CHAPTER 7

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RESPIRATI ON
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7.1 THE RESPIRATION PROCESS IN ENERGY PRODUCTION

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

State that all living processes require energy the main substrate for producing energy what cellular respiration is 2 types of respiration

Identify State

Explain Explain State

energy production from glucose during the process of aerobic respiration the conditions leading to anaerobic respiration in cells the process of anaerobic respiration in yeast and human muscles
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Explain

7.1 THE RESPIRATION PROCESS IN ENERGY PRODUCTION

LEARNING
Write

OUTCOMES.

the chemical equations for aerobic and anaerobic respiration and contrast aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration

Compare

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REQUIREMENT OF ENERGY
1.

Respiration is important living process that occurs in 2 main stages:

a)

External respiration / breathing Internal respiration / cellular respiration

b)

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2.

External respiration ?? Is a mechanical process of taking air into the lungs and vise versa Internal respiration ?? Is a biochemical process that occurs in living cells to release energy in the form of ATP

3.

4.

Respiration is a process to obtain energy by organisms / living things

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5.

All living processs that take place in the body Required energy for ??? muscular contraction active transport of biochemical substances transmission of nerve impulse synthesis proteins cell division
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6.

7. 8.

Main substrate produce ATP is GLUCOSE Green plants capture & store energy of sunlight in GLUCOSE through photosynthesis For human and animals, GLUCOSE obtained from digestion of Carbohydrate

9.

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What is cellular respiration

1.

Is the process of oxidising glucose molecules to CO2, water and energy in form of ATP Energy is released during cellular respiration. 2 types of cellular respiration:

2.

3.

AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

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AEROBIC RESPIRATION
q q

Require O2 Chemical equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 +6H2O + E

Occurs in mitochondria (muscle)

ADP + phosphate + energy ATP

Most of energy released,used to synthesise ATP from ADP and phosphate.

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ATP, consists of phosphate bond can easily broken down to release energy when required by the body

ATP ADP + phosphate + energy

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ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
q q

Not require O2 During vigorous activities such as running, swimming and cycling we need more O2 to be delivered to the muscle cells to produce more energy

When the muscle cells used all the available O2 supply, muscle cells carry out anaerobic respiration
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Anaerobic respiration is a process used to produce energy stored in glucose without using O2. Occurs in cytoplasm

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Prolonged physical activities such as running, rate of respiration and rate of heartbeat increase
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Muscles are in a state of oxygen deficiency or oxygen debt So glucose molecules breakdown partially to lactic acid Due to incomplete breakdown of glucose, energy released is much less compared aerobic respiration. WHY?? Most of energy is still trapped within the molecules of lactic acid

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Chemical equation for anaerobic respiration:

C6H12O6 2C3O6O3 + ENERGY (150 KJ / 2 ATP )

q

For every glucose molecules, only 2 ATP or 150 KJ of energy produced compared to 38 ATP or 2889 KJ energy produced in aerobic respiration

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High conc of lactic acid may cause muscular cramps and fatique So body need rest and recover by doing fast and deep breathing. Excess O2 is used to oxidized lactic acid to CO2 and water. Oxidation takes place in liver. Thus, oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen needed to recover the lactic acid. Oxygen debt is paid off when all the lactic acid eliminated

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Yeast is able to undergo both aerobic and anaerobic respiration It carries out aerobic respiration in the presence of O2 Yeast carried out anaerobic respiration when there is a lack of O2 in the environment Anaerobic respiration in yeast is known as fermentation Yeast ferments in warm condition to produce CO2

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CO2 bubbles are trapped in the dough and when baked, the CO2 bubbles give the bread a spongy texture This anaerobic reaction catalysed by enzyme zymase.

C6H12O6 2C2O5OH + 2 CO2 + ENERGY (210 KJ)

q

Ethanol can be used in wine and beer production

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COMPARISON BETWEEN AEROBIC AND ANEROBIC RESPIRATION

SIMILARITIES
Form

cellular respiration oxidation of glucose

Produce Involve

in breakdown of glucose energy by enzymes

Produces

Catalysed Occurs

in animals amd plants

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 DIFFERENCES

AEROBIC RESPIRATION Almost every living things Required Complete oxidation CO2 , water and energy

ITEMS Work by

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Certain plant cell , yeast , bacteria and muscle

Oxygen requirement Not required Oxidation of glucose Incomplete oxidation Product Lactic acid & energy (muscle) Ethanol , CO2 & energy (yeast) Small amount

Large amount

Energy released
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 DIFFERENCES

AEROBIC RESPIRATION Mitochondria C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2898 KJ

ITEMS Site Chemical equation

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Cytoplasm In muscle cell C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + 150 KJ In yeast C6H12O6 2C2H5OH +2CO2 + 210 KJ

38 molecules

No of ATP

2 molecules

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7.2 RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES & BREATHING MECHANISMS

LEARNING
State

OUTCOMES:

the respiratory structures in humans and some animals the characteristics of respiratory surfaces in humans and other organisms breathing mechanisms in human and other organisms and contrast the human respiratory system with other organisms

Describe Describe

Compare

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RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES IN SOME ANIMALS

1.

Respiratory structures involve in gaseous exchange:

a)

Across plasma membrane Tracheal system - insects Gills - fish Skin Lungs

b)

c)

d)

e)

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2.

To ensure adequate gaseous exchange, respiratory structures of most organisms have common characteristics:
The respiratory surface is moist Cells lining the respiratory surface are thin Respiratory structures has a large surface area

a)

b)

c)

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RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE in unicellular organism

Small

aquatic organisms such as amoeba and

paramecium does not require specialized respiratory system

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 The

respiration of amoeba and paramecium

occurs across the plasma membrane.

Plasma

membrane is moist and thin enough

to allow diffusion of gases

Diffusion

of gases take place easily because

amoeba and paramecium have a large surface area compared to the volume of their bodies

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RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE in INSECTS

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1.

Respiratory system of insects is tracheal system.

2.

Tracheal system of insect consists of spiracle, trachea, air sac and tracheoles

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3.

Tracheal system consists of air tubes called tracheae

4. 5.

Air enters the tracheae through spiracles Spiracles have valves which allow air, go in and out of the body

6.

Tracheae reinforced with rings of chitin which prevent them from collapsing

7.

Trachea split into numerous finer tubes called tracheoles

8.

Large number of tracheoles provides large

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9.

Tracheoles :
q

So tiny, can channel O2 directly to the cells in the different parts of body

q q

Are numerous , increase total surface area Have thin and moist wall at the end of tip , make it easy for respiratory gases to be dissolved

10.

Larger insects like grasshoppers have air sacs in their tracheal system to speed up movement of gases to and from the insects tissue
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RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE OF AMPHIBIANS

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1.

Amphibians such as frog live on land and in water

2. 3.

Gaseous exchange occur through skin and lungs Adaptation of the skin for gaseous exchange:

o. skin is thin and highly permeable allow the

absorption of respiratory gases into the blood capillaries

o. beneath the skin is a network of blood

capillaries to receive O2 and transport it to body cells

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o skin is moist by secretion of mucus

facilitate rapid and efficient exchange of gases between the skin and the environment

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4.

Adaptation of the lung for gaseous exchange:

Surface area for gases exchange is increased by numerous inner partition facilitate the efficient diffusion of respiratory gases in and out rapidly

Covered with a rich network of blood capillaries to receive O2 and transport it to body cells

4 4

Membrane of the lungs are thin and moist Increase the surface area for gases exchange
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BREATHING MECHANISM OF FROG

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RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE OF FISH

1. 2.

Respiratory structures of fish gills Bony fish hv 4 pairs of gills which are protected by operculum

3.

Gill consist of filaments which supported by gill arch

4.

Filament s hv a thin wall called lamellae

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1.

Structural adaptation of the gills: membranes allow the absorption of

8. Thin

respiratory gases into the blood capillaries

8. Rich

of blood capillaries efficient and

transport of respiratory gases

8. Surrounded

by water enable respiratory

gases to be dissolve
8. Large

surface area of filaments and

lamellae for efficient gases exchange

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2.

Efficiency of gaseous exchange is further enhanced by countercurrent exchange mechanism

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MECHANISM OF COUNTERCURENT EXCHANGE

q q
Water flows over the gills in one direction Blood flows in the opposite direction through blood capillaries in the lamellae

As deoxygenated blood enters the blood capillaries, it encounters water with higher O2 content

Along the blood capillaries, conc gradient allows the transfer of O2 into the blood

However, conc of CO2 in 3/30/12 is hingher than blood

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BREATHING MECHANISM OF FISH

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RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE OF HUMAN

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1. Gaseous exchange in humans take place in the lungs 2. Air enters lungs through : trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli 3. Trachea is supported by cartilage to prevent it from collapse during inhalation

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FEATURES OF ALVEOLI AND THE FUNCTION IN GASEOUS EXCHANGE

A large number of alveoli in the lungs increase the surface area for exchange of gases Walls are made up of a single layer of cells gases can diffuse easily across the thin walls

Walls secrete a thin lining of moisture gases can dissolve in moisture and diffuse easily across walls

Surrounded by a network of blood capillaries can transport O2 to and CO2 away from the cells
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BREATHING MECHANISMS IN HUMAN

INHALATION EXHALATION External intercostal muscles External intercostal muscles contract relax Internal intercostal muscles Internal intercostal muscles relax contract Rib cage move upwards and Rib cage move downwards outwards and inwards Diaphragm contracts and Diaphragm relaxes and flattens returns to dome-shaped Volume of thoracic cavity Volume of thoracic cavity increase resulting in reduceddecrease resulting in higher air pressure in alveoli air pressure in alveoli
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COMPARISON BETWEEN HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WITH OTHER ORGANISMS

SIMILARITIES
1.

Have large surface area to volume ratio Cells lining the respiratory structures are thin The surfaces for gaseous exchange are Respiratory organ constantly moist

2.

DIFFERENCES
3.

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Network of blood capillaries

Respiratory openings

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Air passages

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7.3 gaseous exchange across respiratory surfaces & transport of gases in humans
LEARNING
Describe Explain Explain

OUTCOMES:

process of gaseous exchange across the surface of alveolus and blood capillaries in lungs the transport of respiratory gaseous process of gaseous exchange between the blood and body cells the composition of inhaled and exhaled air
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Distinguish

GASEOUS EXCHANGE ACROSS THE SURFACE OF ALVEOLUS & BLOOD CAPILLARIES

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TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY GASES IN HUMAN

a) Transport of O2 from lungs to body cell

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a) Transport of CO2 from body cells to lungs

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7.4 THE REGULATION MECHANISM IN RESPIRATION

LEARNING
Describe

OUTCOMES:

the change in the rate of respiration after completing vigorous exercises the rate of respiration with the O2 and CO2 contents in the body regulatory mechanism of O2 and CO2 contents in the body human respiratory response and the rate of respiration in different situations the rate of respiration with the rate of
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Correlate Explain Explain

Correlate

heartbeat

CORRELATION RATE OF RESPIRATION WITH O2 AND CO2 CONTENTS IN THE BODY

1.

During vigorous exercise, muscles require more O2 and glucose to release E during cellular respiration. So, rate of respiration increase.

2.

Thus, to supply more O2, rate and depth of breathing increase.

3.

At the same time, the heartbeat increase to pump more blood into circulation.

o. this enable more O2 and glucose to be supplied

for cellular respiration and more CO2 removed from the cells.
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REGULATORY MECHANISM OF CO2 CONTENT IN THE BODY

Ph value in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood drops

Detected by CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS

## respiratory centre is located in medula oblongata ## central chemoreceptor is 3/30/12 a specific cell which is

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REGULATORY MECHANISM OF O2 CONTENT IN THE BODY

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HUMAN RESPIRATORY RESPONSE & RATE OF RESPIRATION IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS

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MAINTAINING A HEALTHY RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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ENERGY REQUIREMENT IN PLANT

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 Plant

require energy from cellular respiration cellular respiration, plant cells take in

During

O2 and produce CO2.

Photosynthesis

only occur in the presence of

light.
In

darkness, plants carry out respiration.

Plants need energy continuously to sustain their living process

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INTAKE OF O2 FOR RESPIRATION

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AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN PLANTS

1.

Types of respiration in plants : a) aerobic respiration b) anaerobic respiration

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RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS

1. The similarities of photosynthesis and respiration are:

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1. The differences of photosynthesis and respiration are:

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Graph shows CO2 uptake in plants related to light intensity

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