6.3 MALNUTRITION 1.

Malnutrition result from taking an unbalanced diet in which certain nutrients are lacking, in excess, or in the wrong proportions. 2. Protein deficiency: a) kwashiorkor - A child suffering from kwashiorkor does not receive sufficient protein in his diet. b) marasmus. - Marasmus is the general wasting of the body due to protein deficiency combined with a lack of energy-providing nutrients. - The child becomes very thin with wrinkled skin. - As a result, the mental and physical development of a child is severely impaired. Deficiency Vitamin C Effects - poor collagen formation and eventually leads to scurvy. - swollen, bleeding gums and tooth loss Ferum Calcium anaemia, and a limited supply of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus causes rickets. - increases the risk of osteoporosis, especially in elderly people. - The bones become porous and break easily

3. Osteoporosis a) Lacking in calcium. b) The bones become porous and break easily c) Studies show that taking calcium supplements and regular exercise can counteract the development of osteoporosis. 4. Excessive intake of lipids results in the excess being converted into fats. a) Overconsumption of saturated fats can cause Atherosclerosis - Cholesterol deposited in the walls of arteries causing the arteries to harden. - This can cause Hypertension and Cardiovascular disease.

5. Excessive intake of carbohydrates results in the excess being changed into fats or blood sugar which can lead to: a) Obesity b) Diabetes mellitus - taking too much sugar - happen when the body does not produce sufficient insulin to convert excess glucose to glycogen. 6. Excess vitamin B and C will dissolve in the blood plasma subsequently and are excreted by the kidneys. 17. Fat-soluble vitamin which are easily retained in the fatty tissue will cause it to accumulate in the body over time and will remain as toxic if consumed in excessively high doses. a) For example: taking too much Vitamin A can lead to - hair loss - bone and joint paints - loss of appetite - liver damage (in serious case) b) Vitamin D can lead to - overload of calcium in blood - widespread calcification of soft tissues 18. Excess sodium in the diet will cause high blood pressure which a major factor that contributes to heart disease and strokes. 19. Excess sodium also causes the kidneys to work harder to remove the sodium chloride. 20. This can lead to Kidney damage 21. In extreme case, excessive intake of vitamins and minerals can be fatal.