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CHNG 1..............................................................................................................1
TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN QUANG......................................1
1.1. Gii thiu chng..............................................................................................1
1.2. Gii thiu v thng tin quang.............................................................................2
1.2.1. S pht trin ca thng tin quang................................................................2
1.2.2. Nhng u im ca h thng thng tin quang............................................3
1.2.3. Cu trc v cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng thng tin quang ...............5
1.3. Si quang ...........................................................................................................7
1.3.1. Si dn quang..............................................................................................7
1.3.2. S truyn nh sng trong si quang............................................................7
1.3.3. Cc thng s ca si quang.......................................................................10
1.3.3.1. Suy hao ca si quang........................................................................10
1.3.3.1.1. nh ngha .................................................................................10
1.3.3.1.2. c tuyn suy hao .....................................................................10
1.3.3.1.3. Cc nguyn nhn gy suy hao trn si quang ............................11
1.3.3.2. Tn sc nh sng................................................................................13
1.3.4. nh hng ca tn sc n dung lung truyn dn trn si quang..........13
1.4. Kt lun chng .............................................................................................14
CHNG 2............................................................................................................15
GII THIU MNG WDM.................................................................................15
2.1. Gii thiu chng............................................................................................15
2.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng WDM ......................................................17
2.3. u im ca h thng WDM...........................................................................18
2.4. Vn tn ti ca h thng WDM v hng gii quyt trong tng lai.........19
2.5. Chuyn mch quang.........................................................................................19
2.6. Cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng WDM.......................................................21
2.6.1. Thit b u cui OLT...............................................................................21
2.6.2. B ghp knh xen/rt quang OADM........................................................22
2.6.3. B khuch i quang.................................................................................27
2.6.4. Gii thiu v b kt ni cho quang OXC................................................29
2.6.4.1. Chc nng OXC.................................................................................29
2.6.4.2. Phn loi OXC ..................................................................................33
2.7. S chuyn i bc sng ................................................................................35
2.8. Kt lun chng...............................................................................................37
CHNG 3............................................................................................................38
NH TUYN V GN BC SNG..............................................................38
3.1. Gii thiu chng............................................................................................38
3.2. Gii thiu v nh tuyn v gn bc sng (Routing and Wavelength
Assignment - RWA)................................................................................................38
3.3. nh tuyn bc sng......................................................................................40
3.4. nh tuyn (Routing).......................................................................................41
3.4.1. Gii thiu...................................................................................................42
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A
APD
Avalanche Photodiode
AS
Autonomous System
H thng c lp
ATM
Kiu truyn bt ng b
BGP
C
CDM
D
DVA
WDM mt cao
E
EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
I
IGRP
ISDN
L
LD
Diod Laser
LED
LP
LSA
Lightpath
Link State Algorithm
O
OADM Optical Add/Drop Multipler
OLT
B kt ni cho quang
PIN
R
RIP
RWA
nh tuyn v gn bc sng
B khuch i quang bn dn
S
SOA
T
TDM
W
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing
CHNG 1
TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN QUANG.
1.1. Gii thiu chng
Lng thng tin trao i trong cc h thng thng tin ngy nay tng ln rt nhanh.
Bn cnh gia tng v s lng, dng lu lng truyn thng trn mng cng thay i.
Dng d liu ch yu l lu lng Internet. S ngi s dng truy cp Internet ngy
cng tng v thi gian mi ln truy cp thung ko di gp nhiu ln cuc ni chuyn
in thoi. Chng ta ang hng ti mt x hi m vic truy cp thng tin c th
c p ng mi lc, mi ni chng ta cn. Mng internet v ATM ngy nay
khng dung lng p ng cho nhu cu bng thng trong tng lai.
V vy vic pht trin v xy dng h thng thng tin si quang l cn thit cho
nhu cu pht trin thng tin trong tng lai. Trong chng ny s ni r v h thng
thng tin si quang v vic truyn nh sng trong si quang.
1.2. Gii thiu v thng tin quang
Khc vi thng tin hu tuyn hay v tuyn - cc loi thng tin s dng cc mi
trng truyn dn tng ng l dy dn v khng gian nh hnh 1.2 - th thng tin
quang l h thng truyn tin qua si quang nh hnh 1.3. iu c ngha l thng
tin c chuyn thnh nh sng v sau nh sng c truyn qua si quang. Ti
ni nhn, n li c bin i thnh thng tin ban u.
Pht
M
ho
Thit b
pht
quang
Si
quang
B
lp
Si
quang
Thit
b thu
quang
Gii
m
Thu
Cc thnh phn ca tuyn truyn dn quang bao gm: phn pht quang, cp si
quang v phn thu quang.
-Phn pht quang: c cu to t ngun pht tn hiu quang v cc mch iu
khin lin kt vi nhau. Phn t pht x nh sng c th l: Diod Laser (LD), Diod
pht quang (LED: Light Emitting Diode). LED dng ph hp cho h thng thng tin
quang c tc bit khng qu 200Mbps s dng si a mode. LED pht x t pht,
nh sng khng nh hng nn s dng LED tt trong h thng thng tin quang
th n phi c cng sut bc x cao, thi gian p ng nhanh. LD khc phc nhc
im ca LED, thng s dng LD cho truyn dn tc cao. LD c nhiu u im
hn so vi LED: ph pht x ca LD rt hp (khong t 1 n 4nm nn gim c
tn sc cht liu), gc pht quang hp (5- 100), hiu sut ghp nh sng vo si cao.
c
v
V c v nn n 1
Trong qu trnh sn xut si, mt s tp cht no c a vo trong li hoc
v cho ch s khc x trong li ln hn mt t so vi v. Cc nguyn liu nh
Germani hoc Photpho lm tng chit sut silica v c dng thm vo phn li
ca si quang, trong khi cht Bo hay Flo lm gim chit sut ca Silica nn c
dng tp cht cho lp v.
nh sng c th c xem nh mt chm tia truyn theo nhng ng thng
trong mt mi trng v b phn x hoc khc x b mt gia hai vt liu khc
nhau. Mt tia sng t mi trng 1 n mt phn cch ca mi trng 2, gc ti l
gc gia tia ti v php tuyn vi b mt chung ca hai mi trng c biu th
bng 1 . Phn nng lng b phn x vo mi trng 1 l mt tia phn x, phn cn
li i xuyn qua mi trng 2 l tia khc x. Gc phn x 1r l gc gia tia phn x
v php tuyn, tng t gc khc x l gc gia tia khc x v php tuyn.
Ta c:
1r = 1
Hnh 1.6: S phn x v khc x cc tia sng ti mt phn cch hai mi trng.
iu kin xy ra hin tng phn x ton phn:
Cc tia sng phi i t mi trng c chit sut ln sang mi trng c chit
sut nh hn.
Gc ti ca tia sng phi ln hn gc ti hn.
nh sng truyn trong si quang do hin tng phn x ton phn xy ra gia b
mt phn li v v.
P1
P2
Trong :
P1: Cng sut a vo si.
P2: Cng sut cui si.
- H s suy hao trung bnh:
( dB / km ) =
Trong :
A: Suy hao ca si.
L: Chiu di ca si.
1.3.3.1.2. c tuyn suy hao
10
A( dB )
L( km )
c tuyn suy hao ca si quang khc nhau tu thuc vo loi si. Hnh di cho
thy suy hao trong si quang nh mt hm theo bc sng. Ta thy rng suy hao nh
nht ba di bc sng dng trong thng tin quang: 0.8 m , 1.3 m v 1.55 m .
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Suy hao do un cong: khi b un cong vi bn knh cong cng nh th suy hao
cng tng.
1.3.3.2. Tn sc nh sng
Tng t nh tn hiu in, tn hiu quang truyn qua si quang cng b bin
dng. Hin tng ny c gi l tn sc. S tn sc mo dng tn hiu analog v lm
xung b chng lp trong tn hiu digital. S tn sc lm hn ch di thng ca ng
truyn dn quang.
.
Hnh 1.9: Dng xung vo v ra do tn sc
Tn sc mode: trong si a mode, do xung nh sng vo mc d ch c mt
bc sng nhng lan truyn vi vi mode khc nhau vi tc truyn khc nhau, n
lm khong trng thi gian gia cc xung cnh nhau tr nn ngn hn v tng theo
khu s ca si. Hin tng ny gi l tn sc mode. Do , rng bng truyn
dn ca n b gii hn ch yu do tn sc mode.
Tn sc th: bao gm tn sc cht liu v tn sc dn sng.
Tn sc cht liu: nh sng s dng trong thng tin quang khng phi l nh sng
hon ton n sc. Chit sut ca thu tinh thay i theo bc sng nn vn tc
truyn ca nh sng c bc sng khc nhau cng khc nhau. Chnh v th, nh sng
c phn b tc lan truyn khc nhau ca cc thnh phn bc sng nh sng khc
nhau. Hin tng ny c gi l tn sc cht liu.
Tn sc dn sng: s phn b nng lng nh sng trong si quang ph thuc vo
bc sng. S phn b ny gy nn tn sc ng dn sng.
1.3.4. nh hng ca tn sc n dung lung truyn dn trn si quang
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14
CHNG 2
GII THIU MNG WDM.
2.1. Gii thiu chng
K thut mng ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng WDM (Wavelength Division
Mutiplexing) c coi l cuc cch mng v bng thng trong mng xng sng
Internet v hn th na. Nhu cu bng thng ang gia tng mt cch nhanh chng vi
nhiu ng dng mi phong ph, chng hn nh thng mi in t, video theo yu
cu, cc cng vic i hi hot ng ng b trn ton cu. Mng quang WDM
a ra ha hn ht sc ngha cho nhu cu bc thit trn.
Khi si quang c s dng truyn thng tin th thch thc c t ra i vi
chng ta trong giai on mi trc nhu cu thng tin ngy cng tng mnh m ca
con ngi. Khi m ngy cng c nhiu ngi bt u s dng cc mng d liu v c
mi ln s dng cng chim mt bng thng ng k trong cc ng dng thng
tin ca h chng hn nh c lt thng tin trn cc trang web, cc ng dng s
dng Java, hi ngh truyn hnh, T cho thy nhu cu thng tin bng rng t
ra ht sc bc thit, v nhu cu ny cn vt xa hn na trong tng lai. Hnh 2.1
cho thy s gia tng bng thng ca cc mng khc nhau qua cc nm. S pht trin
mnh m ny ch yu l do s trin khai cc h thng thng tin quang.
Hnh 2.1: S gia tng bng thng ca cc mng khc nhau qua cc nm
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Knh 1
Ngun
Thu
Ngun
Knh n
mt si
quang
Knh 2
2
Knh 1
Thit b
WDM
quang
1 , 2 ,..., n
Knh 2
Thu
Thit b
WDM
Knh n
Thu
Ngun
(a)
Knh vo
Ngun
Knh ra
Thu
Mt si
quang
Thit b
WDM
1
2
Knh ra
Thu
Thit b
WDM
Ngun
Knh vo
(b)
Hnh 2.5: H thng WDM theo mt hng (a) v hai hng (b)
So vi h thng WDM mt chiu, h thng WDM hai chiu gim c s lng
b khuch i v ng dy. Tuy nhin, h thng WDM hai chiu thng b can
nhiu nhiu knh, nh hng phn x quang, vn cch li gia cc knh hai chiu,
tr s v loi hnh xuyn m, ng thi phi s dng b khuch i quang hai
chiu.
2.3. u im ca h thng WDM
C kh nng to dung lng ln ch trn mt si quang, v c th t
dung lng ln hn khi s dng k thut DWDM (Dense WDM: ghp knh phn chia
theo bc sng mt cao).
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H thng WDM thun tin khi cho php truyn dn ng thi tn hiu khng
ng nht.
C kh nng truyn dn tn hiu hai chiu.
2.4. Vn tn ti ca h thng WDM v hng gii quyt trong tng lai
Vi h thng WDM, si quang cung cp cho chng ta tc truyn mong mun
nhng bng thng mng li b gii hn bi tc x l cc nt, do tc x l
cc nt c thc hin bng in t, m tc in t li thp hn rt nhiu so vi
tc thng tin truyn trong si quang (khong vi Gbps). Nh vy, tn hiu quang
trn si khi n nt s c chuyn thnh tn hiu in thc hin x l in t (s
chuyn i quang- in O/E), sau c chuyn li thnh tn quang truyn i.
iu ny lm gim tc mng, gii php t ra l xy dng mng m trong
tn hiu c x l hon ton trong min quang, gi l mng ton quang.
Trong mng ton quang, d liu i t ngun n ch hon ton di dng quang
m khng cn bt c s chuyn i quang- in no trn ng i, vic iu khin
x l chuyn mch cng c thc hin di dng quang. Tuy nhin, mng ton
quang hin ti vn cha c tin hnh thnh cng bi nhng tn ti ca n. Cc
thit b logic hon ton trong min quang kh thc hin hn nhiu so vi cc thit b
logic in t. Bi v, khc vi cc electron th cc photon khng tng tc nh hng
ln nhau, thng th cc thit b logic phc tp u c to ra bng cch s dng
cng ngh in t. Bn cnh , cc trm lp bng quang cng rt kh thc hin hn
nhiu so vi cc trm lp in t mc d cc trm lp trong mng ton quang c
t nhng khong cch nh k rt xa nhau.
2.5. Chuyn mch quang
Hu ht cc thit b mng ngy nay u da trn tn hiu in, iu c ngha
tn hiu quang cn chuyn i sang tn hiu in c khuch i, ti to hoc
chuyn mch v sau c chuyn i tr li tn hiu quang. iu ny ni n s
chuyn i optical-to-electronic-to-optical (O-E-O) v l cng vic ct li ht sc c
ngha trong vic truyn tn hiu. S lng ln tn hiu i qua mng quang cn c
chuyn mch qua cc im khc nhau, c gi l cc node. Thng tin n node s
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24
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tch v ghp cho tt c nhng knh i vo. iu ny cng dn n suy hao cao hn.
Tuy nhin khi mt s lng ln s knh c rt v linh hot trong vic thm vo
hoc ly ra bt c knh no th cu trc ny cng cho ta hiu qu kinh t.
Hnh 2.8(b) l s ci tin ca hnh 2.8(a) nhm gim chi ph thit k trn, vic
ghp v tch knh c thc hin qua hai giai on. Giai on th nht tch ring cc
bc sng thnh nhng di (bands), giai on th hai tch nhng di thnh cc bc
sng ring l. V d nh h thng 16 knh, c th thc hin s dng bn di, mi di
gm bn knh. Nu ch c bn knh c rt mt v tr, th 12 knh c th gi
nguyn trong cc di, thay v phi tch xung thnh tng knh ring l. iu ny cho
thy ta tit kim c chi ph cho b MUX v DEMUX. Ngoi ra, vic s dng
cc di cho php tn hiu c i qua vi suy hao quang thp hn. Khi mng c s
knh ln th cu trc hnh 2.8(b) ghp knh nhiu giai on tr nn cn thit.
Trong cu trc hnh 2.8(c), mt knh ring l c tch v ghp t mt tp cc
knh i vo. Ta gi thit b ny l b xen rt n knh (SC - OADM). tch v
ghp nhiu knh th cc SC - OADM c ni lin tip nhau. Kin trc ny b sung
cho kin trc ca hnh 2.8(a). Vic tch v ghp knh nh hung n cc knh ang
tn ti, nn nhm gim ti thiu nh hng ny th ln k hoch tp bc sng no
cn c ly ra tng v tr. Tuy nhin nu s knh cn c tch ra l ln th kin
trc ny khng cn ph hp na, do chng ta phi s dng nhiu thit b ring l ni
li vi nhau. iu cho thy n khng hiu qu v kinh t. Ngoi ra suy hao cng
gia tng theo.
2.6.3. B khuch i quang
Nhm b li s suy hao tn hiu trn ng truyn si quang cng nh ti cc
thit b (nh cc b ghp knh) th cc b khuch i c t gia cc kt ni si
quang nhng khong cch nh k. Trc khi cc b khuch i quang ra i th
la chn duy nht l ti to li tn hiu, ngha l nhn tn hiu v sau pht li n.
Qu trnh ny c thc hin bng cc b lp ti sinh. Mt b lp chuyn tn hiu
quang thnh tn hiu in, khi phc sau chuyn li thnh tn hiu quang truyn
tip. iu ny hn ch tnh trong sut v tng chi ph bo tr ca h thng.
27
WDM
u vo
u ra
B cch li
B cch li
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mc trng thi nng lng thp nn pht ra photon, do s khuch i cng sut tn
hiu ln ri truyn i tip trong si quang.
Thng thng, mt b cch li c dng trc ng vo hoc ng ra ca b
khuch i tn hiu EDFA ngn s phn x vo trong b khuch i ny.
EDFA cho h s khuch i ln, cng sut ra ln v nhiu thp, n lm vic
bc sng 1550nm. Trong cc h thng thng tin quang, cho cc EDFA hot ng
th cn c ngun bm. Cc ngun bm thc t l cc diod laser bn dn cng sut cao
dng cung cp ngun nh sng cho EDFA.
EDFA c cc c im sau:
Khng c mch ti to thi gian, mch phc hi (b chuyn i O/E v
E/O).Do mch s tr nn linh hoc hn.
Cng sut ngun nui nh nn khi p dng cho cc tuyn thng tin vt bin,
cp s c cu trc nh v nh hn cp thng.
Gi thnh ca h thng thp do cu trc ca EDFA n gin, trng lng nh,
khong lp v dung lng truyn dn c nng cao.
Ngoi ra do EDFA c kh nng khuch i nhiu bc sng trong cng mt si
nn n c kh nng tng dung lng tc ln n 20Gbps hoc cao hn khi s
dng k thut WDM.
Ngoi loi khuch i EDFA cn c dng khuch i SOA (Semiconductor
Optical Amplifiers- b khuch i quang bn dn). V c bn, SOA l mt mi ni
P-N. Lp gia c hnh thnh mi ni hot ng nh l mt vng tch cc. nh
sng c khuch i do s pht x kch thch khi n lan truyn qua vng tch cc
ny. i vi mt b khuch i, hai u cui ca vng tch cc c ph mt lp
khng phn x loi b gn sng trong li b khuch i.
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34
Node A
Node B
Node C
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CHNG 3
NH TUYN V GN BC SNG.
3.1. Gii thiu chng
Trong mng quang nh tuyn bc sng, ngi s dng lin lc vi nhau qua cc
knh thng tin quang c gi l cc lightpath. Lightpath l mt ng i ca tn hiu
nh sng t ngun n ch di dng quang thng qua cc kt ni trung gian. Mt
lightpath c th ko di qua nhiu tuyn truyn dn cung cp mt kt ni chuyn
mch mch gia hai node m c th cha mt lung lu lng ln gia chng.
Khi cc lightpath thc hin vic mang thng tin t mt node ngun n mt node
ch no th n cn c nh tuyn v gn bc sng. nh tuyn v gn bc
sng cho lightpath l vn ht sc quan trng v xy ra thng xuyn trong mng.
Chng ny s ni r v vic nh tuyn v gn bc sng cho cc lightpath, cc
thut ton thc hin nh tuyn v cc phng php gn bc sng trong mng WDM.
3.2. Gii thiu v nh tuyn v gn bc sng (Routing and Wavelength
Assignment - RWA).
Khi mt lightpath c chn v xc nh, mi lightpath cn c nh tuyn v gn
bc sng cho n. T t ra bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng.
nh tuyn l vn tm ng gia hai node bt k trong mng tho mn mt
mc ch no , thut ng gi l ti u hm mc tiu (cost function). Vn ny
rt quen thuc v rt quan trng trong mng. Thng thng nh tuyn trong IP s
dng thut ton tm ng Dijkstra, vi hm mc tiu l cc metric quen thuc nh
bng thng, tr, chi ph tuyn,
Trong mng quang, tm ng c hiu theo hai kha cnh, l tm ng vt l
mang c mu lu lng yu cu (Routing) v a ra bc sng ph hp mang
lu lng trn mi link dc path (Wavelength Assignment) trong s cc bc sng cho
php (bi mi path gm mt s fiber, m trn mi fiber ny, bn c th c W subchanels, cng l W bc sng v W la chn cho yu cu kt ni hin ti). Vn ny
c vit tt l RWA. Khi tm c mt path vt l v nh du bc sng trn cc
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hn c th thit lp. V th cc gii thut thng cho php nhiu ng i thay phin
nhau i vi mi lightpath c thit lp.
Cc ng i nh sng (lightpath) m khng th c thit lp v nhng rng buc
v ng i v bc sng c gi l nghn, do vy vn ti u mng tng ng
hn ch n mc thp nht xc xut tc nghn ny.
Khi hai lightpath m chng c tuyn truyn dn trng nhau th chng s khng
c gn cng mt bc sng. Thng thng mt ng i nh sng (lightpath) hot
ng vi cng mt bc sng trn nhng si quang m n i qua. Trng hp ny ta
ni rng lightpath tho mn s rng buc v tnh lin tc bc sng. Tuy nhin nu
mt nt chuyn mch/nh tuyn c trang b vi mt b chuyn i bc sng th
iu kin rng buc v tnh lin tc bc sng khng cn na, lightpath ny c th
chuyn sang nhiu bc sng khc nhau trn ng i t ngun n ch ca n.
Mng li c m hnh bng Graph G(E,V) vi E (edge) l tp cc cnh v V l
tp cc nh (vertical). Vi mi cp node bt k S-D trong mng (v tng ng trong
Graph), tn ti mt tp cc ng i (path) vt l c th gia chng (mi path bao gm
mt s fiber hay link, edge trung gian), k hiu: R. Tp cc ng i ny c th tm
theo mt gii thut tm ng ph bin nh Dijkstra, Prim hay Mentor vi mt hm
mc tiu tu chn.
3.3. nh tuyn bc sng
Trong mt mng khng c b chuyn i bc sng, cc lightpath phi s dng
cng mt bc sng t ngun n ch. Khi c nhu cu cho cuc gi, b nh tuyn
bc sng WR phi s dng gii thut c thit lp t trc chn mt cng ra v
bc sng tng ng. S la chn bc sng ng vai tr quan trng i vi ton b
xc sut tc nghn. V vy mt WR phi tm ra ng i cho yu cu thit lp lightpath
v thc hin gn bc sng sao cho ti thiu ho xc sut tc nghn. Chc nng ny c
tm quan trng trong vic thit k cc mng ton quang.
Bi ton RWA c chia lm hai loi nh sau:
RWA dnh cho lu lng mng c nh (static traffic): vi loi ny th cc
yu cu v lightpath c bit trc, tt c mi ng i v bc sng gn cho cc
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Hnh 3.6: V d
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ton b trng thi ca mng khi thc hin gn bc sng. Php gn ny phn phi lu
lng mt cch tu , do vy s tn dng bc sng c cn bng v tranh chp bc
sng thp nn xc sut tc nghn cng thp hn.
Kiu gn First - Fit: php gn ny s tm v gn nhng bc sng theo mt
trnh t c nh. Tt c cc bc sng c nh s t thp n cao v cc bc sng
c chn gn cng theo ch s t thp n cao, tc l bc sng u tin c
chn l bc sng c ch s nh nht trong s bc sng ri v gn cho yu cu. Cng
tng t nh phng php gn Random, php gn ny khng cn bt k thng tin no
v thng tin trng thi mng. Hn ch ca phng php ny l cc bc sng c ch s
nh hn c dng nhiu, trong khi nhng bc sng c ch s ln hu nh khng
c s dng. Hn na s gia tng s bc sng trong si cng khng mang li hiu
qu no bi v nhng bc sng c ch s cao rt t khi c dng. Do s tranh
chp i vi nhng bc sng c ch s nh tng ln, lm xc sut tc nghn cng tng
ln. Php gn ny cho chi ph thp hn so vi php gn Random bi v n khng cn
phi kim tra tt c cc bc sng trong mi tuyn, v th n c a chung hn.
Php gn Least - used: Php gn ny chn nhng bc sng m nhng bc
sng ny t c s dng nht trong mng. Mc ch ca php gn ny l cn bng ti
trn tt c nhng bc sng. Php gn ny i hi thng tin trng thi v mng tm
ra bc sng t c s dng nht. Tuy nhin phng php ny phi tn km cho chi
ph lu tr v tnh ton.
Php gn Most - used: n l php gn ch l ngc vi php gn Least-used,
n tm chn nhng bc sng c s dng nhiu nht trong mng. Php gn ny phi
i hi nhng thng tin v trng thi mng tm ra bc sng c s dng nhiu
nht. N cng tn nhng chi ph tng t nh trong php gn Least- used, tuy nhin n
thc hin tt hn so vi php gn Least- used.
Vi cc php gn bc sng k trn, phng php Random v First - Fit l thc t
hn v d thc hin. Khng ging nh hai phng php Least- used v Most- used i
hi phi c cc thng tin v mng. N n gin ch da vo trng thi nt lc v
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56
57
hai loi: c phi hp trc khi truyn dn v khng yu cu phi hp trc khi truyn
dn.
Cc loi phi hp dng mt knh iu khin n dng chung gia cc node v s
truyn d liu tht s xy ra thng qua mt s cc knh d liu. Cc node ri cn gim
st knh iu khin. Trc khi pht hoc thu gi d liu, mt gi chnh b pht hay bt
thu ca n n knh d liu thch hp. Ngc li trong h thng loi th hai, khng c
s tn ti ca knh iu khin v cc node pht hoc thu t cc knh c nh trc.
3.7.2. Mng Multi- hop
Mng multi- hop khc phc c nhc im ny bng cch trnh s dng b thu
pht iu chnh bc sng. Mi node c trang b mt s cc b thu pht quang c
chnh c nh. Mi b pht trong mng c chnh n mt bc sng khc nhau. Kt
ni trc tip single- hop gia hai node ch c th xy ra khi nu nt n c mt trong
nhng b thu ca n c chnh n mt trong nhng bc sng ca node gi. S kt
ni gia mt cp node bt k trong mng t c bng cch nh tuyn thng qua cc
node trung gian. knh thng tin quang c chuyn thnh dng in, a ch n
ca gi c gii m, sau gi c chuyn mch in v c pht li trn bc
sng n node ch hoc n cc node trung gian khc m qu trnh ny c
lp li. V vy, mt gi s tri qua nhiu bc sng thng qua mt s node trung gian
trc khi n c node ch.
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th ca mng (hiu nng = xc sut tc nghn + phc tp ca gii thut). Gii thut
c trnh by nh sau:
Gi s mi LP c ti a H hop (link). Trn mi link (fiber) s dng W bc sng
(sub-channel). Tp cc ng i c th gia hai node bt k l R*.
Trng thi ca mi bc sng trn link (fiber) c m ho bng hai bit b0b1. Khi
c yu cu LP, node ngun s gi bn tin cp nht trng thi dc theo cc path tim
nng tp hp thng tin trng thi ng truyn (bn tin c th nhng trong giao thc
bo hiu no )
Hai bit trng thi nh sau:
b0b1= 00: bc sng ang bn.
b0b1= 01: c th dng lin tc khng cn chuyn i bc sng.
b0b1= 10: mun dng phi chuyn i bc sng
b0b1= 11: c th dng c hai cch
Ti mi node trung gian thuc LP, 2*W bt trng thi bc sng c ghi (tagged)
vo sau bn tin ny, v gi n ch. Nu thi im node khng th thit lp knh
(do ht bc sng chng hn), n loi b (discard) gi tin bo hiu v gi bn
tin thng bo (notification) ti ngun hoc ch x l.
Ti ch, thng tin trong mi bn tin cp nht trng thi c a ra dng ma trn:
Ton b hnh nh v trng thi ti nguyn ng truyn t node 0 n node H-1
c phn nh trn ma trn ny. Gii thut nh du bc sng thc hin da trn cc
ma trn (thnh cng) t R* path tim nng ca mi cp node.
K hiu CS ca bc sng lamda(m) l bc lin tc ca bc sng, tc l c th
dng n lin tc trong dy lin tip cc node no dc theo path. Gii thut nh sau:
1. Tm tp tt c cc t hp CS ca mi bc sng, trn mi path, k hiu CSij
2. Tm tp cc t hp CS* thuc {CSij} (i =1: W; j =1:R*) ph kn LP vi s phn t
ti thiu (tc l t on CS nht, iu ny tng ng t phi dng b chuyn i
bc sng nht)
3. p dng hm mc tiu (trong gii thut l tng chi ph) cho mi t hp CS tm thy
trong bc 2 chn ra t hp c tng chi ph ti thiu.
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60
CHNG 4
THC HIN M PHNG
4.1. Gii thiu chng
nh tuyn l cng vic ht sc quan trng trong mng quang WDM, n thc
hin tm ng cho lightpath mang lu lng thng tin t ngun n ch vi mc
ch ti u mng. Trong chng ny, da trn phn mm Visual C++, em m phng
phn nh tuyn cho cc lightpath vi hm mc tiu chng ta c th tu chn nh chi
ph, tr, lng lu lng qua cc tuyn t ngun n ch. Thut ton s dng
thc hin nh tuyn l thut ton Dijkstra.
Cc trng s trn cc tuyn khng ch l di ng i ca tuyn m tu theo
mt tiu ch no ca mng nh chi ph tuyn, tr, bng thng, lu lng thng
tin... Nu ly theo tiu ch l chi ph thp nht th trng s trn cc tuyn (cnh) l ch
ph ca tuyn .
4.2. Gii thiu v ngn ng Visual C++
Visual C++ l ngn ng lp trnh da trn nn tng c bn ca C++, l lp
trnh hng i tng. Nu cc bn lp trnh trn C++ th vic xy dng cc ng
dng trn Visual C++ rt thun li.
Khi thc hin lp trnh C/C++, to cc giao din phc tp, trnh by p hon
ton khng n gin. Nhng i vi Visual C++ th vic kh n gin. Bn ch
cn s dng cc iu khin hay xy dng mt menu a vo ng dng ca mnh m
cc m lnh cn vit khng qu di dng v phc tp nh trong C/C++.
Trong chng trnh m phng ca em c th s dng bt k ngn ng lp trnh
no. Em chn ngn ng Visual C++ do kh nng ca n to giao din d dng hn
C/C++.
4.3. Lu thut ton
Gi s b nh tuyn m phng tm ng i vi ng i ngn nht qua cc
tuyn gia node ngun v node ch. Cc trng s trn cc cnh l di ca tuyn
thng tin t node ny n node kia.
61
Bt u
Xc nh node ngun v ch nh
V1 v V2
Thit lp V1 l T-node
Kt thc
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63
64
3.Click vo biu tng DUONG NGAN NHAT thc hin tm ng ngn nht
gia hai cp node bt k.
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66
PH LC
Thc hin thm bin v thc hin m lnh sau:
void CAlgorithmsView::OnAddNode()
{
m_Dijkstra.StartAddNodes();
}
void CAlgorithmsView::OnAddEdge()
{
m_Dijkstra.StartAddEdges();
}
void CAlgorithmsView::OnShortestPath()
{
CShorthestPath dlg;
if(dlg.DoModal()==IDOK)
//
{
m_Dijkstra.ShortestPath(dlg.m_node1, dlg.m_node2);
}
}
Thc hin v cc node v cc cnh bng m nh sau:
class CGraph
{
public:
long GetNrNodes();
CGraph();
virtual ~CGraph();
VTYPE_NODE m_nodes; // dy cc node
virtual ~CEdge();
};
// ve canh bat dau tu node dau den node cuoi
Thut ton Dijkstra:
// The Dijkstra's algorithm
STDMETHODIMP CDijkstra::ShortestPath(long node1, long node2)
{
ReleaseGraph();
InitializeSource(g, g.m_nodes[node1-1]);
// Thiet lap S ve rong
VTYPE_NODE S;
// Dat cac node vao Q
VTYPE_NODE Q;
VTYPE_NODE::iterator kl;
for(kl=g.m_nodes.begin(); kl<g.m_nodes.end(); kl++)
{
CNode node = (*kl).Copy();
Q.push_back(node);
}
// Algorithm
while(Q.size())
{
CNode nod = ExtractMin(Q); // tach node tim duoc ra khoi tap Q
// dua node nay vao tapS
S.push_back(nod);
VTYPE_NODE::iterator kl;
for(kl=g.m_nodes.begin(); kl<g.m_nodes.end(); kl++)
{
if(ExistEdge(nod, (*kl)))
{
bool gasit = false;
VTYPE_NODE::iterator kll;
for(kll=Q.begin(); kll<Q.end(); kll++)
{
if((*kll).m_NodeNr == (*kl).m_NodeNr)
gasit = true;
}
if(gasit)
Relax(nod, (*kl), GetEdgeVal(nod, (*kl)));
}
}
}
RefreshDone(node1, node2);
return S_OK;
}
Lnh thc hin v:
// Draw
HDC dc = ::GetDC(m_hWnd);
HPEN pen=CreatePen(PS_SOLID,0,RGB(0,0,0));
HPEN penred=CreatePen(PS_SOLID,2,RGB(255,0,0));
HBRUSH brush=CreateSolidBrush(RGB(0,0,0));
HPEN oldpen;
HPEN oldbrush;
oldpen=(HPEN)SelectObject(dc,pen);
RECT rc;
::GetClientRect(m_hWndCD, &rc);
Rectangle(dc, rc.left, rc.top, rc.right, rc.bottom);
(*kll).m_secondPct.x-5,
(*kll).m_secondPct.x+5, (*kll).m_secondPct.y+5);
(*kll).m_secondPct.y-5,
POINT po;
po.x = ((*kll).m_firstPct.x+(*kll).m_secondPct.x)/2;
po.y = ((*kll).m_firstPct.y+(*kll).m_secondPct.y)/2;
char s[5];
ltoa((*kll).m_cost, s, 10);
TextOut(dc, po.x, po.y, s, 1);
if((*kll).m_red)
SelectObject(dc,temp);
}
::SelectObject(dc, OldFont);
SelectObject(dc,oldpen);
SelectObject(dc,oldbrush);
DeleteObject(pen);
DeleteObject(brush);
::ReleaseDC(m_hWnd, dc);
}
}
void CDijkstra::ReleaseGraph()
{
g.d.clear();
g.pi.clear();
VTYPE_EDGE::iterator kll;
for(kll=g.m_edges.begin(); kll<g.m_edges.end(); kll++)
{
(*kll).m_red = false;
}
Refresh();
}