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Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing: Theory and Practice
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing: Theory and Practice
Pulse
The ball starts to oscillate as soon as it is pushed
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Oscillation
Time From the duration of one oscillation T the frequency f (number of oscillations per second) is calculated:
f =1 T
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
a
0 90 180
A s in
Time
270
360
Phase
Ball = atom
star to
f os
cilla t
ion
distance travelled
Distance travelled
c= T
or
Wave equation
c = f
Direction of propagation
Direction of propagation
Incoming wave
Transmitted wave
Reflected wave
Interface
Incoming wave
1,0 0,87
Transmitted wave
Reflected wave
Perspex
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Steel
Perspex
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Steel
Water - Steel
Copper - Steel
+
Battery
+
The effect inverses with polarity change
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
U(f)
TR-probe
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
100 ns
Crystal
Focus
Accoustical axis
Angle of divergence
6
D0
Near field
Far field
10
+ Uh
10
+ Uh
10
+ Uh
10
IP
screen
BE
Probe
Flaw
Work piece
plate
delamination
10
s s
Corrosion
10
1 2
0 2 4 6 8 10
Flaw
F
s
0 20
d = 2T - t'
a a' s
Lack of fusion
Through transmission
Immersion testing
2
water delay flaw
IE
1
BE
IP
IE
2
F
BE
10
10