s dng cho tn s pht hng ln v hng xung. T1E1 xc nh mt n PSD cho php ADSL truyn tc phi chng nhng tng thch vi cc dch v khc trong khuyn ngh T1.413. Trong khi, h thng DMT p ng c tiu chun ny v khng gy nhiu cho cc h thng khc th CAP vi phm v gy xuyn m ti cc h thng ADSL, VDSL, HDSL, S-HDSL thm ch c dch v T1 trong b cp k cn. Tuy nhin, trn th trng hin nay cc modem ADSL s dng k thut CAP vn rt ph bin do k thut CAP ra i sm hn nn c qu trnh pht trin lu di. Cc hng sn xut loi modem ADSL theo k thut ny vn c gng tm cch ci tin k thut ny cho tt hn. Hn na, trong k
51
Chng 1 thut DMT c y cc u im nh trn i hi phi o v gim st thng xuyn cht lng ng truyn cho mi knh trong tng s 256 knh. Do vy, cu trc ca modem ADSL DMT cng rt phc tp. K thut truyn song cng : ADSL s dng hai k thut EC v FDM. Mi loi c u nhc im ring v c s dng tu theo mi trng truyn dn. FDM s dng bng tn thu pht ring nn chim di tn ln hn h thng EC. Nhng n c u im hn ch c NEXT v c s dng trong cc modem CAP. Trong modem DMT c kh nng chng nhiu tt nh xt trn th s dng k thut EC cho php mi hng pht tn hiu trn c di tn ca mi knh con.
Di tn bo v
P O S T P O S T
Truyn xung
ln
xung
f kHz
1140 0
ln 4 30 138 160
f kHz
1104
4 30 138 160
Hnh 3.4 Phng thc FDM v EC trong cng ngh ADSL
Kh nng tng thch ph ca ADSL: Bng thng thc t ca mt knh ADSL khi trin khai ph thuc tc bit v mc xuyn m vi cc dch v c. Hnh 3.5 l mt v d v kh nng tng thch ph ca mt knh ADSL hng ln s dng m DMT tc 272 kbit/s c trin khai trong mt b cp 50 i ng knh 0,4 mm. Phm vi cung cp dch v ca n ph thuc vo loi hnh dch v c trin khai trong 49 i dy trong cp. Nu c 50 i dy cng trin khai dch v ADSL nhng cng pht xung thu bao th ch cn nh hng ca SFEXT, khi ny phm vi phc v c xa nht hn 7km. Nu 49 i dy cn li l HDSL hoc SDSL th s hn ch phm vi cung cp dch v ch cn hn 4km v nh hng ca tn hiu HDSL, SDSL s chng ln hon ton ln knh ADSL hng ln. Cc dch v ISDN, T1 AMI ch chng ln mt phn ln knh DMT hng ln nn khong cch t c xa hn.
52
Chng 1
Loi nhiu
a) Hng xung 680 kbit/s
0 0,6 1,2 1,8 2,4 3
3,6 4,2 4,8 5,4 6 khong cch (km)
Loi nhiu
b) Hng ln 272 kbit/s
1,5
4,5
7,5
9 khong cch (km)
Hnh 3.5 Tng thch ph ADSL DMT vi cc h thng DSL khc

3.4 ng dng ca ADSL
c im truyn tc hai chiu khng i xng ca ADSL lm cho k thut ny ph hp vi hu ht cc ng dng yu cu bng thng lung xung ln hn bng thng lung ln. VoD l hng pht trin ban u ca ADSL nhng sau truy nhp Internet tc cao nhanh chng tr thnh hng pht trin ch yu cho c ADSL full-rate v ADSL Lite. Ngoi ra cn mt s ng dng khc ang c pht trin v s dng cng ngh ny nh sau:
Telecommuting : dch v thoi v truy nhp d liu t xa, cho php ngi s dng lm vic ti nh v kt ni ti c s d liu ti ni lm vic. Dch v truyn video hoc thng tin thi gian thc. ADSL cho php phn phi nhng ng dng bng rng theo thi gian thc nh tin tc, th chng khon, thi tit ...
53
Chng 1
Chng trnh hc t xa. ADSL full-rate vi cht lng dch v m bo c th cung cp lung video theo tiu chun MPEG-2 cho php cc trung tm ging dy gi video minh ho bi dy v trao i trc tip vi hc vin t nhiu v tr. Cha bnh t xa. Cc bc s c th chn on v khm cha bnh t xa. Hi ngh truyn hnh. Mc d dch v ny yu cu bng thng hai chiu
i xng nhng ADSL full-rate c th cung cp mt knh H0 (384384Kbit/s) chuyn dng ngoi bng thng c sn ca ADSL cho ng dng ny trong khi vn m bo phc v cc ng dng khc.
3.5 M hnh tham chiu ca h thng ADSL
M hnh h thng do ADSL Forum a ra:

V -C Mng bng rng
U-C2 A TU-C A TU-R
T-SM
Mng phn b d liu pha nh thu bao
SM SM
HPF
U-C
U-R
HPF LPF Splitter
U-R 2 POST Thit b thoi hoc modem tng t
Mng bng hp
PSTN
LPF Splitter
Mch vng
Hnh3.5 M hnh mng ADSL full-rate
Trong : Mng bng rng l h thng chuyn mch vi tc trn 1,5/2,0 Mbps (tc ca lung T1/E1).
Mng bng hp l h thng chuyn mch vi tc di 1,5/2,0 Mbps (tc ca lung T1/E1).
Mng phn b d liu pha nh thu bao l h thng kt ni ATU-R ti cc modul dch v. Cu hnh kt ni c th l im ni im
54
Chng 1 hoc im ni a im, c th l mt ng dy ni hoc mt mng tch cc.

-
POTS l cc dch v thoi n thun. PSTN l mng chuyn mch thoi cng cng.
Module Dch v (SM) thc hin cc chc nng thch ng ca thit b u cui nh cc set - top box, cc giao din my tnh hay LAN router.
Splitter bao gm cc b lc thc thi chc nng tch cc tn hiu tn s cao (ADSL) c lp t c pha nh cung cp cng nh pha nh thu bao. B splitter c th c tch hp vo b ATU, tch ri v mt vt l khi ATU hay c b lc thng cao tch ri khi b lc thng thp, trong chc nng b lc thng thp tch ri v mt vt l khi ATU. Trong mt s trng hp, POTS splitter v cc chc nng thoi thng thng c th c s dng. T-SM l giao din gia ATU-R v mng phn b d liu pha nh thu bao, n c th hon ton ging giao din T khi mng ch l ng dy im ni im. Mt ATU-R c th c nhiu loi giao din T-SM khc nhau (v d nh mt giao din T1/E1 v mt giao din Ethernet). T l giao din gia mng phn b d liu pha nh thu bao v cc Module Dch v. N c th ging nh T-SM khi mng ch l ng dy im ni im. Ch rng giao din T c th khng tn ti mt cch vt l khi ATU-R c tch hp vo trong mt Module dch v. U-C l giao din gia POTS splitter v ATU-C. Ch rng tiu chun ANSI T1.413 hin khng nh ngha mt giao din nh vy v vic phn chia POTS splitter khi ATU-C lm ny sinh mt s kh khn v mt chun ho giao din ny.
-
U-R l giao din gia mch vng thu bao v ATU-R (analog).
U-R2 l giao din gia POTS splitter v ATU-R. Ch rng tiu chun ANSI T 1.413 hin khng nh ngha mt giao din nh vy v vic
55
Chng 1 phn chia POTS splitter khi ATU-R lm ny sinh mt s kh khn v mt tiu chun ho giao din ny.
-
U-C2 l giao din gia POST Splitter v ATU-C.
Cc knh mang ca ADSL:
Mt h thng ADSL c th vn chuyn 7 knh mang ng thi. Tc ca cc knh mang c th l 1,536 Mbit/s hoc 2,048 Mbit/s l bi s ca 32 Kbit/s bc thay i tc truyn ca DMT. C 4 knh mang mt chiu c lp hng xung c mang nhn t AS 0AS 3:
+ Knh mang AS 0 mang tc s liu 32 Kbit/s6,144 Mbit/s + AS 1 mang tc t 32 Kbit/s 4,608 Mbit/s. + AS 2 mang tc t 32 Kbit/s 3,072 Mbit/s. + AS 3 mang tc t 32 Kbit/s 1,536 Mbit/s.
Tc ca cc knh u l bi s ca 32 Kbit/s. AS 0 l knh bt buc phi cung cp cn cc knh khc l tu chn. C 3 knh mang hai chiu mang nhn LS 0 LS 2. Knh mang LS 0 mang tc s liu 16 kbit/s v 32 640 Kbit/s. LS 1v LS2 cng mang tc 32
640 Kbit/s u l bi s ca 32Kbit/s. LS 0 l bt buc, LS 1 v LS 2 l tu
chn. Tc d liu 16 Kbit/s dnh cho mt knh iu khin bt buc gi l knh C. Mc d 3 knh ny truyn hai hng nhng chng thng c s dng cho lung s liu hng ln. Khun dng ghp knh d liu ADSL rt mm do cho php vn chuyn cc tc khng phi l bi ca 32 Kbit/s nh tc T1 1,544 Mbit/s. Tc s liu mng bng tc s liu tng th tr i phn mo u h thng ADSL. Phn mo u ny gm mt s phn c nh v mt s phn tu chn. Do vic cung cp cc knh mang c tc khng phi l bi s ca 32 Kbit/s yu cu knh mo u phi c dung lng khng k phn p ng nhng yu cu ca h thng. Cc cp chuyn vn ca ADSL: http://www.ebook.edu.vn 56
Chng 1 tng cng tnh tng thch ca cc thit b do cc nh cung cp khc nhau, Din n ADSL a ra 4 cp chuyn vn nh bng sau:
Cp chuyn vn
2 Cc knh mang mt chiu
Tc ti a Mbit/s Cc phng n la chn knh mang (Mbit/s)
6,144 1,536 3,072 4,608 6,114 4
4,608 1,536 3,072 4,608
3,072 1,536 3,072
1,536 1,536
3 AS0 AS2
2 AS0v AS1
1 AS0
S lng knh ti a
AS0 AS3
Cc knh mang hai chiu Tc ti a Kbit/s 576 Cc phng n la chn knh mang (Kbit/s) 384 160 C(64) 3 S lng knh ti a LS0LS2 384 160 C(64) 2 LS0-LS1 /LS0-LS2 384 160 C(64) 2 LS0-LS1 /LS0-LS2 160 C(64) 2 LS0-LS1 /LS0-LS2 640 608 608 176
Bng 3.1 Cc phng n la chn knh mang cho cc cp chuyn vn
57
Chng 1
Chng 3.
adsl
ADSL hin ang l cng ngh c ch nht trong h cng ngh xDSL. Hai c im ring phn bit ADSL vi cc cng ngh DSL khc l truyn hai chiu tc khng i xng v cho php truyn ng thi c tn hiu thoi v s liu trn mt i dy ng. Chng 3 s cp ti l do ra i ca cng ngh ny cng nh phin bn mi ADSL. Lite, cc gii php k thut c s dng v gii thiu m hnh tham chiu ca mng ADSL do ADSL Forum a ra.
4.1 ADSL v ADSL. Lite
Theo l thuyt dung lng knh ca Shanon nh ni chng 2, dung lng knh ph thuc vo t s SNR trong gii hn bng thng ca knh :
S C = B log 2 1 + N
Xt trn mt mch vng thu bao gia tng i v mt khch hng th knh hng ln v hng xung c cng mt gii hn bng thng nn dung lng knh ch ph thuc vo SNR theo mi hng. Cu trc mng truy nhp cp ng bao gm nhng b cp nhiu i ko t tng i ti im phn phi ri to ra tng i dy ti tng nh thu bao. Do vy, mi trng tp m pha tng i rt ln gm tt c cc thnh phn tp m ca tng i dy ng v c thnh phn xuyn m gia cc i dy trong cng mt b v gia cc b cp vi nhau. Khi ti gn u thu bao, s i dy ng t i nn xuyn m trung bnh t hn. Nghin cu c im ny ca mch vng thu bao ngi ta thy rng : mc d cng sut pht tn hiu c th t nh nhau song trong qu trnh truyn trn mch vng th tn hiu pht ln t thu bao b suy hao nhiu nn SNR ca knh hng ln ti tng i nh hn SNR ca knh hng xung ti thu bao. V vy dung lng knh hng xung t c cao hn dung lng knh hng ln hay ni cch khc ch c th pht tn hiu tc ln hn t tng i ti thu bao xa ch kh t c iu ngc li. iu ny cng ph hp vi nhu cu ca phn ln khch hng l cn ti v khi lng d liu ln hn l pht i (v d nh truy cp Internet). Cng ngh ng dy http://www.ebook.edu.vn 58
Chng 1 thu bao s khng i xng ADSL ra i gii quyt yu cu ny t tng ca Dr. Joseph Lechleider hng Bellcore t nm 1989. ADSL truyn ti c thng tin s v tng t trn mt i dy ng. Knh truyn dn ADSL c th c chia thnh nhiu knh s liu tc cao v cng lc phc v cho c dch v thoa. Knh ISDN v POTS c tch t modem s nh cc b lc. iu ny cho php truyn tn hiu POTS v ISDN ngay c khi h thng truyn s liu tc cao khng lm vic. Cc knh hng xung c th t tc 1,58 Mbit/s v knh hng ln t 16 kbit/s1,5 Mbit/s. Mi knh s liu c th phn chia nh hn thnh nhiu knh tc thp hn nu cn (v d mt knh cho truyn hnh s v mt knh truy nhp Internet). Tc truyn s liu ti a ca cc modem ADSL thay i tu khong cch t thu bao ti tng i, cc mc nhiu, cu ni r v cht lng ng dy. Ban u, ADSL c nghin cu ng dng cho dch v video theo yu cu VoD. Tc d liu lung xung trong ln th nghim VoD u tin l xp x 1,5 Mbit/s phn phi cc lung video MPEG-1 theo khuyn ngh ca CCITT H.226 v ITU MPEG. Tc lung ln khong 64 Kbit/s cng ngi s dng gi i cc yu cu n gin ti my ch video nh la chn chng trnh, tm dng, tua thun/nghch Khi mng Internet pht trin khp ni, ADSL rt ph hp p ng nhu cu truy nhp Internet tc cao. ng truyn dn ADSL cung cp tc d liu ti 8 Mbit/s xung khch hng v 640 Kbit/s lung ln m rng dung lng truy nhp m khng cn lp t thm cp mi. Ngoi ra, vic s dng ADSL s chuyn lu lng dch v Internet qua cc mng chuyn mch gi hoc ATM gip hot ng hiu qu hn, gii quyt c vn tc nghn trn mng thoi. Trong ADSL ban u, truyn ng thi dch v thoi v s liu cn lp t mt b phn tch Splitter pha thu bao. Splitter c s dng chng nhiu gia cc tn hiu ADSLv thit b POTS nh my in thoi, my Fax. V mc d theo l thuyt, thoi v s liu chim hai bng tn ring nhng nhng tn hiu ADSL tn s cao trn 4 KHz vn c th nh hng ti cc thit b POTS, gy ra nhng tp m nh hng ti cht lng dch v thoi hoc http://www.ebook.edu.vn 59
Chng 1 nhng s c trong my Fax hoc modem tng t. Tc ng nhiu ngc li do cc thit b POST gy ra trong modem DSL ang hot ng cng c th xy ra do tnh phi tuyn ca modem DSL vi tn hiu bng tn thoi. ng thi sau Splitter cn lp thm mt i dy ng mi truyn tn hiu ADSL n my tnh trong khi i dy c truyn tn hiu thoi. iu ny lm tng
Hnh 3.1 Ph tn ca ADSL v G.Lite thm gi dch v gm chi ph lp t v chi ph thit b khin ADSL cha c trin khai rng ri. Nm 1998, mt phin bn mi ca ADSL ra i theo khuyn ngh ITU G.992.2 gi l ADSL. Lite hay ADSL Splitterless. Do khng s dng b lc thoi u cui thu bao nn tc d liu khng ch ph thuc chiu di mch vng thu bao m cn ph thuc trng thi ng dy trong nh thu bao v thit b POTS c kt ni vo mng. Nu cht lng mch vng v iu kin trong nh tt th tc lung xung t 1,5 Mbit/s v lung ln l 512 kbit/s trong phm vi hn 5 km.
60
Chng 1
Tng i Truy nhp mng thoi
Hp phn b cp
mch vng thu bao
Tng i Cp trong nh ng kt ni ring Truy nhp mng thoi Truy nhp mng Internet
Hp phn b cp mch vng thu bao B chia pha tng i Cp trong nh V i lc
Truy nhp mng Internet
B chia pha tng i
B chia pha thu bao
ADSL vi b chia thng thng
ADSL khng s dng b chia
Hnh 3.2 So snh cu trc mng ca ADSL v ADSL lite
trnh nhiu t modem G.lite ti cc thit b POTS, n ct bt mt phn cng sut khi pht hin thy thit b POST hot ng. iu ny yu cu G.Lite phi thc hin mt th tc fast-retrain hot ng tc bit thp hn. Th tc ny tng t nh th tc hun luyn - training c thc hin trong qu trnh bt tay gia cc modem analog. Tuy nhin, khc vi th tc training ch thc hin mt ln khi mi yu cu dch v, th tc fast-retrain c thc hin nhiu ln p ng tc trong sut qu trnh hot ng ca modem G.lite v din ra nhanh hn. Khong gim tc ph thuc mc nhiu vi thit b POTS, c th ti 0 trong trng hp xu nht. Th tc fast-retrain din ra trong qu trnh ngi s dng nhc/t t hp my in thoi hoc thit b POTS, n c th lm gin on qu trnh truyn s liu ti 1,5 giy cho ti khi tc s liu thp hn khi to. Sau th tc fast-retrain khi chuyn t trng thi nhc my sang t my modem G.lite s chuyn v tc cao hn nh ban u. Dch v G.lite l phn b sung cho dch v ADSL. Khch hng c th s dng dch v ny trc n khi c yu cu mt dch v c tc bit cao hn hoc m bo hn th c th nng cp ln dch v ADSL. Cu trc mng c bn :
61
Chng 1
Internet
A TM Sw. PC
DSLA M A TU-C Splitter
Mch vng thu bao

MDF
POTS/ISDN
Splitter
A TU-R
POTS/ISDN PSTN
Chuyn mch CO
Cc ng khng phi xDSL
Hnh 3.3 Cu trc h thng ADSL Mch vng thu bao l mt i dy ng xon i ni cm thu bao v tng i trung tm. i vi ADSL full-rate (cung cp tc 68 Mbit/s lung xung), b Splitter c lp t ti c hai u cui mch vng. Pha khch hng modem ADSL m dy ADSL kt ni ti gi l khi kt cui ADSL u xa (ATU-R). pha tng i, cc b Splitter c lp t ni cc mch vng thu bao kt cui trn gi phi dy chnh MDF, u ra c hai i dy. i th nht kt ni ti mng chuyn mch thoi cung cp dch v thoi truyn thng. i dy th hai kt ni ti khi kt cui ADSL trung tm (ATU-C). truyn dn hiu qu, cc khi ATU-C c kt hp vi chc nng ghp knh to nn b ghp knh truy nhp DSL (DSLAM) trong tng i trung tm v c kt ni ti mng cc nh cung cp dch v. Cu hnh DSLAM gm cc ngn gi, cu trc panel v mi trng hot ng ti a cho 500 ng ADSL. DSLAM c thit k c u ni ti mt chuyn mch ATM hoc mt kt ni cho ATM qua giao din STM-1 155Mbit/s. Khi u DSLAM ch yu cu cung cp mch o c nh PVC. Knh chuyn mch o SVC s c yu cu cung cp cho chuyn ti IP v cc dch v khc. S chuyn i t PVC sang SVC c th nh nng cp phn mm. S liu qua ADSL c ng gi trong cc t bo ATM. DSLAM cn c kh nng x l cc t bo ATM thc hin ghp knh lu lng thng k. Tng tc cc ng ADSL qua tt http://www.ebook.edu.vn 62
Chng 1 c cc khi ATU-C c th ln hn tc ng STM-1. m bo cht lng dch v cho cc kt ni ATM cn c cc b m v hng i. i vi lu lng s liu trn c s TCP/IP th giao din s dnh ring l khng hiu qu v khng cn thit. V vy tt c cc knh ADSL c th c ghp knh thng k bc u qua mt mng LAN tng i trung tm trc khi c kt ni ti mng chnh truyn s liu. Mi b thu pht ADSL yu cu mt giao din mng LAN. Lu lng bn ngoi ti mng LAN c kt ni ti mt mng my tnh ring hoc cng cng thng qua mt b nh tuyn. Lu lng s liu tp trung c th kt ni hoc khng kt ni ti mt mng my tnh thng qua mt chuyn mch s. V tt c cc khi ATU-C u gn nhau v mng LAN ch c vai tr nh mt b tp trung lu lng nn chc nng ca LAN v b nh tuyn c th c kt hp li to thnh mt b tp trung ATU-C. B tp trung ny c th bao gm c DSLAM nu giao thc ATM c thc hin trn b tp trung v trn ng ADSL.
4.2 Hin trng chun ho ADSL:
trin khai ADSL trn mt th trng rng ln cn a ra mt tiu chun chung modem ca cc hng sn xut lm vic tng thch vi nhau. T chc vin thng quc t ITU a ra cc tiu chun modem tng th tng vt l. Cng tham gia vi ITU l nhng nhm tiu chun khc rt quan trng nh Vin tiu chun quc gia M, ANSI v Vin tiu chun vin thng chu
u ETSI. Ngoi ra cn c cc nhm lm vic nh T1E1.4, din n ADSL
(ADSL forum) v nhm hot ng chung ADSL UAWG. T1E1.4 (http://www.t1.org/t1e1/_e14home.htm) l mt nhm thnh vin ca t chc tiu chun ho quc gia M (ANSI) chuyn trch trong vic pht trin cc tiu chun v cc bo co k thut v cc k thut truyn, cc giao din ngi s dng, chc nng giao din cho cc dch v truyn dn ADSL. y chnh l t chc son tho chun T1.413 cho ADSL vo nm 1995. Cuc hp mi nht ca T1E1.4 cho ti thi im ny c t chc vo thng 1/1999 nhm a ra bn th hai ca chun T1.413. So vi bn th nht, bn th hai ny s tp trung k hn vo cc vn nh cc lp hi t truyn dn ATM v STM, mt ph cng sut PSD. Ngoi ra, cc ph lc vi nh ngha chi tit v ADSL-NEXT, b lc thng thp POTS, phn lp hi t truyn http://www.ebook.edu.vn 63
Chng 1 dn ATM v phng thc thch ng tc on-line s c thm vo bn T1.413 ln ny. Mc d y l cc khuyn ngh khng bt buc nhng vi s hu thun t pha khch hng, ITU-T v nhu cu v chun, tuyt i a s cc nh sn sut u tun th theo cc tiu chun ny ca T1E1.4. Din n ADSL-ADSL Forum (http://www.adsl.com/adslforum.html) ra i vo cui nm 1994 vi mc ch h tr cc cng ty in thoi v cc nh cung cp thit b trong lvic hin thc ho kh nng to ln ca cng ngh ADSL. Cho ti thi im ny din n ADSL hin c 178 thnh vin y v 86 quan st vin gm hu ht nhng nh sn sut thit b, tch hp h thng, khai thc dch v ADSL ln trn ton th gii. Cc hot ng ca din n ADSL bao gm hai lnh vc: tr gip v k thut v cc chin lc marketing cho cc thnh vin ca mnh. Cc ch dn v mt k thut bao gm cc bo co k thut (TR -Technical Report) nhm gii quyt nhng vn k thut mt cch c th b sung cc kt qu ca cc t chc chun ho. Cho ti thng 9/1999, 19 bo co k thut ca din n ADSL c thng qua. Ngoi ra nhng thng tin marketing, cc bo co nghin cu th trng v cc chin lc kinh doanh chung cng c Din n a ra cho cc thnh vin hp tc thc hin. Nh nhng hot ng ny, Din n ADSL gp mt phn ng k vo vic nng cao tnh cnh tranh ca cng ngh ADSL. T chc vin thng quc t ITU(http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t.html) bt u cc hot ng c lin quan ti cng ngh ADSL t cui nm 1996. Vo gia nm 1997, nhm nghin cu Q4/15 ra i nhm thc y s pht trin ca cng ngh ADSL v a ra nhng tiu chun chung cho cng ngh ny. Trong phin hp thng 3/1997, nhm thng bo ITU-T Q4/15 chnh thc chp nhn tiu chun T1.413 v a ra khuyn ngh G.994.1 cho cng ngh ADSL thng thng (G.hs). Mi y, nhm hp vo thng 10/1998 a ra mt phin bn ngh thng qua tiu chun G.994.2 (hay cn gi l G.lite) cho cng ngh ADSL.lite, mt dng n gin ho vi thng lng truyn thp hn ca ADSL. Cc vn c cp trong ti liu ny l ch ri (idle mode) v vic tit kim cng sut, tnh hot ng tng thch ca thit b. Ngoi ra trong cuc hp ny, qu trnh bt tay (hand shake) ca cc thit b ADSL thng thng cng c cp.
64
Chng 1 Nhm hot ng chung ADSL(http://www.uawg.org) c thnh lp vo nm 1998 vi s thc y ca hng Compaq, Intel v Microsoft nhm tng tc s pht trin v ng dng ADSL. ng ng sau t chc ny cn c 13 cng ty vin thng ln ca Anh, Php, c, Nht, Singapore v M. Ngoi ra, cn c 116 hng vin thng trn ton th gii ng ra nh nhng t chc h tr cho UAWG. y cng c coi nh l tuyn b h tr chnh thc t pha cc nh sn sut phn cng cng nh phn mm my vi tnh v cc nh khai thc dch v cho cng ngh ny. Thng 9/1998, mt ti liu khung v t chc mch vng thu bao, cc yu t nh hng ti cht lng v phng thc kim tra, nh gi ng truyn. Ti liu th hai c thng qua a ra cc m hnh nhiu, phng thc kim tra ng truyn v cu hnh i dy trong nh khc nhau ph hp vi tnh trng chung ca M, chu u v Nht Bn. Cc thnh vin ca UAWG cn tham gia trc tip vo nhng th nghim o c tr khng dy trong nh v mc nhiu c c nhng kinh nghim c th v mi trng truyn dn trong nh thu bao.
4.3 Cc gii php k thut trong ADSL
K thut iu ch : Nh gii thiu chng 2, DMT v CAP u l hai loi m ng truyn hot ng c hiu qu trong di tn s cao pha trn bng tn thoi. Tuy nhin chng c nhng nguyn l lm vic khc nhau nn mt b thu pht p dng k thut DMT khng th cng hot ng vi mt b thu pht ng dng k thut CAP. Nhng nm qua c nhiu cuc tranh lun la chn loi m ng dy tiu chun cho ADSL nhm nhanh chng a cng ngh ADSL ra th trng, tng tc dch v bng rng vi gi r v gii quyt vn tc nghn lu lng m mng thoi ang phi gnh chu. Cui cng DMT c chp nhn l mt tiu chun quc t m c ANSI v ETSI u c vn bn xc nhn t nm 1995 v c ITU ph chun nm 1997. Nhiu nh my sn xut cc vi mch tch hp ang pht trin cc thit b ADSL c kh nng tng tc da trn tiu chun ny. S d DMT c la chn l do mt lot u im sau y:
65
Chng 1
+ Kh nng tng thch: y l mt yu cu ca c khch hng v cc
nh sn xut cho bt k mt cng ngh vin thng mi. Khch hng th mong mun thit b mi mua v c th lm vic cng vi nhng thit b c. Nh sn xut cn chiu theo khch hng mun mua modem ca h s dng vi thit b u cui ca hng khc. y cng l nguyn tc la chn thit b tiu chun. CAP khng p ng c yu cu ny do n l cng ngh c cung cp t mt ngun duy nht l hng Globenspan Semiconductor (trc y thuc AT&T/Paradyne). Nhng nh cung cp DMT chng minh c kh nng lm vic tng thch ca cc modem do cc hng khc nhau sn xut da trn cng mt cng ngh. C nhiu hng ang pht trin k thut DMT : Alcatel, Amati, Analog Devices/Aware, Orckit, Motorola, Texas Instruments v Pairgain c nhng chng trnh ring u da theo tiu chun T1.413 c kh nng lm vic tng thch vi nhau to thnh th trng cung cp sn phm rng ln.
+ Kh nng chng nhiu tt nn thng lng cao hn: V nguyn tc
th DMT v CAP t c thng lng nh nhau trn cng mt knh nhng thc t th c s khc nhau gia kin trc my thu v pht cng nh cc gii hn thc thi nh hng ti hiu nng ca mi h thng. K thut truyn dn tt nht tht s c th thch ng tn hiu u vo vi kh nng ca knh truyn dn, c th l phi phn phi cng sut pht tn hiu trong tng khong tn s m bo sao cho pha thu nhn c tt nht. Trn ng dy in thoi, nhng thnh phn tn s cao b suy hao nhiu hn tn s thp v nu mch vng c cc nhnh r (bridge tap) th mt phn bng tn khng s dng c. DMT x l cc knh con c lp vi trng thi ng dy. DMT o t s SNR cho mi knh con v da vo gn cho mi knh con mt s bt nht nh. Nhng tn s thp thng mang s bit nhiu hn tn s cao do b suy hao t hn. Kt qu l thng lng ng truyn tng ln ngay c khi trng thi ng dy xu. Ngoi nh hng ca tp m nhit, knh thoi cn chu nh hng ca tp m xung v RFI. Tp m xung tri rng theo tn s nhng tn ti trong khong thi gian ngn nn thng c xem l tp m min thi gian. Do vy n ch nh hng nh ti mt k hiu trong nhiu knh con DMT nhng s lm mt hon ton mt s k hiu trong knh CAP. RFI l mt loi tp m min http://www.ebook.edu.vn 66
Chng 1 tn s ch yu do cc trm v tuyn iu bin gy ra. Nhng do hon ton c th xc nh trc bng tn AM ny nn modem DMT s phn b cng sut tn hiu hiu qu nht cho pha thu, c th l khng pht tn hiu trong khong tn s b nhiu v tuyn. Chnh v vy m DMT l phng php chng nhiu RFI hiu qu v thng minh hn hn CAP.
+ Kh nng p ng tc s liu linh ng theo trng thi ng
dy. Mi knh con mang mt s bit nht nh ph thuc t s SNR ca knh
. Bng cch iu chnh s bit/knh, DMT c th t ng iu chnh tc s liu vi bc iu chnh nh nht l 32 kbit/s. Trong khi CAP cng c kh nng iu chnh tc nhng vi bc iu chnh 640 kbit/s nn km linh ng so vi DMT.
+ Cng sut tiu th t hn. Do DMT o cht lng ng truyn trong
tng khong tn s nn c th trnh nhng khong tn s b nhiu mnh dn ti cng sut tiu th ca h thng gim so vi CAP khi hot ng trong thc t.
+ Tng thch ph. Khi nhiu khch hng ng thi truy nhp vo cc
node mng s dng cc dch v tc cao ca nhiu nh cung cp dch v vi cc cng ngh khc nhau th nh hng xuyn m ca cc i dy ng khc nhau trong cng mt b cp hay gia cc b cp khc nhau rt ln. trnh hin tng ny, mt tiu chun a ra mt n mt ph cng sut quy nh mt ph cng sut PSD m h thng c th s dng cho tn s pht hng ln v hng xung. T1E1 xc nh mt n PSD cho php ADSL truyn tc phi chng nhng tng thch vi cc dch v khc trong khuyn ngh T1.413. Trong khi, h thng DMT p ng c tiu chun ny v khng gy nhiu cho cc h thng khc th CAP vi phm v gy xuyn m ti cc h thng ADSL, VDSL, HDSL, S-HDSL thm ch c dch v T1 trong b cp k cn. Tuy nhin, trn th trng hin nay cc modem ADSL s dng k thut CAP vn rt ph bin do k thut CAP ra i sm hn nn c qu trnh pht trin lu di. Cc hng sn xut loi modem ADSL theo k thut ny vn c gng tm cch ci tin k thut ny cho tt hn. Hn na, trong k
67
Chng 1 thut DMT c y cc u im nh trn i hi phi o v gim st thng xuyn cht lng ng truyn cho mi knh trong tng s 256 knh. Do vy, cu trc ca modem ADSL DMT cng rt phc tp. K thut truyn song cng : ADSL s dng hai k thut EC v FDM. Mi loi c u nhc im ring v c s dng tu theo mi trng truyn dn. FDM s dng bng tn thu pht ring nn chim di tn ln hn h thng EC. Nhng n c u im hn ch c NEXT v c s dng trong cc modem CAP. Trong modem DMT c kh nng chng nhiu tt nh xt trn th s dng k thut EC cho php mi hng pht tn hiu trn c di tn ca mi knh con.
Di tn bo v
P O S T P O S T
Truyn xung
ln
xung
f kHz
1140 0
ln 4 30 138 160
f kHz
1104
4 30 138 160
Hnh 3.4 Phng thc FDM v EC trong cng ngh ADSL
Kh nng tng thch ph ca ADSL: Bng thng thc t ca mt knh ADSL khi trin khai ph thuc tc bit v mc xuyn m vi cc dch v c. Hnh 3.5 l mt v d v kh nng tng thch ph ca mt knh ADSL hng ln s dng m DMT tc 272 kbit/s c trin khai trong mt b cp 50 i ng knh 0,4 mm. Phm vi cung cp dch v ca n ph thuc vo loi hnh dch v c trin khai trong 49 i dy trong cp. Nu c 50 i dy cng trin khai dch v ADSL nhng cng pht xung thu bao th ch cn nh hng ca SFEXT, khi ny phm vi phc v c xa nht hn 7km. Nu 49 i dy cn li l HDSL hoc SDSL th s hn ch phm vi cung cp dch v ch cn hn 4km v nh hng ca tn hiu HDSL, SDSL s chng ln hon ton ln knh ADSL hng ln. Cc dch v ISDN, T1 AMI ch chng ln mt phn ln knh DMT hng ln nn khong cch t c xa hn.
68
Chng 1
Loi nhiu
a) Hng xung 680 kbit/s
0 0,6 1,2 1,8 2,4 3
3,6 4,2 4,8 5,4 6 khong cch (km)
Loi nhiu
b) Hng ln 272 kbit/s
1,5
4,5
7,5
9 khong cch (km)
Hnh 3.5 Tng thch ph ADSL DMT vi cc h thng DSL khc

4.4 ng dng ca ADSL
c im truyn tc hai chiu khng i xng ca ADSL lm cho k thut ny ph hp vi hu ht cc ng dng yu cu bng thng lung xung ln hn bng thng lung ln. VoD l hng pht trin ban u ca ADSL nhng sau truy nhp Internet tc cao nhanh chng tr thnh hng pht trin ch yu cho c ADSL full-rate v ADSL Lite. Ngoi ra cn mt s ng dng khc ang c pht trin v s dng cng ngh ny nh sau:
Telecommuting : dch v thoi v truy nhp d liu t xa, cho php ngi s dng lm vic ti nh v kt ni ti c s d liu ti ni lm vic. Dch v truyn video hoc thng tin thi gian thc. ADSL cho php phn phi nhng ng dng bng rng theo thi gian thc nh tin tc, th chng khon, thi tit ...
69
Chng 1
Chng trnh hc t xa. ADSL full-rate vi cht lng dch v m bo c th cung cp lung video theo tiu chun MPEG-2 cho php cc trung tm ging dy gi video minh ho bi dy v trao i trc tip vi hc vin t nhiu v tr. Cha bnh t xa. Cc bc s c th chn on v khm cha bnh t xa. Hi ngh truyn hnh. Mc d dch v ny yu cu bng thng hai chiu
i xng nhng ADSL full-rate c th cung cp mt knh H0 (384384Kbit/s) chuyn dng ngoi bng thng c sn ca ADSL cho ng dng ny trong khi vn m bo phc v cc ng dng khc.
4.5 M hnh tham chiu ca h thng ADSL
M hnh h thng do ADSL Forum a ra:

V -C Mng bng rng
U-C2 A TU-C A TU-R
T-SM
Mng phn b d liu pha nh thu bao
SM SM
HPF
U-C
U-R
HPF LPF Splitter
U-R 2 POST Thit b thoi hoc modem tng t
Mng bng hp
PSTN
LPF Splitter
Mch vng
Hnh3.5 M hnh mng ADSL full-rate
Trong : Mng bng rng l h thng chuyn mch vi tc trn 1,5/2,0 Mbps (tc ca lung T1/E1).
Mng bng hp l h thng chuyn mch vi tc di 1,5/2,0 Mbps (tc ca lung T1/E1).
Mng phn b d liu pha nh thu bao l h thng kt ni ATU-R ti cc modul dch v. Cu hnh kt ni c th l im ni im
70
Chng 1 hoc im ni a im, c th l mt ng dy ni hoc mt mng tch cc.

-
POTS l cc dch v thoi n thun. PSTN l mng chuyn mch thoi cng cng.
Module Dch v (SM) thc hin cc chc nng thch ng ca thit b u cui nh cc set - top box, cc giao din my tnh hay LAN router.
Splitter bao gm cc b lc thc thi chc nng tch cc tn hiu tn s cao (ADSL) c lp t c pha nh cung cp cng nh pha nh thu bao. B splitter c th c tch hp vo b ATU, tch ri v mt vt l khi ATU hay c b lc thng cao tch ri khi b lc thng thp, trong chc nng b lc thng thp tch ri v mt vt l khi ATU. Trong mt s trng hp, POTS splitter v cc chc nng thoi thng thng c th c s dng. T-SM l giao din gia ATU-R v mng phn b d liu pha nh thu bao, n c th hon ton ging giao din T khi mng ch l ng dy im ni im. Mt ATU-R c th c nhiu loi giao din T-SM khc nhau (v d nh mt giao din T1/E1 v mt giao din Ethernet). T l giao din gia mng phn b d liu pha nh thu bao v cc Module Dch v. N c th ging nh T-SM khi mng ch l ng dy im ni im. Ch rng giao din T c th khng tn ti mt cch vt l khi ATU-R c tch hp vo trong mt Module dch v. U-C l giao din gia POTS splitter v ATU-C. Ch rng tiu chun ANSI T1.413 hin khng nh ngha mt giao din nh vy v vic phn chia POTS splitter khi ATU-C lm ny sinh mt s kh khn v mt chun ho giao din ny.
-
U-R l giao din gia mch vng thu bao v ATU-R (analog).
U-R2 l giao din gia POTS splitter v ATU-R. Ch rng tiu chun ANSI T 1.413 hin khng nh ngha mt giao din nh vy v vic
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Chng 1 phn chia POTS splitter khi ATU-R lm ny sinh mt s kh khn v mt tiu chun ho giao din ny.
-
U-C2 l giao din gia POST Splitter v ATU-C.
Cc knh mang ca ADSL:
Mt h thng ADSL c th vn chuyn 7 knh mang ng thi. Tc ca cc knh mang c th l 1,536 Mbit/s hoc 2,048 Mbit/s l bi s ca 32 Kbit/s bc thay i tc truyn ca DMT. C 4 knh mang mt chiu c lp hng xung c mang nhn t AS 0AS 3:
+ Knh mang AS 0 mang tc s liu 32 Kbit/s6,144 Mbit/s + AS 1 mang tc t 32 Kbit/s 4,608 Mbit/s. + AS 2 mang tc t 32 Kbit/s 3,072 Mbit/s. + AS 3 mang tc t 32 Kbit/s 1,536 Mbit/s.
Tc ca cc knh u l bi s ca 32 Kbit/s. AS 0 l knh bt buc phi cung cp cn cc knh khc l tu chn. C 3 knh mang hai chiu mang nhn LS 0 LS 2. Knh mang LS 0 mang tc s liu 16 kbit/s v 32 640 Kbit/s. LS 1v LS2 cng mang tc 32
640 Kbit/s u l bi s ca 32Kbit/s. LS 0 l bt buc, LS 1 v LS 2 l tu
chn. Tc d liu 16 Kbit/s dnh cho mt knh iu khin bt buc gi l knh C. Mc d 3 knh ny truyn hai hng nhng chng thng c s dng cho lung s liu hng ln. Khun dng ghp knh d liu ADSL rt mm do cho php vn chuyn cc tc khng phi l bi ca 32 Kbit/s nh tc T1 1,544 Mbit/s. Tc s liu mng bng tc s liu tng th tr i phn mo u h thng ADSL. Phn mo u ny gm mt s phn c nh v mt s phn tu chn. Do vic cung cp cc knh mang c tc khng phi l bi s ca 32 Kbit/s yu cu knh mo u phi c dung lng khng k phn p ng nhng yu cu ca h thng. Cc cp chuyn vn ca ADSL: http://www.ebook.edu.vn 72
Chng 1 tng cng tnh tng thch ca cc thit b do cc nh cung cp khc nhau, Din n ADSL a ra 4 cp chuyn vn nh bng sau:
Cp chuyn vn
2 Cc knh mang mt chiu
Tc ti a Mbit/s Cc phng n la chn knh mang (Mbit/s)
6,144 1,536 3,072 4,608 6,114 4
4,608 1,536 3,072 4,608
3,072 1,536 3,072
1,536 1,536
3 AS0 AS2
2 AS0v AS1
1 AS0
S lng knh ti a
AS0 AS3
Cc knh mang hai chiu Tc ti a Kbit/s 576 Cc phng n la chn knh mang (Kbit/s) 384 160 C(64) 3 S lng knh ti a LS0LS2 384 160 C(64) 2 LS0-LS1 /LS0-LS2 384 160 C(64) 2 LS0-LS1 /LS0-LS2 160 C(64) 2 LS0-LS1 /LS0-LS2 640 608 608 176
Bng 3.1 Cc phng n la chn knh mang cho cc cp chuyn vn
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Chng 1
Chng 5
Cc gii php dsl khc
Ngoi hai k thut ADSL, VDSL cung cp tc truy nhp rt cao cho cc dch v khng i xng nh ni cc chng trc, h cng ngh xDSL cn bao gm mt s k thutkhc nh : cc k thut truyn i xng nh HDSL/ HDSL2, SDSL, k thut DSL p ng tc RADSL v k thut mi nh G.shdsl, Voice over DSL, ATM over DSL.
5.1 HDSL v HDSL2
Trong khi ADSL c pht trin p ng yu cu truy nhp cc dch v khng i xng tc cao th nhng nhu cu dch v c tc truyn dn hai chiu nh nhau cn n k thut HDSL. Hin nay, HDSL c pht trin mnh m phn phi cc dch v T1, E1. c im ring ca HDSL l s dng nhiu hn mt i dy cung cp dch v, c th : s dng 2 i dy truyn tc T1 (1,544 Mbit/s) v cn ti 3 i dy truyn E1 (2,048 Mbit/s). S pht trin nhanh nhu cu cc ng truy nhp T1, E1 m khng cn lp t thm cc i dy mi dn n s ra i k thut DSL mi c gi l HDSL2. K thut iu ch : K thut HDSL s dng m ng truyn 2B1Q v mang ti trng T1 hay E1 trn hai mch vng thu bao, mi vng pht v thu mt na phn ti trng (768kbit/s hay 1.128kbit/s), s hot ng song cng hon ton t c nh s dng k thut kh ting vng EC tch tn hiu pht ln trong tn hiu thu. n u thu hai na ti trng ny c kt hp li thnh ti trng T1 hay E1 ban u. Bng 5.1 c tnh hot ng ca mt cp modem HDSL[20] Loi si (mm) Tc i Khong cch ti Khong cch ti xng a ca HDSL2 a ca HDSL (kbit/s) (km) (km)
74
Chng 1 0,5 384 768 1536 384 0,4 768 1536 6,86 5,39 4,02 4,72 3,78 2,80 4,27 3,66 3,66 2,74 -
K thut HDSL2 yu cu mt m ng hiu qu hn truyn tc i xng trn mt i dy. Nhiu loi m ng nhiu mc c a ra, nhng hai loi m PAM v CAP c cc t chc tiu chun la chn. PAM l phng thc iu ch bin xung gn ging nh 2B1Q. Thc t nhiu ngi gi m 2B1Q l m PAM 4 mc. K thut truyn song cng : Xu hng s dng k thut xo ting vng EC v ghp knh phn chia theo tn s FDM u thu ht s ch ca nhiu t chc v nh cung cp thit b. K thut xo ting vng cho mt gii hn xuyn m nh khong 2-3 dB. Ngc li FDM khng b gii hn bi t xuyn m nhng b nh hng bi cc dch v khc v cng nh hng ti cc dch v khc do tn s truyn cao hn. Tuy nhin cc nh cung cp thit b vn nghing v gii php s dng CAP kt hp vi k thut xo ting vng gim thiu bng tn hot ng ca HDSL-2 trong khong t 0 ti 230 kHz. Nh phm vi phc v ca k thut ny c th ln ti 3,6 km.
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Chng 1
ng ln (FDM)
0 30 200 230
ng xung (FDM) f (kHz)
Bng tn cho c ng ln v xung s dng k thut xo ting vng.

0 30
200 230
f (kHz)
Hnh 5.1: Bng tn HDSL-2 s dng phng php iu ch CAP kt hp vi ghp knh theo tn s hoc k thut xo ting vng
Kh nng tng thch ph: Trc y, vic qun l ph trong mi trng dy dn ng i hi trong thit k phi t cc i dy cung cp dch v s liu trong b dy ring nn khng t hiu qu kinh t. HDSL a ra gii php thc t qun l sp xp ph bng cch pht trin cc tiu chun k thut thng qua kt hp gia cc nh cung cp dch v v cung cp thit b xc nh nhng thng s ph hp. V c xy dng trn c s mt tiu chun chung nn tng kh nng hot ng ca cc dch v. Hnh 5.2 l mt v d v phm vi hot ng ca mt i dy HDSL 0,4mm tc truyn 768 kbit/s s dng m 2B1Q trong mt b cp 50 i.
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Chng 1
Nhiu
0,6
1,2
1,8
2,4
3,6
Khong cch 5,2 (km)
Hnh 5.2 Phm vi hot ng ca HDSL ph thuc NEXT t cc dch v khc Khi pht trin n HDSL2 th kh nng tng thch ph vi cc dch v khc cng c nng cao. Do HDSL2 s dng m ng hiu qu hn nn tn hiu HDSL2 chim bng tn thp hn so vi s dng 2B1Q cng tc . V vy nh hng t h thng HDSL2 ti cc dch v khc t hn h thng HDSL c. Hn na dng ph ca HDSL2 c thit k v ti u ho ph hp vi ADSL, m bo tng thch ph gia tn hiu HDSL2 v tn hiu ADSL. Cu hnh kt ni:
I T E R F A C E
E1 Ti DCS
M A P P I N G
C HTU-C O M M HTU-C O N
HTU-C
1 i, 2B1Q
tu chn
tu chn
C O M HTU-R M O N
HTU-R HTU-R
M A P P I N G
I T E R F A C E
E1 Ti CPE
Dy HDSL
LTU NTU
Hnh 5.3: Cu hnh kt ni HDSL i vi E1.
Cu hnh kt ni HDSL i vi E1.
Nhng thnh phn HDSL c tp hp li thnh nhng khi kt cui ng (LTU) khc nhau ti pha cung cp dch v hay cc khi kt cui mng (NTU) ti pha khch hng. Mi khi kt cui bao gm bn thnh phn chnh sau :
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Chng 1
+ B thu pht HDSL. + Mt vi mch chung c s dng trong tt c cc h thng HDSL: nh h thng s dng mt, hai hay ba i si. + Mt module sp xp sp xp nhng bit khung E1 vo trong cu trc khung HDSL v ngc li. + Mt module giao tip kt ni chun vi lung E1.
HDSL truyn ti E1 bng nhng ng ring khng thng qua chuyn mch knh ca nh cung cp dch v m c nh tuyn thng qua b u ni cho -DCS ( Digital Cross Connect) ti mt mng trung k. Dng n gin nht ca kt ni HDSL gia LTU (Line Termination Unit) v NTU (Network Termination Unit) l mt i si ng. Chng c th hot ng cng vi cc cu ni r v nu khong cch truyn dn ln th c th hot ng cng vi cc trm lp nhng chng u phi tun theo nhng tiu chun quc t i vi nhng mch vng thu bao. M ng m chng s dng l 2B1Q v hot ng ti tc l 2.320Mbit/s gia cc b thu pht HDSL. Vi h thng s dng hai i si th mi i hot ng ti tc i xng 1.168Mbit/s i vi hai hng t thu bao ti tng i v t tng i ti thu bao. Tng tc bit by gi cao hn so vi E1 l do c thm vo cc bit mo u. Khi s dng h thng ba i, do c thm mt vi mo u cho nn mi i hot ng ti tc i xng l 784kbit/s v vy m tc truyn ti 3x784kbit/s=2.352Mbit/s. Trong h thng s dng phng php truyn dn ba i si do mi i hot ng ti tc bit thp cho nn khong cch truyn dn c th t c xa hn so vi hai phng php truyn dn trn. Ngoi kh nng cung cp tc E1, k thut HDSL cn c kh nng cung cp tc T1 vi cu hnh tng t. Cc ng dng ca k thut HDSL Nhng ng dng chnh ca k thut HDSL l: truy cp Internet vi tc cao, s dng cho nhng mng ring, m rng trung tm PBX ti nhng v tr khc, m rng mng LAN v kt ni n cc vng ring quang, s dng cho Video hi ngh v gio dc t xa. Ngoi ra n cn c s dng cho cc h thng v tuyn hoc PRI ISDN.
78
Chng 1
5.2 K thut SDSL
K thut SDSL truyn tin theo phng thc i xng, v nguyn tc n hon ton ging nh k thut HDSL nhng h thng SDSL ch s dng mt i si truyn nhng dch v tc cao t nh cung cp dch v ti khch hng, mi i hot ng ti tc 784kbit/s, vic s dng mt i si ny lm gim thit b trong h thng v chi ph ng thu ring. K thut SDSL cho php ghp knh thoi v s liu trn cng mt ng v cho php ngi s dng truy cp nhng trang Web, ti nhng tp d liu v thoi ti cng mt thi im. Tu theo tng yu cu ca khch hng m SDSL cho php nhng nh cung cp dch cung cp nhng dch v tc cao da trn 3 tham s c bn: tc dch v, chi ph v khong cch truyn. Di y l nhng tc truyn dn ca k thut SDSL tng ng vi tng khong cch m k thut c th t c Bng 5.2: Tc truyn dn ca SDSL tng ng vi khong cch[23] Tc truyn dn 128kbit/s 256kbit/s 384kbit/s 768kbit/s 1,024Mbit/s Khong cch cho php 6,71 km 6,56 km 4,42 km 3,97 km 3,51 km
V vy m tu theo khong cch t tng i ti thu bao v hiu sut cn thit m khch hng c th la chn cho mnh kh nng tt nht.
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Chng 1
CO
Trung k cho nhng ng DS-1
Kt ni Central cho cho office nhng dch Terminal v ring (COT)
STU
CPE
RT
STU
CPE 128kbit/s n 768kbit/s
Hnh 5.4: V d v mt h thng s dng k thut SDSL Hnh 5.4 v d v mt h thng s dng k thut SDSL. Trong h thng ny tng i v thit b t xa c u ni vi nhau nh nhng kt ni T1. Nhng khi u cui SDSL (STU) c t ti kt cui u xa (RT) v ch cn thit mt i si phn b dch v ti tng khch hng. Hn ch ca SDSL l vic thiu cc tiu chun chung nn khng c s thng nht gia cc modem SDSL trn th trng. V vy SDSL ch l gii php tm thi cung cp cc ng truyn tc i xng nh hn 768 kbit/s.
5.3 Voice over DSL (VoDSL)
C hai cch kt hp dch v thoi qua DSL l phn chia theo tn s hoc phn chia theo thi gian. Phng php phn chia theo tn s cho php cc tn hiu thoi tng t c gi qua ng dy DSL trn mt phn tn s thp dnh ring ca ng dy. Phn tn s cao hn ti 1,1 MHz c dnh gi thng tin s. ADSL, RADSL v VDSL cho php chia s tn s cho tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s. VoDSL l mt qu trnh gi cc tn hiu bng tn thoi nh ting ni, fax hoc modem bng tn thoi qua mt knh s trn h thng xDSL. VoDSL yu cu chuyn i t tn hiu tng t sang dng s v nh dng cc tn hiu s ny vo cc khung v cc khe thi gian chng c th c kt hp vo knh DSL. truyn thng tn hiu thoi qua mt h thng DSL, khch hng yu cu mt hoc nhiu thit b truyn thng c kh nng chuyn i tn hiu m http://www.ebook.edu.vn 80
Chng 1 thanh vo knh s c truyn qua mng DSL. ng thi phi c mt thit b khc c kh nng nhn knh s t h thng DSL v chuyn i ngc li thnh tn hiu bng tn thoi tng t nh ban u. Nhng thit b ny c th rt n gin nh mt chic my tnh vi mt card m thanh, mt modem DSL v phn mm VoDSL hoc c th phc tp nh mt mng vin thng ca mt cng ty vi thit b truy nhp tch hp (IAD). Tu la chn m mt s h thng DSL c th c cng gateway PSTN chuyn i m thanh s trn h thng DSL thnh tn hiu thoi. Sau tn hiu thoi ny c gi qua mng PSTN. Dch v VoDSL cho php ch cn mt h thng s c th cung cp c truyn thng thoi v s liu. Dch v VoDSL c th i vng qua mng PSTN, v tn hiu thoi c chuyn thnh dng s nn c th c nh tuyn qua mng theo cch tng t nh s liu. Tuy nhin, tn hiu thoi s thng c m ho vi yu cu QoS khc vi s liu. Mc d d liu s thng thng c th b tr hoc c pht li nhng tn hiu thoi s phi c truyn gn theo thi gian thc (tr nh hn 100ms) t c mc cht lng c th chp nhn c. Hnh 5.5 a ra mt mng DSL c kh nng cung cp cc dch v thoi. y, mt ng DSL s duy nht (c th l HDSL, SDSL hoc ADSL) kt ni mt khch hng ti mt nh cung cp dch v DSL. Cc thit b thoi, my in thoi, my fax c ni ti IAD. IAD chuyn i tn hiu tng t t cc thit b thoi v tn hiu s t my tnh thnh khun dng c th truyn trn phn tn s cao ca ng dy DSL. Cc knh s c to ra bi mi cuc gi VoDSL c th c nh tuyn ti nhng ni khc nhau. Nu cuc gi l voice over Internet (VoIP) th s c nh tuyn ti ISP v h thng DSL hon thnh nhim v. Nu cuc gi c khi to v kt cui trong mng DSL th h thng DSL phi nh tuyn cuc gi ti ngi s dng DSL khc. Cuc gi c th c nh tuyn qua mt cng gateway PSTN kt cui ti mt thit b thoi khc kt ni vi mng PSTN.
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Chng 1
PC Phn mm thoi Internet Ti cc khch hng DSL khc Ti cc PC khc Hub PC Phn mm thoi Internet B nh tuyn DSL v IA D ISP Inter net
DSLA M
ISP Mng backbone DSL
Fax
V oice gateway
PSTN
Hnh 5.5 Dch v VoDSL C 3 loi cu hnh c bn cho thoi qua DSL : computer-to-computer, computer-to-telephone v telephone-to-telephone.
+ Computer-to-computer
Cc cuc thoi c th khi to v kt cui gia cc PC kt ni ti mng DSL. Mt cuc gi VoDSL theo cu hnh ny yu cu cc my tnh phi c mt card m thanh, microphone v loa. Vic lp thm nhng b phn ny kh n gin v ch cn thit lp thm mt phn mm cn thit. Phn mm ny phi nh dng v nh tuyn m thanh s t sound card ti mt kt ni s liu nh mng Internet. Knh s liu tip tc nh tuyn d liu ny ti mt my tnh khc c kh nng x l tng t.
+ Computer-to-Telephone
C th khi to v nhn nhng cuc gi t mt my tnh kt ni ri mng DSL nu mng DSL ny c cng gateway PSTN v khch hng c thit b thoi DSL ph hp. Cng gateway PSTN l mt thit b truyn thng, nhn s liu t mt mng khc nh DSL hoc Internet v truyn s liu ny theo khun dng ph hp vi mng PSTN. N c th l mt thit b n gin thc hin trn vn mt cuc gi n gin v chuyn i tng ng m thanh s http://www.ebook.edu.vn 82
Chng 1 thnh tn hiu ph hp cho PSTN. N cng c th phc tp hn vi kh nng x l cc dch v tin tin nh cc dch v PSTN khc, v d nh ch gi, thoi nhiu hng... cng gateway phi to ra cc th tc bo hiu v b nh thi gia my tnh ngi dng v mng PSTN.
+ Telephone-to-Telephone
Dch v telephone to telephone qua DSL yu cu cc giao din c hai thit b kt cui DSL ca ngi s dng u cui v mt cng gateway PSTN trong h thng DSL. IAD cng c th c s dng trong dch v ny, n cung cp s chuyn i cn thit t thit b thoi tiu chun ca ngi dng ti knh s trn ng dy DSL. Sau nh cung cp DSL s nh tuyn cuc gi qua gateway PSTN. Vic ny cho php cc thit b analog c th khi to v nhn cuc gi m khng cn kt ni qua mt tng i no.
5.4 ATM over DSL
ATM l h thng chuyn mch v truyn ti cc d liu di dng cc gi tin c di c nh (53 t bo). H thng ATM s dng ch truyn dn tc cao (155Mbit/s) v kt ni trn c s h thng nh tuyn ngha l cng mt ng truyn thng i qua cc chuyn mch gi c thit lp v duy tr trong sut phin truyn thng. Dch v ATM c pht trin cung cp mt mi trng truyn thng cho cc dch v thoi, s liu v video. T nhng nm 1990, ATM tr thnh mt tiu chun cho mng backbone s tc cao v c cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng ln s dng rng ri lin kt cc phn mng ca h nh cc b DSLAM, cc b nh truyn. Ban u, dch v ATM qua DSL ch cho php mt kt ni ng o (VPC) cho mt ngi s dng u cui. Nhng khch hng ca xDSL thng c nhiu yu cu truyn thng s liu nh video s, Internet tc cao v voice over DSL nn ATM over DSL pht trin cho php nhiu knh o v nhiu loi kt ni hn. Nhiu loi dch v c cung cp nh dch v tc bit c nh (CBR), tc bit thay i (VBR) v tc bit khng xc nh (UBR). CBR l mt lp dch v vin thng cung cp cho mi ngi s dng u cui mt tc truyn dn d liu c nh. Dch v ny thng c s dng khi cn tc truyn d liu theo thi gian thc nh dch v thoi. Dch v http://www.ebook.edu.vn 83
Chng 1 VBR cung cp tc truyn dn s liu thay i ng dng cho cc yu cu tng tc theo thi gian thc vi nhiu khi d liu nh dch v hi ngh truyn hnh. UBR s dng cho cc yu cu khng yu cu tng tc theo thi gian thc nh duyt cc trang web. V ATM s dng gi d liu c kch thc c nh v c giao thc ring ca n nn phi to ra cc giao din phn mm gia dch v ATM v cc ng dng, c gi l cc tng p ng ATM (AAL). AAL chuyn i cc bn tin ca lp ng dng thnh cc gi rt nh v to ra cc knh s liu logic cn thit truyn. Ngay t khi mi pht trin, ATM c s dng ch yu trong cc ng dng thng mi. Truyn thng s liu tc cao 155 Mbit/s gp nhiu phc tp trong thc hin hn d on. trin khai ATM trong mng my tnh, n phi hot ng tc 25 Mbit/s. V cc h thng Ethernet rt ph bin nn chun ATM25 km ph dng hn v s lng thit b thng mi b hn ch. Tuy nhin, vi s ra i ca DSL v yu cu kt hp cc knh a phng tin tc cao vi nhiu mc QoS khc nhau to iu kin cho ATM25 ph bin hn. Hnh 5.6 th hin mt dch v ATM over DSL. y, ATM c th cung cp nhiu loi dch v khc nhau. Tuyn AAL5 cung cp mt tng p ng thi gian thc, thng c s dng cho cc dch v video s. AAL1- CBR l knh tc bit c nh c s dng cho truyn thoi s. AAL5-UBR l knh tc bit khng xc nh dnh cho s liu nh duyt trang web.
84
Chng 1
Mng TV Video- L5-VBR PSTN PSTN gateway Chuyn mch A TM MDF V ideo- L1-CBR Data- L5-UBR ISP
A TU-R
Set-top box
TV
V oA TM
NIC
PC
Inter net
Hnh 5.6 ATM over DSL
5.5
Mt s modem DSL ring ca cc hng sn xut
IDSL: c pht trin bi cng ty truyn thng Ascend cung cp tc BRI ISDN s dng m 2B1Q v ton b bng thng ca 2 knh mang 64 kbit/s v knh ph 16 kbit/s. Modem IDSL c s dng rng ri cho truy nhp Internet tc cao nhng khu vc cha trin khai ADSL. RADSL : y l mt loi modem DSL thuc tiu chun thit k ca hng Globespan Semiconductor c kh nng p ng tc . RADSL s dng phng php iu ch CAP. Tc hng ln v hng xung ph thuc vo t s SNR v trng thi mch vng. CDSL : Consummer DSL l nhn hiu ring ca Rockwell International. Cng nh ADSL.lite, n khng yu cu phi lp t b phn tch pha thu bao tuy nhin tc truyn dn ti a ch ddt 1,5 Mbit/s hng xung v 384 kbit/s hng ln. Etherloop : Mch vng ni ht Ethernet l k thut ca hng Nortel hot ng tc 1,5 Mbit/s10 Mbit/s tu thuc cht lng v di ng dy.
85
Chng 1 K thut ny s dng phng php iu ch tin tin ca DSL kt hp vi ch bn song cng ca Ethernet, n ch hot ng tc cao khi c cc gi tin cn gi cn bnh thng hot ng tc 144 kbit/s. V hot ng theo c ch bn song cng nn c th s dng bng thng nh nhau cho c hai hng, tuy nhin khng i xng. MDSL vit tt cho DSL a tc . N c th l mt loi modem SDSL m thng c gi l MSDSL hoc n gin l mt tn chung cho modem ADSL. i khi n l tn ca DSL tc bit trung bnh (Medium-bit-rate DSL). G.shdsl : DSL tc cao trn mt i dy theo khuyn ngh ITU G.991.2 N c kh nng la chn tc i xng t 192 kbit/s 2312 kbit/s, s dng phng thc iu ch bin xung c m ho li TCM. Modem G.shdsl c th hot ng trong khong cch di hn so vi hu ht cc k thut DSL i xng khc trong khi vn duy tr kh nng tng thch ph vi cc modem ADSL.
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Chng 1
Chng 6
ng dng adsl/vdsl cho cc dch v truyn hnh cp vit nam

Nhu cu cc dch v bng rng gm c Internet v video ang tng nhanh thc y cc nh nghin cu vin thng tm ra mt gii php truy nhp hiu qu vi chi ph phi chng. Vi u im tn dng c mng truy nhp cp ng ang c sn phn phi dch v vi tc cao v quan trng l p ng c yu cu ct yu ca cc nh cung cp dch v l vn chun ho, cng ngh ADSL v VDSL tr thnh gii php tt nht cho tng vt l. Trong khi , tng mng, IP l giao thc ni bt do tnh ph bin cho cc dch v Internet t trc ti nay cng vi k thut truyn ti ATM c kh nng m bo cht lng dch v cao ang c cc nh iu hnh la chn xy dng nn kin trc mng truy nhp bng rng hin i. Chng 6 s gii thiu v nhng dch v theo yu cu hin ang pht trin v cc gii php cho mng truy nhp phn phi cc dch v video. Cui cng l vi nt v mng truy nhp Vit nam v cu hnh mng phn phi dch v VOD ti bu in H ni.
6.1 Dch v video theo yu cu VOD
6.1.1 Gii thiu chung
Dch v video theo yu cu, gi tt l VOD l dch v cung cp video trn mng vi nhng chc nng iu khin nh u video gm : chn/hu, bt u/dng, tm ngng, tua thun/nghch...c cung cp cho khch hng. VoD c th phn thnh 3 loi ng dng theo yu cu k thut khc nhau:
+ Video gn theo yu cu NVOD: dch v phn phi cc chng trnh video theo nhiu phin bt u ti nhng thi im khc nhau. Thc cht
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Chng 1 NVOD pht qung b cng mt ni dung chng trnh trong nhng khe thi gian u nhau v ngi s dng c th truy nhp vo chng trnh thng qua mt kt ni xc nh. NVOD cho php nng cao kh nng truy nhp ti chng trnh m khng i hi tng phc tp ca h thng. NVOD c s l mt dch v phn phi thun tu m ngi s dng khng h c kh nng iu khin m ch chn ra thi im thch hp nht xem mt trong s cc chng trnh c qung b. Chc nng dng chng trnh l chc nng iu khin duy nht c thc hin nh chuyn sang cng chng trnh c pht mun hn. NVOD thng minh cho php ngi dng s dng chc nng dng chng trnh mt cch hiu qu hn v thng minh c th c cung cp bi thit b u cui thu bao hoc t thit b pha nh cung cp dch v.
+ VOD thc TVOD l dch v VOD c cp iu khin ca ngi s dng i vi chng trnh cao hn. Kh nng tng tc c cung cp cho tng ngi dng c lp. Kh nng iu khin ca ngi s dng TOVD tng ng vi kh nng iu khin i vi mt u video thng thng. iu ny i hi phi c video server v phng tin kt ni mng ci thin hn nhiu so vi NVOD. + VOD tng tc IVOD l bin th tin tin nht ca TVOD. Dch v ny cung cp cc chc nng iu khin cho ngi s dng v kh nng cung cp chng trnh theo thi gian thc mc cao.
6.1.2 Cc ng dng ca VoD
VoD c coi nh mt ng dng cho thng mi in t v vic trin khai dch v VoD c xem nh bc u trong vic cung cp dch v thng mi in t tin tin trong tng lai. VoD c s dng cung cp nhiu dch v c cht lng m thanh, hnh nh tt v kh nng tng tc vi ngi s dng :
ng dng c bn ca VoD l phim theo yu cu MOD. Ngi s dng dng
b iu khin ca thit b set-top box ca mnh c chc nng gn ging b iu khin t xa ca u my video duyt danh sch cc b phim, xem mt phn qung co hay thng tin tm tt v phim la chn. Trong qu trnh http://www.ebook.edu.vn 88
Chng 1 xem, ngi dng c th thao tc cc chc nng thng thng khc nh tm dng, tua thun/ nghch ... Kh nng tng t cng c th cung cp cho cc my tnh ci t chng trnh cn thit vi cc chc nng iu khin c dng cc nt bm mm trn mt ca s mn hnh khc ngoi ca s mn hnh phim. Mt ng dng khc l tin tc theo yu cu NOD vi s c mt ca ba nhn t chnh l nh cung cp dch v mng, nh cung cp thng tin v ngi s dng. u tin ngi s dng c cung cp cc tiu v tm tt cc tin tc ang c. Sau anh ta chn ra tin tc cng nh hnh thc trnh ba mun xem. Dch v ny khc dch v MOD ch ni dung thng tin l tin tc thay i theo thi gian v yu cu thng tin phi cp nht lin tc. Thng tin cn phi qun l ng c th truy nhp linh hot, phn loi a dng v lu tr vi mc u tin khc nhau. Dch v ny c th c m rng thu thp thng tin t nhiu ngun khc nhau v cho php to ra cc mc tin vi nhng hnh thc trnh by ring cho tng ngi s dng. y cn c gi l dch v tin tc c nhn. Dch v mua hng t xa l ng dng cho php ngi s dng duyt qua cc catalog v cc ca hng o chn mua cc sn phm v cc dch v khc nhau. ng thi c th tm thy thng tin v ga c, hnh thc thanh ton v t mua hng. Thng tin ny cui cng c chuyn ti ngi bn hng hon tt chu k t hng. Giao dch ngn hng ti nh l ng dng cung cp cho khch hng kh nng truy nhp ti cc dch v c cung cp ti ngn hng nh : kim tra s ti khon, chuyn tin gia cc ti khon, thanh ton cho mt bn th ba, ng k xin vay n... Chi tr chi t xa l ng dng cho php ngi s dng chi cc tr chi c cung cp trn mng. Ngi s dng chn ra mt tr chi trong danh mc tr chi c cung cp ri np vo thit b set-top box hay my tr chi pha nh cung cp dch v chi. Trong qu trnh chi ngi chi c th dng hay chi ti tn cng tr chi. Cui cng l ng dng dch v th vin a phng tin o cung cp mt th vin vi nhiu dch v khc nhau nh : vn bn, hnh nh, m thanh, phim v http://www.ebook.edu.vn 89
Chng 1 cc d liu khc. Do vy n cn c gi l dch v a phng tin theo yu cu. Dch v ny lin quan ti ba pha l ngi s dng, nh cung cp dch v th vin s v nh cung cp dch v mng. Ngi s dng truy nhp qua mng ti nh cung cp dch v mng ly thng tin gii thiu v danh mc cc d liu trong th vin. Dch v ny cn cung cp kh nng truy vn tm kim thng tin mong mun. Dch v th vin a phng tin o c th c cung cp di dng mt dch v cng cng cho qung b qun chng hay gii hn trong phm vi mt c quan, trng a hc ...
Vit nam nhu cu ch yu l dch v phim theo yu cu vi thit b u
cui pha khch hng l loi my thu hnh quen thuc. V vy phn ny ch cp ti ng dng cung cp phim theo yu cu ca VOD.
6.1.3 Tnh hnh cung cp dch v VOD trn th gii :
Bt u c kh nng trin khai t u nhng nm 1990, cho n nay c rt nhiu d n th nghim v mt s d n cung cp dch v VOD c trin khai trn th gii di nhiu m hnh cung cp dch v khc nhau. Ngoi ra cn c mt lot cc d n c trin khai mc mng ni b trong cc khch sn, cng ty ln... Mt s d n in hnh s c xem xt rt ra kinh nghim trong vic trin khai dch v ny : Qu trnh trin khai th nghim cung cp dch v VOD c tn l Mng dch v y FSN ca hng Time Warner Cable, mt chi nhnh ca tp on thng tin hng u nc M-Time Warner. T nm 1993, hng thng bo trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng v mng FSN da vo c s mng truyn hnh cp (HFC) hin c. Nm 1994, th nghim VOD u tin c tin hnh ti FSN Orlando. Nm 1997 c hai s kin quan trng xy ra l hng General Instrument thng bo cung cp thit b set-top box s thng mi u tin DCT-1000 v Time Warner pht hnh yu cu xut VOD. Cui nm 1999, dch v VOD bt u c trin khai ti mt s ni min Ty nc M. Theo d tnh, vo khong gia nm 2000, dch v VOD s c cung cp trn din rng ti nh thu bao trong c vng Bc M. D n cung cp VOD u tin ca chu u c hng YES Television a vo hot ng thng 10/1999 trong phm vi thnh ph Hull nc Anh. y l http://www.ebook.edu.vn 90
Chng 1 giai on u tin ca dch v Kingston Interactive Television cung cp dch v cho khong 1500 khch hng u tin trong thng 10/1999 v d kin pht trin thnh nhiu giai on vi s lng khch hng tng thm khong 150.000 vo cui nm 2003. D n VOD ca YES Television s dng video server ca hng Cube vi kh nng va m bo u t ban u va c th m rng trong tng lai. Chng trnh c cung cp trn c s mng ADSL tc 4 Mbit/s cho php duy tr cht lng dch v hnh nh v m thanh cao gn bng truyn hnh c phn gii cao (HDTV).
D n cung cp VOD ti Singapore c tn l Magix bt u a vo hot ng thng 11/1999. y l mt dch v theo yu cu tng hp vi cc ng dng nh phim theo yu cu, tin tc theo yu cu, hc tng tc, m nhc theo yu cu... Dch v c cung cp thng qua mng ADSL ti cc my tnh c card giao din ATM kt ni ti modem ADSL. Gi thu dch v VOD ca Magix l 16 USD mt thng cng vi 1,88 USD cho mt gi s dng dch v. Cc dch v s liu khc c tnh theo thi gian s dng dch v theo hai mc 5 cent /pht vo gi bnh thng v 10 cent /pht vo gi cao im.
u nm 1996, SingTel a vo mt d n th nghim VOD thng qua cng ngh ATM trn ng truyn l mng cp quang th ng PON. D n ny cung cp cho 300 thu bao gia nh. Tuy nhin kt qu doanh thu ca d n th nghim ny khng my thnh cng v chi ph qa ln. Cui cng dch v VOD c cung cp trn nn mng truy nhp ADSL a dch v c kh nng cung cp cho 100.000 thu bao. Tc ti a l 8 Mbit/s do bn knh phc v ngn Singapore. Phn cng video server c s dng l server Digital RS 8400 v Anphas 4100 vi phn mm Oracle Video Server. Kt qu ban u theo cng b ca SingTel l rt kh quan vi s lng thu bao c tnh s tng 5000 thu bao/thng. SingTel hin c t l tng thu bao mc 3/1 so vi i th cnh tranh cung cp dch v cable TV ca mnh l Singapore Cable Vision. iu ng ch l cc thu bao ca Magix u s dng my tnh c nhn lm thit b hin th.
Nm 1994, hng British Telecoms (BT) bt u th nghim k thut cung cp dch v VOD cho 60 nhn vin ca mnh vng Sufolk, Anh. Tip theo l nt d n th nghim thm d th trng vi khong 2500 khch hng tr tin c tin hnh t nm 1995. Kt qu ca cuc th nghim ny cho php BT chn ra mt cng ngh thch hp v hiu qu trin khai. Trong khong thi gian th
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Chng 1
nghim, ba cng ngh truy nhp thu bao c s dng l truy nhp cp quang, truy nhp cp ng v truy nhp v tuyn. ng truy nhp cp quang ti thu bao s dng cng ngh mng PON c cht lng cao vi tc bit ln, khong cch xa nhng gi thnh qu cao nu ch truy nhp VOD n thun. ng truy nhp cp ng s dng cng ngh ADSL c kh nng cung cp dch v vi u t ban u thp m cht lng dch v m bo, khong cch cung cp dch v ln ti 6 km v c kh nng chng nh hng ca nhiu cng nh cc vn i dy khc. ng truy nhp v tuyn trong d n th nghim ny l s dng cp quang truyn tn hiu c ghp knh t tng i xung ti gn thu bao v chuyn i thnh tn hiu v tuyn 29 GHz truyn ti thu bao. ng kt ni ny cng c s dng cho chiu thng tin ngc li. Ngi s dng dng my truyn hnh thng thng vi giao din trn phn iu khin ca set-top box tng t nh u video thng thng.
im qua mt s d n c th nhn thy yu t chi ph lun l yu t chnh nh hng ti tnh kh thi ca d n. Trong khi gi thnh ca cc thit b video server v set-top box ang gim nhanh chng do s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip in t v vi in t th ga thnh thit b mng bng rng v chi ph vn hnh vn cn cao. Ti Vit nam, cc i PTTH H Ni v i TH Trung ng cng c k hoch xy dng mng truyn hnh cp v tm kim mt gii php ph hp c th m rng cc dch v ca h mt cch nhanh nht vi chi ph thp nht.
6.2 Gii php k thut cho Video over DSL
Vn xy dng mng cung cp cc dch v bng rng i hi phi c mt cu trc ti u, phn phi dch v n khch hng c hiu qu kinh t nht.
6.2.1 IP/ATM/DSL hayATM/ DSL
tng vt l, mng truy nhp qua i dy ng vi cng ngh ADSL/VDSL
chim u th. Hin nay, cng ngh ADSL tri qua nhiu th nghim v cc nh iu hnh trin khai cc thit b ny trn mng. ADSL c th phc v trong phm vi gn 5 km ngha l hu ht khch hng u c phc v t mt DSLAM t ngay trong tng i ni ht. Tuy nhin, khong cch xa nh vy th tc truyn dn b gii hn khong 2 Mbit/s hng xung v 640 kbit/s hng ln v vy hn ch s dch v c th cung cp. VDSL l mt cng ngh http://www.ebook.edu.vn 92
Chng 1 xDSL mi v cung cp tc bit cao hn li h tr c cc ng dng truyn hai chiu tc i xng. Nhng chipset VDSL c mt trn th trng vi mc tch hp chc nng cao, mc tiu th ngun thp. Phm vi cung cp dch v ca h thng VDSL trong bn knh 1 km c th t tc t 14 Mbit/s
22 Mbit/s, do thit b DSLAM cn t gn khch hng hn v phi h tr
bng mt si cp quang ng vai tr nh cp phi. Gii php cung cp dch v bng rng qua cu hnh mng FTTx v VDSL ang c cc nhm nghin cu tch cc tho lun a ra tiu chun quc t.
tng mng, giao thc IP ni tri cho cc dch v s liu. Tht vy, vi s
pht trin ca mng Internet v s thng dng ca nhng chic my tnh PC ngy nay, IP ang h tr mi ng dng truyn s liu nh duyt trang web, chi game trn mng... iu ng ch l chnh cc khch hng Internet s to ra mt th trng ln yu cu cc dch v bng rng nh VOD, trong tng lai nn vic la chn IP lm gii php phn phi video nhiu knh s tn dng c kh nng h tr cc dch v sn c v gim chi ph hn. Tuy nhin, p ng mt im mu cht l cht lng dch v (QoS) cho dch v video th nhng tiu chun IP vn cha c th nghim k. Do vy gii php s dng ATM tng lin kt mng h tr cho QoS l ph hp nht cho cu trc mng truy nhp hin nay. Tt nhin c th phn phi cc dch v video trc tip qua ATM bng giao thc phn phi PPPoA (Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM) nhng card giao din mng (NIC) ATM th t v kh phc tp nn cha ph bin trn th trng. Ngc li, NIC Ethernet r hn v c sn trn hu ht cc my tnh kt ni mng LAN v giao thc truy nhp PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet) n gin v em li hiu qu kinh t hn trong cc mng SOHO nh hnh 6.1.
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Chng 1
SOHO A DSL
A TU-R
My in Ethernet
Ethernet
Hub
PC
PC
Hnh 6.1 Giao thc PPPoE kt ni SOHO v mng truy nhp Kt ni mng SOHO cho php cc h gia nh v cc c quan nh chia s ngun ti nguyn my tnh nh my in, file d lu v kh nng truy nhp t xa. Trong hnh 6.1 c tch ring modem ATU-R v hub Ethernet nhng nhiu hng sn xut cc modem ATU-R tch hp c chc nng ny. Nh vy s kt hp gia IP cho tng 3 v ATM cho tng 2 s em li hiu qu cao nht cho vic phn phi video qua i dy ng trn c s cng ngh DSL.
6.2.2 Kin trc mng Video over DSL
Kin trc mt mng phn phi dch v video in hnh nh hnh 6.2.
Server qun l video
M ho ni dung
Server V oD
Tng i Server truy nhp
Hnh 6.2 Kin trc mng Video over DSL http://www.ebook.edu.vn 94
Chng 1
Trong mng truy nhp, ATM c s dng tng 2 kt ni qua DSL. V vy, mi DSLAM l mt b ghp knh hoc chuyn mch ATM. Kt qu l cc chng trnh video phi c phn phi trong khun dng MPEG-over-ATM hoc MPEG-over-IP-over-ATM vi mng truyn ti v phn thit b trung tm (headend) tng t nhau. Thit b trung tm : y l im tp hp ni dung chng trnh ca cc knh TV, VOD, cng chnh ca truyn hnh thng mi, truy cp Internet ...V tr ca thit b ny k c khi n l im tp trung hay phn b cng phi la chn v mt kin trc v chng trnh video c phn phi qua mng truy nhp ATM nn c th c a vo mng bt c v tr no. Trong dch v truyn hnh qung b, video ly t cc ngun khc nhau thng qua nhiu phng tin nh v tinh, anten, studio. Ni dung video phi nm trong khun dng MPEG. Mi knh qung b thng c m ho nh mt lung truyn ti chng trnh duy nht v c gn vi mt ch s nhn dng knh c th. Nu mng vt l l ADSL th tn hiu video u ra ca headend phi c sp xp sao cho ti u ho vic s dng tuyn truyn dn v m bo cho ng ADSL khng b qu ti. Knh u ra c dng in hnh l MPEG-over-IP-over-ATM hoc MPEG-over-ATM. Nu s dng IP, chc nng multicast c dng phn phi cc knh qung b cho cc ng dng truyn hnh qung b. i vi cc ng dng tng tc nh VOD, ni dung thng tin ly t cc server lu gi thng tin di khun dng MPEG v truyn mt bn sao xung cho ngi s dng c yu cu. Server phi c nh hng c khi lng thng tin m n lu tr v s lng khch hng c nhu cu thng tin . Server ny c th gm nhiu server lu tr cc ni dung dch v khc nhau p ng nhu cu ca khch hng. Nhng server ny c th t trong cng mt thit b trung tm. Thit b trung tm trong kin trc Video over DSL c th c cu hnh tp trung hay phn b. V s dng kt ni IP v/hoc ATM nn ni dung thng tin c phn b rt mm do. Mng truyn ti Nguyn tc ca mng truyn ti l phn phi chng trnh t cc h thng http://www.ebook.edu.vn 95
Chng 1 thit b trung tm pht hnh s ti cc DSLAM tng ng hoc cc im chuyn mch/nh tuyn mc ni ti mng truy nhp. Mng phi c kh nng truyn ti hai dng lu lng c trng l a hng (multicast) v n hng (unicast) tng ng vi cc dch v qung b v tng tc. 1. Mng qung b: Lu lng pht qung b qua IP a hng, ATM im-a im hoc kt hp c hai phng thc. Lu lng c phn phi timi v tr DSLAM trong mng, thc cht l cnh tranh vi cc dch v cp phn phi trn tt c cc knh ti mi v tr. Da vo lu lng l IP hay ATM m la chn cu trc mng phn phi l ATM im-a im hay IP a hng c nh tuyn. S dng kt ni ATM im-a im trong mi trng chuyn mch ATM cng l mt gii php hay phn phi cc dch v video qung b. ATM l mt k thut n nh v c th nng cp vi kh nng sao chp d liu bng thng cao, c th lm vic trn hu ht cc mi trng truyn ti nh SONET/SDH hoc ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng mt cao DWDM v h tr khun dng t nhin ca MPEG-over-ATM hoc MPEG-over-IP. Tuyn mang cc knh qung b cng c th c s dng truyn cc chng trnh tng tc. Tuy nhin, phi chp nhn chi ph tng ln cho nhiu tuyn truyn dn quang v cc chuyn mch ATM trung gian trong cu hnh cy im-a im. Nhng chuyn mch ATM gn vi khi DSLAM r hn nhng chuyn mch ng ring trong mng. Cc b nh tuyn IP c kh nng pht nhiu hng cng c th c s dng phn phi cc knh truyn hnh qung b nu IP c la chn tng mng cho dch v. Nu mng IP c sn cung cp cc kh nng v hiu sut nh yu cu ti to ni dung nhiu hng th n s kh thi cho vic truyn thm lung truyn hnh qung b. Cc lung IP multicast ny phi c gi vo cc mch o ATM truyn tip. m bo cht lng video mng IP cng phi c gim st k phn phi cht lng dch v. 2. Mng pht n hng (unicast): Ngc li vi yu cu pht qung b, cc dch v tng tc yu cu mt mng truyn 2 chiu. Gii php tt nht l cc mch o ATM va h tr khun dng ATM thun tu v c IP-over-ATM. Do kh nng h tr d dng http://www.ebook.edu.vn 96
Chng 1 cho nhiu ng dng ca IP nh duyt trang web, truyn hnh thng mi, VOD v chi game trn mng ... nn IP-over-ATM ni tri hn. Mng truy nhp ADSL rt ph hp vi kin trc IP im-im. Nhiu kin trc khc c th c s dng cho mng n hng gm cc server truy nhp bng rng (BAS), cc b chuyn mch/nh tuyn ATM v cc card IP trong DSLAM c kt ni ti b nh tuyn. La chn cui cng tu thuc vo hiu nng, nhng yu cu ng thi ca khch hng v vn ngn sch. Cc dch v qung b v n hng c th c phn phi qua cng mt c s h tng mng. V d cc nt tp trung ATM tp hp cc DSLAM h tr c hai loi knh o im-im hoc im-a im. Cc dch v tng tc, hai chiu qua cc knh o im-im c th c tp hp ti cc BAS hoc b nh tuyn tu theo yu cu dch v. Nhng thit b nh tuyn t trong tng i c th c kt ni ti mt trung tm d liu qua cng mt mi trng truyn dn quang ang phn phi lu lng qung b. Hnh 6.3 a ra mt cch thc hin gii php phn phi dch v IP-video end-to-end, s dng mt server truy nhp bng rng BAS kt cui cc phin PPPoE v to kt ni IP ti nh cung cp dch v (VSP) tng ng. Trong hnh a ra cc thnh phn mng v cc ngn xp th tc c s dng ti nhng im khc nhau trong mng cho nhng chc nng sau :
La chn knh: s dng giao thc qun l nhm Internet (IGMP).
y gi thit rng chc nng pht a hng ch xy ra ONU v VSP, mc d c th c thm cc im pht a hng nh OLT.
Phn phi video qung b : s dng IP multicast. Phn phi VOD : s dng IP unicast
Trong gii php ny chc nng IP a hng v kt cui bo hiu ngi s dng phi c h tr trong ONU. Yu cu mt knh qun l gia VSP v ONU kim sot truy nhp video qung b trn c s user-by-user v d kim tra ch s knh.. chc nng IP multicasting khng c yu cu trong mng truy nhp cho
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Chng 1
iu khin la chn knh
a) La chn knh s dng giao thc IGMP Phn phi video qung b
Hnh 6.3 V d cc tng giao thc h tr cho dch v IP-Video dch v VOD khi lung video c dnh ring cho mi ngi s dng. 3. DSLAM DSLAM l phn t cui cng trong mng truy nhp trc nh thu bao nn cng l phng tin phn phi cc dch v video ti khch hng. N cng lm nhim v chuyn mch cc knh video ti tng khch hng. Tch hp mt chuyn mch a hng trong DSLAM s tng tc chuyn knh ng thi gim gi thnh so vi cung cp cc thit b ring. Tuy nhin, trong cc trng hp nh cung cp dch v khng h tr chc nng tch hp ny th cn cung cp mt thit b ngoi thc hin chuyn mch a hng. Thit b ny c th l mt b nh tuyn IP a hng, mt thit b chuyn mch ATM h tr a hng logic hoc kt hp c hai loi. Mt yu cu quan trng i vi thit b chuyn mch l kh nng ti to mt lung video pht qung b ti hng ngn khch hng cng mt lc, tu theo s DSLAM kt cui ti .
u im ca mng truy nhp ATM l s dng cc mch o. Lu lng
98
Chng 1 tng tc cng c truyn qua DSLAM nn DSLAM phi m bo QoS v nhiu mch o phc v cho cc dch v ny. Mt thu bao c th yu cu nhiu dch v, mi dch v c phc v tt nht t mt thit b ring. V d, lu lng truy nhp Internet tc cao c phn phi tt nht qua BRAS cn VOD c phc v tt nht qua b chuyn mch/nh tuyn ATM. 4. Mng trong nh Khi knh video over DSL c kt cui ti modem DSL pha thu bao, cn phn phi ni dung video ti cc b set-top box c th xem qua TV. Nu s dng Ethernet th c th kt ni ti PC. Khi video c dng gi tin MPEGover-IP-over-ATM th c nhiu la chn phn phi trong nh khch hng. Nhiu thit b tng thch Ethernet thng dng hay cha pht trin nh : Ethernet v tuyn, Ethernet hu tuyn, HomePNA v k thut cp qua ng dy in li (Powerline). Hin nhin, phng tin khng yu cu lp thm mt i dy mi trong nh s thu ht s ch hn v n gim chi ph lp t ti nh v khng cn gi k thut vin ti nh khch hng. Ethernet v tuyn l mt k thut y ha hn trong vic thit lp nhanh chng ti nh khch hng. Modem DSL tr thnh mt phn tch hp trong cng gateway bng rng trong nh. Cng ny h tr cc tuyn trong nh truyn thng gia cc thit b IP trong nh. Hp set-top box cng l mt loi thit b IP nn cc lung video IP hng trc tip t cng gateway ti set-top box theo tiu chun IEEE 802.11b. trong tng lai, tc ca kt ni khng dy ny c th t ti 2030 Mbit/s. HPNA v k thut phn phi qua ng dy in li u c th dng ngay i dy ang i trong nh. HPNA s dng i dy in thoi v t tc 10 Mbit/s v theo tiu chun mi c th t ti 20 Mbit/s. Powerline p ng cho truyn thng s liu vi i dy in trong nh t tc 10 Mbit/s hoc cao hn. k thut ny c u im s dng i dy c trong mi nh nhng sn phm cha thng dng trn th trng.
6.3 Cc vn trong mng truy nhp Vit nam
99
Chng 1
Trong nhng nm gn y, mng vin thng Vit nam pht trin nhanh chng c v qui m v mc ca mng, c bit c th k n vin thng quc t vi tuyn cp quang bin TVH, tuyn cp quang ng trc c nng cp t 34 Mbit/s ln 2,5 Gbit/s vi cng ngh SDH. Ton b cc tng i i quc t v tng i chuyn tip quc gia c nng cp vi h thng bo hiu s 7 v dch v ISDN. 100% cc tng i cp huyn v cp tnh c s ho, nhiu tuyn cp quang c trin khai n cc tnh nhng ch yu l cc tnh ven ng trc quc gia. trin khai cc dch v bng rng ch cn li vn trong phn mng truy nhp.
6.3.1
Hin trng mng thu bao Vit nam :
Vit nam do mch vng thu bao ch yu c s dng truyn dn
bng tn gc ca tn hiu thoi nn s dng ph bin cu trc cp xon i cn bng. Cu trc mng thu bao c chia lm 3 phn chnh :
+ Cp phi (cp s cp): l phn mch vng ni t tng i ti im ni chnh l cc t cp. + Cp phn b (cp th cp): l phn mch vng t im ni chnh ti im phn b (hp cp). Thng thng tng s i dy phn b c nhiu hn s i dy phi.
Cp phi v cp phn b c lin kt vi nhau qua cc t cp hay mng sng. C hai kiu mi ni cp ph bin l hn c nh thng dng cho nng thn hoc cc vng xa v cc tip im khng c nh thng dng thnh ph v th. Mc d cp phn b ci thin tnh linh ng cho cp phi nhng n cng gy tr ngi cho vic ba dng v qun l mch vng thu bao. Cp c s dng hin nay c dung lng t 100-2400 i si tu thuc ng knh dy ng. Cc loi cp phi v phn b ph bin Vit nam l CCP ( cch in dy dn bng nha Polyethylene c m ho theo mu) v FSP (cch in dy dn hai lp, lp trong l nha xp, lp ngoi l nha Polyethylene c m ho theo mu). Thc t c dy ln nht ang thng dng hin nay l loi 600 i, ng knh 0,4 mm v 0,5 mm. V mt h thng c th phn cp thnh hai loi : cp treo v cp ngm. Cp treo c s dng rng ri mng cp phn b v thng s dng cp http://www.ebook.edu.vn 100
Chng 1 CCP. N chim khong 40% so vi tng s cp ng vng th v 90%100% vng nng thn hoc vng xa. Trong khi mng cp phi hu ht l cp cng hoc cp trn trc tip. Cp treo c nhc im l qu gn ng dy ti in, qu ti trn ct, khng cao khi ct ngang ng giao thng ... Cp ngm c gi thnh xy dng t hn nhng chng c h hng do thin tai v khng b xung cp.
+ Dy thu bao l dy dn tnh t hp cp n thit b u cui t ti nh thu bao. Dy thu bao c chia lm hai phn chnh :
Dy thu bao ngoi nh (t hp cp n nh thu bao) : c di ti a l 300m vng th v 600m vng tha dn. Loi cp ny ch s dng c dy 0,5mm, 0,6mm v 0,65mm. Dy thu bao trong nh (phn ni trc tip vi thit b u cui) : s dng cc loi cp i hoc nhiu i c ng knh dy dn ng l 0,4mm, 0,5mm v 0,6mm. Cc vn ca mng truy nhp nc ta hin nay l kh khn trong cng tc qun l, bo dng mng do qu trnh pht trin khng c k hoch, t chc. Thit b khng ng b, khng c tiu chun y , thng nht. Bng tn ca mng thp, khng c kh nng cung cp cc dch v bng rng cht lng cao. Tn ti nhiu v xuyn m trong mng truy nhp. Ngoi ra, vic s dng cc modem tng t tc thp truy nhp dch v lm ko di thi gian truyn v chim knh tng i dn n tc nghn ng truy nhp. V vy cn c gii php gii quyt cc vn ca mng truy nhp, ci thin bng thng v tc truyn dn, p ng yu cu cc dch v bng rng ang gia tng hin nay. K thut xDSL l mt cu tr li cho vn ny.
6.3.2 ADSL/VDSL trong qu trnh cp quang ho mng truy nhp :
Mc tiu chin lc ca mng truy nhp l xy dng mng truy nhp s dng cp quang. Mng truy nhp quang c nhiu u im hn hn mng cp ng : bng tn truyn dn cao hn, khong cch truyn xa hn, khng b nh hng in t ... Tuy nhin vic thay th hon ton mng truy nhp hin ti bng mng cp quang s i hi vn u t ban u rt ln. Hn na trong
101
Chng 1 thi gian u vic thay th s khin cho khu hao ton mng tng ln do phi gnh c khong khu hao cha ht ca mng cp ng.
Gi thnh
Tin u t cho cp quang gi thnh cp ng khi thay i t ngt C D Tin u t cho A cp ng E B gi thnh cp quang trong giai on khu hao F Tng gi thnh
gi thnh cp ng trong giai on khu hao X Y Z
Thi gian
Hnh 6.3 Khu hao mng cp theo thi gian [23] Mi quan h gia khu hao mng cp trong giai don thay th cp ng bng cp quang c th hin trn hnh 6.3. Tin u t cho cp ng (ng A) gim xung bng 0 ti thi im quyt nh thay th (X). Trong giai on thay th, nu khng s dng cp ng na khu hao cp ng s tng cao v gim xung rt nhanh ti thi im thay th xong (Y). Nu s dng ht khu hao, gi thnh cp ng rt thp (ng cong B). Trong giai on ny tin u t cho cp quang rt ln (ng cong C). Do phi chu c gi thnh khu hao cp ng nn gi thnh cp quang trong giai on khu hao chuyn t ng cong E sang ng cong F, ngha l gi thnh khu hao cp quang s tng rt nhiu. Nh vy vic thay th hon ton cp ng bng cp quang l khng kinh t. Cng ngh xDSL em li gii php truy nhp tc cao m tn dng c mng cp ng hin c. xy dng mng cp quang ho hon ton cn tin hnh cp quang ho tng bc theo cc cu hnh mng nh sau : FTTCab : Cp quang c lp t t tng i ti t cp sau cp ng s ni t ti thu bao. Mi u cp quang c th ni ti hng trm thu bao. FTTB : Cp quang chy ti chn cc to nh sau cp ng s ni ti cc vn phng hoc phng ring. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 102
Chng 1 FTTC : Mt phn cp quang ni t tng i ti t cp cch thu bao vi trm mt sau cp ng s ni t ti thu bao. FTTH : Cp quang ni thng ti thu bao, khch hng truy nhp trc tip vo b ni quang. D truy nhp tc cao bng hnh thc no th gi thnh s dng cng gim xung khi kh nng thm nhp mng ca chng tng ln. Hnh 6.4 so snh gi thnh ca cc hnh thc truy nhp theo phn trm thm nhp ca k thut vo mng li. Mng HFC l mng cp s dng cp quang ti im phn b th nht sau dng cp ng trc dn ti thu bao. Hnh thc truy nhp ny c gi thnh cao nht. Tip theo l cc hnh thc truy nhp FTTH, FTTC v FTTCab. Mng s dng cp ng c gi thnh thp nht.
1,0
Gi thnh n v trn thu bao
0,8 HFC 0,6 FTTH 0,4 FTTC FTTCab 0,2 Cp ng (xDSL) 0 0 10% 20% 30% 40% thm nhp trn mng 50%
Hnh 6.4 So snh gi thnh k thut truy nhp xDSL v truy nhp quang Tuy nhin tc thay i gi thnh ca mng s dng cp ng gim chm hn cc k thut khc. Khi so snh mng truy nhp s dng cp ng v mng truy nhp s dng cp quang cng mc thm nhp mng th gi thnh mng s dng cp quang gim nhanh hn. iu ny c ngha l vic s dng cp ng ch c ngha v mt gi thnh trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Tng t, v mt khong cch truyn dn khng phi lc no s dng cp ng cng r hn cp quang. iu ny c minh ho trong hnh 6.5.
103
Chng 1
Gi thnh cp ng Gi thnh
Gi thnh cp quang (ti cm thu bao)
Khong cch la chn gia hai loi cp
Khong cch tnh t tng i
Hnh 6.5 So snh gi thnh cp ng v cp quang theo khong cch truyn
Tuy nhin, cc k thut xDSL va c kh nng cung cp dch v tc cao c lp va c th ghp vi mng quang truyn thng tin ti khch hng. ADSL c th hot ng trong khong 5km t tng i trong khi VDSL vi tc hng chc Mbit/s ch gii hn trong vi trm mt c th kt hp vi cc cu hnh mng quang k trn. Nh vy, k thut xDSL khng phi l mt gii php thay th cho mng truy nhp cp quang nhng li l mt gii php hu hiu trong qu trnh qu t cp ng chuyn sang cp quang. Hn na, vi nhng th h mi nht ca mnh nh k thut VDSL hon ton c th phi hp cng hot ng vi cc ng cp quang ti gn thu bao tng hiu qa cho mng truy nhp. 6.3.3
Gii php k thut mng VOD v truyn hnh cp qung b cho Bu in H ni:
Xy dng mng truyn hnh cp s dng mng truyn ti tn hiu bng rng da trn c s chuyn mch ATM v truy nhp ADSL (truyn ti tn hiu truyn hnh trn mng cp thu bao hin c ca Bu in H ni). y l gii php rt kh thi v k thut ADSL v gi c thit b mng bng rng ang gim nhanh chng. Mt s hng thng bo gi c cho mt ng dy truy nhp ADSL gm DSLAM pha CO v ATU-R pha khch hng ch khong 200 USD v cn gim na. Chi ph cho mng SDH v ATM cng ang gim
104
Chng 1 xung, i vi cc dch v bng rng ch tn khong vi chc USD cho mt thu bao v mt lung video c th c qung b ti hng ngn thu bao.
Trung tm thng tin v tinh Anten v tinh Video server ph tr Mng bng rng V pha thu bao
VCR
H thng Server lu tr thng bng Ti Ngn hng d liu/Internet tin hnh
Video server
Hnh 6.6 Cu hnh c trng ca mt h thng on-Demand tc cao kt hp
Cu trc tng th h thng c th chia lm 3 phn chnh :

+ Phn thit b trung tm : do nh cung cp ni dung (v d i TH H ni hoc cc nh cung cp dch v Internet bng rng) u t xy dng v qun l. Phn ny bao gm thit b thu tn hiu, thit b s ho tn hiu hnh MPEG2, thit b qun l server, thit b qun l thu bao. + Phn Mng chuyn mch bng rng ATM v truyn dn SDH : bao gm cc tng i core ATM t 2 10 Gbit/s v h thng truyn dn SDH STM1, STM4 hoc STM 16. Khi xy dng mng VOD v truyn hnh cp c th tn dng c h thng SDH, h thng mng cp quang, h thng nh trm, ngun in c sn. Mng ATM c xy dng trong thi gian ti s ng thi p ng cho vic m rng dch v truyn hnh cp. + Phn truy nhp : s dng cng ngh ADSL truyn tn hiu bng rng qua mng cp thu bao hin c. ng dy ADSL s dng bng tn c lp vi bng tn thoi nn c th cung cp ng thi c hai loi dch v video v thoi. Vic t chc mng truy nhp c th thc hin theo hai phng n :
105
Chng 1 Phng n tch hp trn t truy nhp thu bao cp quang ng ph : tng t nh phng n truy nhp thu bao cp quang thng thng. Cc t thu bao c dung lng t 120 480 s c t ngoi ng ph c th cung cp ng thi c dch v in thoi thng thng v ng dy ADSL truyn tn hiu video km tn hiu in thoi. Cc t thu bao c ni ti tng i
host bng giao din V5.x thng qua cp quang v thit b SDH STM1 kt
ni ti mng in thoi thng thng cho dch v thoi ng thi c kt ni ti mng chuyn mch bng rng ATM bng cp quang v SDH STM4 kt ni ti i truyn hnh. Tn hiu video c a ti cc t sau phn b ti cc thu bao bng ch qung b.
u im ca phng n ny l : di ng truy nhp cp ng trong
khong 1 km, bng thng c th t ti 8 Mbit/s do vy cht lng dch v cao. Trin khai d dng khng tn chi ph thu nh, trng, trc tng i.
Phng n nng cp cc tng i host v v tinh sn c thnh tng
i bng rng: cc tng i v tinh Alcatel, Siemens c a thm cc ATM hub v cc card ADSL c cm trc tip vo v tr card thu bao thng thng.
u im ca phng n ny l tit kim ti a chi ph nhng ch trin khai
c khi cc tng i host c nng cp phn mm v c b sung cc hub ATM. S dng phng n th nht s khng i hi phi nng cp cc h thng tng i ln v c th trin khai mng mt cch ln lt. Ngy nay cc dch v truyn hnh pht trin mnh m v tr thnh mt nhu cu thit yu trong sng nn thc y cc nh cung cp mng sm xy dng mng phn phi dch v VOD v truyn hnh qung b. Cng ngh xDSL c trin khai nhiu nc v nhng gii php k thut u vit ca n l cu tr li cho cng ngh truy nhp bng rng. Thc t mng cp ng H Ni p ng kh tt nhng iu kin cht lng mch vng cung cp cc dch v DSL. Trong khu vc c hn 6000 i cp vi tng chiu di hn 5000 km c phn phi trn phm vi bn knh di 1,5 km chiu di trung bnh ca mt mch vngcp ng thnh ph khong 1 km v vng ngoi http://www.ebook.edu.vn 106
Chng 1 l 2 n 3 km. V mch vng ngn nn khng s dng nhng cun gia cm v cng c t cu ni r. Do vy vic trin khai cng ngh DSL ti Bu in H ni ha hn mang li dch v truyn hnh qung b v VOD cht lng cao v thu ht nhiu khch hng.
107
Chng 1
Kt lun
Qua nghin cu v qu trnh pht trin ca cng ngh ng dy thu bao s xDSL c th rt ra mt s im nh sau : V nhng u im ca cng ngh DSL, trc ht phi k n kh nng trin khai trn mng in thoi ang s dng nn gii quyt c vn au u cho cc nh pht trin vin thng l kinh ph u t ban u cho mng cp truyn dn. Tip theo l nhng tin b ln lao trong vic nng cao tc truyn s liu ti hn 50 Mbit/s p ng cho cc nhu cu truy nhp bng rng phc v cho cng vic, gio dc, gii tr... ca khch hng. Chuyn d liu ra khi mng thoi gii quyt c tnh trng tc nghn ang gia tng trong mng thoi hin nay. Ngoi ra cn nhiu tnh nng hp dn khc nh cung cp cc dch v s tc khc nhau tu theo c im ca khch hng, cc dch v i xng hoc khng i xng, cung cp ng thi dch v thoi v dch v s liu... Vi tin b ca k thut cng ngy gi thnh thit b cng gim nhanh chng, hot ng tng thch gia cc thit b do tun theo cc tiu chun quc t v d dng lp t cho c ngi s dng nn cng ngh DSL xng ng c coi l mt trong nhng ng c vin hng u cho vic xy dng mng truy nhp bng rng. Tuy nhin, v cn kh mi m nn ang tn ti nhiu tiu chun do nhiu t chc tiu chun quc t qui nh cng vi c im ring ca n l tc truyn dn ph thuc khong cch v mc tp m ca mi trng hot ng nn trin khai thnh cng cng ngh xDSL Vit nam cn ch ti nhng im sau : Th nht, cn ban hnh nhng tiu chun ring ca ngnh cho cc thit b DSL v quy trnh o kim cc thit b cc sn phm DSL c kh nng hot ng tng thch vi nhau to thun li cho cc khch hng v c cc nh sn xut. Th hai, phi xy dng cc quy trnh o kim cht lng ng dy v mi trng nhiu tc ng ln i dy trc khi trin khai dch v c th trin khai i tr v la chn cng ngh DSL ph hp cho tng khu vc khch hng. Trong giai on cha c cc tiu chun ngnh th cc thit b DSL thuc cng chng loi mun tng thch vi nhau phi : Tun theo cng mt tiu chun quc t (v d ITU-T, ETSI...) hoc c cung cp t cng mt hng sn xut.
Tm li, vi y cc c trng ca mnh, cng ngh xDSL l s la chn tt nht trin khai ngay mng truy nhp bng rng p ng nhu cu khch hng. Mc d xy dng mng quang ho hon ton vn l m c ca cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng nhng cng ngh xDSL h tr rt tt cho mng truy nhp quang (v d cng ngh VDSL). Cc cng ngh xDSL ngy http://www.ebook.edu.vn 108
Chng 1 cng t ra hon thin, v ang pht trin nhanh trn th gii chng t kh nng pht trin lu di ca cng ngh DSL trong tng lai.
109
Chng 1
Ti liu tham kho

[1] ADSL & DSL Technology Walter Goralski- McGraw-Hill, 1998. [2] The DSL Sourcebook Paradyne Corporation. [3] xDSL Architecture Padman and Warrier BalajiKumar.
[4] Understanding Digital Subscriber line Technology Thomas Starr, John M.Cioffi, Peter Silverman
[5] Bo hiu v truyn dn s ca mch vng thu bao Whitham D.Reeve [6] Mng truy nhp Cng ngh v giao din V.5 Trn Nam Bnh, Nguyn Thanh Vit, NXB Bu in. [7] DSL Anywhere DSL Forum [8] Dilivering xDSL Lawrence Harte and Roman Kikta-McGraw-Hill. [9] Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL) FAQ v200010108 John Kvistoff. [10] Remote acces networks PSTN, ISDN, ADSL, Internet & Wireless Chander Dhawan [11] Residential Broadband Nrtworks xDSL, HFC & Fixed Wireless Access Uyless Black. [12] Competing for Throughput in the Local Loop Zdzislaw Papir, Andrew Simmonds - IEEE Communications Magazine, 5/1999. [13]xDSL Loop Qualification and Testing Walter Goralski, IEEE Communications Magazine 5/1999. [14] The development and Standardization of ADSL Walter Y. Chen, IEEE Communications Magazine 5/1999. [15] Discrete Multitone (DMT) vs. Carrierless Amplitude/Phase (CAP) line Codes Rupert Baines, Analog Devices, Inc 20/5/1997. [16] The Noise & Crosstalk Environment for ADSL & VDSL Systems John W.Cook, Rob H.Kirkby, Martin g.Booth, Kevin T. Foster, Don E.A.Clarke and Gavin Young IEEE Communications Magazine 5/1999. [17] Bi ging C s truyn dn vi ba s TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng. [18] ADSL/VDSL Principle Dr. Dennis J. Rauschmayer, 1999.
110
Chng 1 [19] VDSL : fiber-fast data transmission over copper pairs P. Antoine, W.De Wilde, C.Gendarme, S.Schelstraete, P.Spruyt-Alcatel Telecommunications Rewiew, 4/2000. [20] Bi bo S dng k thut HDSL2 cho cc dch v E1 v T1 trn mt i si ng KS. Nguyn Vnh Nam-Tp ch BCVT s 11 thng10/2001. [21] IP/ATM Integrated Services over Broadband Access Copper Technologies Arturo Azcorra, David Larrabeiti, Enrique J.Hernandez, Julio Berrocal, IEEE Communications Magazine 5/1999. [22] ti Nghin cu s dng k thut DSL cho mng truy nhp Vit Nam M s 110-99-TCT-AP-VT, Nguyn B Hng, Nguyn Vnh Nam. [23 ] Bo co ti Nghin cu ng dng cng ngh ADSL v VDSL xy dng phng n t chc dch v Video theo yu cu (Video on demand) trn mng cp thu bao hin c ca mng vin thng H ni k hiu 110-98-TCTRD Bu in TP. H ni 5/2001. [24 ] Video over DSL White paper. Revision1, 11/2001 [25] Video over BPON with Intergreated VDSL Ian Cooper, Vince Barker, Martin Andrews, Mick Bramhall, Peter Ball _ FUJITSU Sci. Tech.J.,37,1 6/ 2001 [26] Video over DSL Architechture P.Merriman, Alcatel Telecommunications Rewiew, 4/2000. [27] Bi bo Solution for delivering wired-line cable TV service and other broadband services over the existing copper cable access network in H ni PTS. Nguyn Minh Dn, ThS. Bi Thin H, KS. Nguyn Xun Thu trong hi ngh AIC Proceeding ln th 26, H ni 11/2001. [28] DSL confirmed as the worlds leading broadband technology Point Topic annonced at DSL Forum meeting, 6/3/2002, Rome. [29] S liu trong D n trin khai DSL ti nm Tnh/ thnh : H ni, TPHCM, Nng, ng Nai, Bnh Dng ca VDC. [30] Residential Broadband Achitechture over ADSL & G.lite (G.999.2) PPP over ATM Timothy C.Kwok, IEEE Magazine, 5/1999. [31] Very-High-Speed Digital Subscriber Lines John M.Cioffi, Vladimir Oksman, Jean-Jacques Werner, Thierry Pollet, Paul M.P.Spruyt, Jacky S.Chow v Krista S. Jacobsen/ IEEE Communications Magazine 4/1999.
111
Chng 1 [32] Mt s trang web chuyn ngnh nh : www.WebProForum.com, www.iec.org, www.xdsl.com, www.tuketu.com, www.dslforum.org.... [33] khuyn ngh ITU-T G.992.1, G 992.2,
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Li m u

5.5 Mt s modem DSL ring ca cc hng sn xut

Bit/s BER BRA BRI Bridge tap

CAP CATV CDMA CLEC CO

tng quan cc cng ngh xdsl

Trm mt t Dy ng / xDSL i dy ng / VDSL

Hnh 1.1 Cc phng thc truy nhp bng rng

1,544Mb/s i xng HDSL 2,048Mb/s i xng 3,6 km 4,5 km

Ton th gii 18,671,000

8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000

Thu bao DSL

5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0

Chu Bc M Ty u NA M latinh ng u T-Chu Phi TBD

Hnh 1.2 S thu bao DSL trn th gii

H ni TP HCM Nng ng Nai Bnh Dng Tng s

181 180 13 8 6 388

D kin trin khai 20.000 thc t

Thc hin bin i Fourier ngc ta nhn c p ng u ra:

ISI=0 ISI=0 ISI=0 ISI=0

Hnh 2.1 p ng u ra ca b lc thng thp l tng khi u vo l mt dy xung kim chu k T b

-3T0 -2T0 -T0 0 T0 2T0 3T0

(c) B lc dc cosin tng

Hnh 2.2 Cc c tnh v p ng xung kim ca b lc tho mn nh l Nyquist

thng thng S/N=30dB th hiu qu s dng ph tn ca knh thoi c gii hn l 10bit/s/Hz.

1011 0011 1111

Phng php iu ch FSK QPSK

Hiu sut s dng bng tn (bit/s/Hz) 0,1 0,75

V.21 V.22bis V.29 (ng dnh ring 4 dy) V.32

300 bit/s 2,4 kbit/s

Data A nalog Modem Server

Modem khch hng

ADSL HDSL N-ISDN

Hnh 2.5 So snh cc phng thc truy nhp cp ng

Hnh 2.6 Xuyn m u gn v xuyn m u xa

1.2 s dng cun gia cm

0.4 0.4 1.2

Hnh 2.8 Mch vng c v khng s dng cun gia cm

1010 1110 1(t)

Hnh 2.9 Chm tn hiu 16-QAM

2 sin (2f c t ),0 t T (2.7) thnh phn tn hiu lch pha 90 0 T

2 cos(2ft c ),0 t T (2.8) thnh phn tn hiu ng pha. T

-sin (2f ct)

Hnh 2.11 S khi ca b iu ch M-QAM

B quyt nh (L-1) ngng

Hnh 2.12 S khi ca b gii iu ch M-QAM

B lc thch ng I Gii m B s l B lc thch ng II A/D

Hnh 2.13 Thu pht tn hiu theo phng php iu ch CAP

nhng tn s thp i dy ng b suy hao t, SNR cao thng s dng

Chng 1 Hnh 2.16

Gii iu ch Gii iu ch Gii iu ch

S liu tc Ghp cao knh

Gii iu ch Gii iu ch Kim sot

Bn tin phn hi hiu chnh knh

Hnh 2.17 S khi h thng DMT

6,20 khong cch (km)

-38 ADSL hng ln HDSL

A TU-R R J11 R J45

Hnh 3.1 Ph tn ca ADSL v G.Lite

Tng i Truy nhp mng thoi

Hp phn b cp mch vng thu bao B chia pha tng i Cp trong nh V i lc

Truy nhp mng Internet

B chia pha tng i

B chia pha thu bao

ADSL vi b chia thng thng